graph 
The application of Clifford's graphs to ordinary binary 
qualities. Nature, XXXIII. 70. 
-graph. f= L>- -graaf= G. -graph = Dan. Sw. 
-graf = F. -graplic = Sp. -grafo = Pg. -graplio 
= It. -grafo, < Gr. -y/xufiof, -writing, -writer, < 
ypatyij, a writing, < jpdipeiv, write, describe: see 
graphic.] A terminal element in compounds 
of Greek origin, denoting that which writes, 
marks, or describes something, as in chrono- 
graph, telegraph, xtixmograph, etc., or, passive- 
ly, that which is written, as in autograph, elec- 
trogmph, etc. In the passive use the stricter 
form is -gram. 
graphia, . Plural of graphiiim. 
graphic, graphical (graf'ik, -i-kal), a. [= F. 
grdphique = Sp. grdfico = Pg. graphieo = It. 
grafico, < L. grapliicus, belonging to painting 
or drawing, picturesque; of persons, skilful; < 
Gr. ypcujiiKof, belonging to painting or drawing, 
picturesque, of or for writing ; of style, lively; 
< ypcufii], drawing, painting, writing, a writing, 
description, etc., < ypd^iv, orig. scratch, scrape, 
graze, later represent by lines, draw, paint, 
write: see grave 1 .] 1. Pertaining to the art 
of writing; concerned with writing, or with 
words as written; chirographie; orthographic: 
as, graphic representation ; a mere graphic va- 
riation. 
Availing himself of his poetical talent, and his facility 
in the graphick art T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, II. 167. 
Long before the Alphabet had been invented, men had 
contrived other systems of graphic representation by 
means of which words could be recorded. 
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 2. 
2. Written ; inscribed ; expressed by letters. 
The finger of God hath left an inscription on all his 
works, not graphical or composed of letters. 
Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2. 
Graphic representations are always specially valuable 
to the readers. Science, III. 164. 
3. Pertaining to the art of delineation, draw- 
ing, or picturing; concerned with the expres- 
sion or conveyance of ideas by lines or strokes, 
as distinguished from alphabetic characters: 
as, the graphic arts. 4. Exhibiting as in a pic- 
ture; representing with accuracy; describing 
effectively or vividly; vivid. 
Pause, during which Gwendolen, having taken a rapid 
observation of Grandcourt, made a brief graphic descrip- 
tion of him. Oeorge Kliot, Daniel Deronda, xi. 
5. Working by drawings to scale instead of by 
arithmetical calculations. 6. Concerned with 
position, not with measurement. Graphical ge- 
ometry. See geometry. Graphical method, (a) In 
math,, any method of representing the relations of ob- 
jects by means of the relations between the parts of a 
diagram. Such a method is employed, (1) in order to con- 
vey information, as when parallel lines of different length 
are exhibited which are proportionate to the population, 
etc., of different countries; and (2) to aid numerical or 
logical calculations, as when a curve is drawn through 
points whose coordinates represent the population of a 
country at successive decadal epochs ; and this curve is 
used to ascertain the population at other dates. Graphi- 
cal methods are of three kinds : those which make no use 
of the continuity of space except to show that the extremi- 
ties of lines are connected, and of this kind are graphs ; 
those which use only the projective properties of space ; 
and those which use the metrical properties of space, and 
which produce diagrams intended to be measured. Of the 
last kind, for example, are the graphical methods of stat- 
ics, etc. (6) In pathul., a mode of studying diseases of the 
heart and the great vessels by tracings of an instrument, 
as the sphygmograph. Dunglison Graphical statics, 
a method of investigating the strength of structures and 
other statical problems by measurements on drawings 
made to scale. Graphical methods are extensively em- 
ployed in all branches of physical inquiry. Graphic 
arts, drawing, engraving, etching, painting, and other 
arts involving the use of lines and strokes other than al- 
phabetic characters, to express or convey ideas. Graphic 
formula, in chem., a kind of rational formula in which 
the assumed valency of the atoms of a molecule, and their 
positions and mutual relations within the 
molecule, are represented by connecting H 
lines or dashes, as in the figure, which is a 
graphic formula of acetic acid. Each hy- H C H 
drogen atom (H), having a single connecting 
bond, is univalent, each carbon atom (C) is = C OH 
quadrivalent, having four bonds, and each 
oxygen atom (0) bivalent. The three compound radicals 
of which it is composed, methyl (CHs), carbonyl (CO), and 
hydroxyl (OH), are also represented. Graphic gold. See 
gold. Graphic granite. Seegra nite, 1 . Graphic ore. 
Same as graphic gold. 
graphically (graf'i-kal-i), adv. 1. By means 
of written representation; orthographically. 
After it succeeded their third dance ; then which, a 
more numerous composition could not be seen graphically 
disposed into letters, and honoring the name of the most 
sweet and engenious Prince Charles, Duke of York. 
B. Jomon, Masque of Queens. 
2. By means of delineation, drawing, or pic- 
turing. 3. As by a picture ; vividly. 
I have elsewhere called Steevens the Puck of Commen- 
tators ; and I know not that I could have described him 
more graphically. Oi/nrd, Int. to Ford's Plays, p. lix. 
2601 
graphicalness (grafi-kal-nos), . The condi- 
tion or quality of being graphic. Imp. l<-t. 
graphicly (graf 'ik-li), adv. Same as graphically. 
graphicness (graf'ik-nes), H. Same as graphi- 
ciilnens. 
But seeing the actual reality takes away much of the 
pleasantness, however much it adds to the yraphicneas. 
J2. Sartoriux,*ln the Soudan, p. 28. 
graphics (graf'iks), n. [PI. of graphic: see 
-leu.] The art of drawing, particularly of pre- 
cise mechanical drawing, as of architectural 
and engineering plans. 
graphidaceous (graf-i-da'shius), a. [< Graphic 
(Graphid-) + -aceous.] In lichenol., belonging 
to or having the characters of the genus Graphis 
or of the tribe Craplridiaceas. Also graphideine. 
Graphidei, Graphideae (gra-fid'e-i, -e), n. pi. 
[NL., < Graphis (Graphid-) + -ei, -etf.] A natu- 
ral order of lichens, remarkable for the resem- 
blance which the fructification (apothecia) 
bears to the forms of certain Oriental alpha- 
bets, whence the scientific name and the pop- 
ular name scriptureworts. Some of the species are 
peculiarly important from being found only as parasites 
on the bark of particular species of Cinchona, and so serv- 
ing as a means of identifying some of the most valuable 
commercial harks. 
graphideine (gra-fid'e-in), a. [< Graphis (Gra- 
phid-) + -ine 1 .] Same as graphidaceous. 
Graphidiaceae (gra-fid-i-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
Graphis ( Graphidi-) + -acea;.] A tribe of lichens 
having the apothecia usually elongated (lirellse- 
form) and normally margined only by a proper 
exciple. Graphis is the typical genus. 
graphiohexaster (graf"i-o-heks-as'ter), . [< 
Gr. ]pa<t>e~<ov, a style, + i f , = E. six, + darr/p, star.] 
In sponges, a hexaster or six-rayed spicule 
whose rays are much curved. 
graphiology (graf-i-ol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ypatyelav, 
a style, pencil, LGr. ypatyela, writings (see gra- 
phium), + -).oyia, < Aeyeiv, speak : see -ology.] 
The art of writing or delineating ; a treatise on 
that art. Imp. Diet. 
Graphis (graf 'is), n. [NL., < L. graphis, < Gr. 
ypafas (ypmpid-), a style, pencil, drawing, < ypd- 
Qeiv, write : see graphic.] A genus of lichens 
found chiefly on the bark of trees. See Gra- 
phidei. 
graphite 1 (graf'it), n. [= F. graphite, so called 
from its use in making pencils for writing, < Gr. 
ypcujrli, writing, + -ite 2 . ] One of the forms under 
which carbon occurs in nature (see carbon), also 
known as plumbago and black-lead. It has an iron- 
gray color and metallic luster, and occurs in foliated masses 
and embedded scales. It is soft and unctuous to the touch, 
makes a black shining streak on paper, and is used chiefly 
in the manufacture of pencils, crucibles, and portable 
furnaces, for burnishing iron to protect it from rust, and 
for counteracting friction between the rubbing surfaces 
of wood or metal in machinery. It is a conductor of elec- 
tricity, and in the form of a powder is used for coating 
the non-conducting surfaces of molds in making electro- 
types. The most important regions supplying graphite are 
the Alibert mine in Siberia, which furnishes the best ma- 
terial for lead-pencils, and Ceylon, whence comes a large 
part of the coarser material used for stove-polish and for 
lubrication. There are also extensive mines of graphite 
near Lake Champlain. Gas-graphite. Same as^as-car- 
bon (which see, under carbon). 
graphite 2 (graf'it), re. [An erroneously 're- 
stored' form, for *graffite,(. It. graffito, pi. graf- 
fiti : see graffito.] Same as graffito. See the 
extract. 
The next [in the catacomb under the farm of Tor Ma- 
rancia near Home] was a graphite, one of those rude 
scratching which, though made by idle or mischievous 
hands, . . . nevertheless often contain most valuable 
* information. This graphite was found on the intonaco 
[plaster] of the apse. It represented in rude outline the 
profile of a bishop seated, evidently preaching from the 
episcopal chair, with a kind of background showing the 
side of the choir, with the pulpit or ambo for the epistle. 
Shdkspeare Wood. 
graphitic (gra-fit'ik), a. [< graphite 1 + -ic.] 
Pertaining to or of the nature of graphite. 
graphitoid, graphitoidal (graf'i-toid, graf-i- 
toi dal), a. [< graphite 1 + Gr. ridof, form.] 
Resembling graphite or plumbago. 
Grove had proposed to, replace the platinum by wood 
charcoal or graphitoidal charcoal deposited in gas retorts. 
Ilospitalier, Electricity (trans.), p. 23. 
graphium(graf'i-um), .; pi. graphia (-a). [L.,< 
Gr. ypcufidnv, a pencil, style, < ypafeiv, write : see 
graphic, graff*.] A style for writing; a stylus. 
graphiure (graf'i-ur), n. A dormouse of the 
genus Graphiurus. 
Graphiurus (graf-i-u'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. ypa- 
0Fioi>, a pencil, + ovpd, tail.] 1. A genus of 
dormice, of the family Myoxida; with a short 
cylindrical tail ending in a pencil of hairs 
(whence the name), and small simple molars. 
F. Cmiier, 1829. 2. A genus of extinct fishes, 
of the family Cailacanthida;. Kner, 1866, 
-graphy 
grapholite (graf'o-lit), . [< Gr. }pa<t>ri, writing, 
+ /./Wof, stone.] A kind of slate suitable for 
writing on. 
Grapholitha (gra-fol'i-tha), >,. [NL. (Treitseh- 
ke, 1829), < Gr. ypa<t>r/, writing, + t.i(h$, stone. 
Cf. graptolite,~\ A genus of small and peculiar- 
i-moth ( Grapholitha / 
>rn . (Cross shows natural size.) 
ly marked tortricid moths, some of which in- 
habit galls. The larva of 0. caryana of the United States 
feeds on the husks of hickory-nuts ; '.'. prunivora infests 
plums and also aphid-galls ; Gt. interstinctana affects clover- 
seeds. There are 14 North American and a number of Eu- 
ropean species. 
graphological (graf-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< graphol- 
ogy + -ic-al."] Pertaining to graphology. 
graphologist (gra-fol'o-jist), . [< graphology 
+ -ist.~\ One who is skilled in graphology. 
When told that he is a miser, he [a hypnotized person] 
writes in a close, short, economical hand-writing, in the 
way misers write according to graphologists ; as a peasant, 
he writes in a drawling ugly hand. Science, VII. 302. 
graphology (gra-fol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ypa<tf, 
writing, + -Aoyia, < fayeiv, speak: see -ology.~] 
The study of handwriting regarded as an ex- 
pression of the character of the writer. 
The conclusion drawn by these gentlemen is, that 
graphology is a real science, and that its main features are 
correct, generally speaking. Science, VII. 802. 
graphometer (gra-f om'e-ter), n. [< Gr. ypdfeiv, 
write, + ptrpov, a measure.] A mathematical 
instrument for measuring angles in surveying; 
a semicircle. 
graphometric, graphometrical (graf-o-mef- 
rik,-ri-kal), a. [<.graphometer + -ic-al. ] 1. Per- 
taining to or ascertained by a graphometer. 
2. Pertaining to graphometrics Graphometric 
function, a function expressed by means of length but 
unaltered by linear transformation. 
graphometrics (graf-o-met'riks), n. [PL of 
graphometric: see-ics.] That branch of geom- 
etry which treats of properties which involve 
lengths or other magnitudes, but which are un- 
altered by projection or linear transformation. 
graphonym (graf'o-nim), . [< Gr. ypaff/, 
writing, + 6vo[ia, ow^a, a name : see <mym.'\ In 
zool. and bot., a technical name based upon a 
recognizable published plate, figure, diagnosis, 
or description. Coues, The Auk (1884), I. 321. 
[Rare.] 
graphophone (graf'o-fon), n. [< Gr. ypafii, 
writing, + <j>av>'/, a sound.] An instrument for 
recording and reproducing sounds, based on the 
principle of the phonograph invented by Edi- 
son, but of a different mechanical construction. 
More fully called phonograph-f/raphophone. 
The gramophone bears no resemblance, in a scientific 
aspect, to the phonograph, or the graphaphone. 
Elect. Ren. (Eng.X XXIII. 625. 
graphophonic (graf-o-fon'ik), a. [< grapho- 
phone + -'c.] Pertaining to the graphophone : 
as, a graphophonic tablet. 
graphoscope (graf 'o-skop), n. [< Gr. ypa^, 
writing, + aKoireiv, view. ] A device for viewing 
pictures or photographs through a lens. It con- 
sists of a holder for the picture and one for the lens, with 
simple appliances for adjusting the focus. 
graphospasm (graf 'o-spazm), n. [< NL. grapho- 
spasimts, < Gr. ypaajii, writing, + mraa/iuf, spasm, 
cramp: see spasm.] Writers' cramp ; scriven- 
ers' cramp (which see, under scrivener). 
graphotype (graf 'o-tip), . [< Gr. ypa^n. writ- 
ing, + TWTrof, impression : see type.] A pro- 
cess of making blocks for use in surface-print- 
ing. Drawings are made on a thin surface of finely pre- 
pared chalk with a silicious ink. When dried, the soft 
parts are brushed away, and the drawing remains in re- 
lief ; stereotypes are then made from the block. In a 
later form of the process the chalk surface is superseded 
by a zinc plate covered with finely powdered French chalk 
brought to a hard and firm texture by great pressure. 
-graphy. [= D. -grajie = G. -graphie = Dan. 
Sw. -graft = F. -graphie = Sp. -grafia = Pg. 
-grapiiia = It. -grafia, < L. -graphia, < Gr. -ypa- 
<j>la, in abstract nouns from compound adjec- 
tives in -ypafyof, < ypa^eiv, write: see -graph."] 
A terminal element in compound words of 
Greek origin, meaning 'writing, description, dis- 
course, science,' as in biography, geography, 
hagiograpliy, hydrography, topography, typog- 
raphy, etc. Such nouns are accompanied by 
an adjective in -graphic, -graphical, and often 
by a concrete noun in -graph. 
