Equivalent. 
Name. 
Form. 
Equivalent. Name. 
a 
b 
Alpha 
Beta 
N 
V 
n 
X 
Nu 
XI 
Gamma 
O 
o 
o (short) 
Omicron 
Delta 
[1 
JT 
P 
PI 
e (short) 
Epsilon 
P 
P 
r 
Rho 
z 
Keta 
S 
ff, 9 
s 
Sigma 
e (long) 
Eta 
T 
T 
t 
Tau 
th 
Theta 
Y 
V 
u 
Upsilon 
i 
Iota 
* 
* 
ph 
Phi 
k or hard c 
1 
Kappa 
Lambda 
X 
* 
X 
eh 
ps 
Chi 
Psi 
m 
Mu 
n 
10 
o (long) 
Omega. 
Greek 
needed by modern science are generally derived. To- 
gether with Latin, the Greek language has long formed 
the accepted basis of a scholarly education. Modern in- 
terest in its study dates from the fifteenth century, when 
the Turkish inroads upon the Byzantine empire, and par- 
ticularly the conquest of Constantinople in 1453, caused 
the permanent settlement of many Greek scholars in Italy, 
and hence influenced profoundly the development of the 
Renaissance. (See BenaUiance.) Greek is divided chron- 
ologically, in the etymologies of this work, into Greek 
proper (Or.), ancient or classical Greek to about the year 
A. i). 200; late Greek (LGr.), from that time till about A. 
D. 600; middle Greek (MGr.), till about A. D. 1600; and 
modern or newGreek (NGr.), since that date ; these periods 
corresponding to similar periods of Latin. (See Latin.) 
Middle and New Greek are also called Romaic. Greek is 
usually printed in type imitated from the forms of letters 
used in the later manuscripts. The most ancient manu- 
scripts and the inscriptions exhibit only the capital or 
uncial forms, without accents and without separation of 
words. The small letters are comparatively modern. Since 
it is the only language printed in this dictionary in other 
than Roman letters, the Greek alphabet, with the Roman 
equivalents, is here given : 
Form. 
A a 
B S 
I I 
E e 
Z 
H >) 
e e, , 
i t 
K 
A A 
M ii 
Often abbreviated Gr. 
And at the seyd Corfona they speke all Greke and be 
Grekes in Dede. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travel', p. 17. 
While the Latin trains us to be good grammarians, the 
Greek elevates us to the highest dignity of manhood, by 
making us acute and powerful thinkers. 
G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., iv. 
3. Any language of which one is ignorant; 
unmeaning words ; unintelligible jargon : in al- 
lusion to the proverbial remoteness of Greek 
from ordinary knowledge, and usually with spe- 
cial allusion to the unfamiliar characters in 
which it is printed. [Colloq.] 
She was speaking French, which, of course, was Greek 
to the bobby. The Century, XXXII. 564. 
4. A cunning kuave ; a rogue ; an adventurer. 
[Allusive, or mere slang.] 
I prithee, foolish Greek, depart from me ; 
There's money for thee ; if you tarry longer, 
I shall give worse payment. Shak., T. N., tv. 1. 
He was an adventurer, a pauper, a blackleg, a regular 
Greek. Thackeray, Newcomes, xxxvi. 
5. In entom., the English equivalent of AcJii- 
vus, a name given by LinmBus to certain long- 
winged butterflies of his g^oup Equites, most of 
which are now included in the genus Papilio. 
They were distinguished from the Trojans by 
not having crimson spots on the wings and 
breast. See Trojan.- AS merry as a Greek. See 
nierry Greek. Kerry Greek, a jovial fellow; a jolly, 
jesting person : in allusion to the light, careless temper 
ascribed to the Greeks, and usually with reference to the 
proverb "as merry as a Greek," which was confused with 
a similar proverb, "as merry as a grig," of different origin. 
Seegrigi. 
Pan. I swear to you, I thfnk Helen loves him better 
than Paris. 
Cres. Then she's a merry Greek indeed. 
SA*.,T. andC., i. 2. 
Go home, and tell the merry Greeks that sent you, 
Ilium shall burn. Fletcher, Tamer Tamed, IL 2. 
Averlan [F.], a good fellow, a mad companion, a merie 
Greek, sound drunkard. Cotgrave. 
A true Trojan, and a mad merry grig, though no Greek. 
Barn. Jour. (1820), i. 54. (If ares.) 
II. a. Of or pertaining to Greece or the 
Greeks; Grecian; Hellenic Greek art, the art 
developed in ancient Greek lands, and of which the ar- 
tists of Athens were the highest exponents. It was early 
modified by the imitation of foreign models, chiefly Ori- 
ental and Egyptian, and reached its highest perfection in 
the fifth century B. c. Among its salient qualities are origi- 
nality, vigor, truth, wise moderation, 
and self-restraint, together with the 
ever-present love of beauty and ha- 
tred of excess, the delicacy of percep- 
tion and cult of pure intelligence, char- 
acteristic of the Greek race, from which, 
however, a keen appreciation of the 
practical is never absent. The progress 
of Greek art can most consecutively be 
followed in the minor art of vase-paint- 
ing. The most ancient Greek pottery, 
that of Uissarlik (Troy), presents no ob- 
vious Greek character. The related ware 
of the island of Thera, which can safely 
be dated as earlier than 1500 B. c., shows 
in its decoration the awakening of the 
Greek spirit, which becomes more and 
more accentuated, and at the same time 
shows the effects of foreign intercourse, 
in the oldest vases of other -Egean is- 
lands, of Mycenae, Corinth, and Attica. 
Vase-painting was finally abandoned 
about 200 B. C. A few figures, from vases that can be 
closely dated, are given to indicate the general course and 
165 
2615 
tendency of Greek art. Other illustrations, referring to 
all departments of this art, will be found throughout this 
work. See JEginetan (xeulpture$\ archaic, Erechtheum, 
Jigurine (Tanagra), Hellenic, marbles (Elgin and Perga* 
Greek 
appeared, and in vase-paintings. Baked bricks are rare 
or not found in truly Greek work, unless possibly in pre- 
historic times. M uch use, however, was made of unburned 
brick, even at a comparatively late date, and considerable 
remains of such work have been found at Olympia, at Eleu- 
sis, and elsewhere. The marble buildings of the period 
i. Archaic Athena, from a red-figured cup by Euphronios; about 480 
B. c. 2, from a vase of about 330 B. c. 
mene), Phidian, vase* (Greek\ etc. (a) Greek paintiny, 
from the fame in antiquity of such artists as Polygno- 
tus, Zeuxis, Apelles, Parrhaslus, cannot have been behind 
its fellow-arts; but all the originals have perished, and 
the materials for study in- 
clude little more than the 
pale reflections afforded 
by Pompeiian and other 
Roman wall-paintings, by 
some frescoed tombs in 
Italy, Greece, and the 
Crimea, and by one or 
two painted sarcophagi of 
Etruria andof Asia Minor. 
(b) Greek sculpture devel- 
oped comparatively late, 
but by the beginning of 
the fifth century B. c. it 
had gained a position on a 
par with that of architec- 
ture. The earliest Greek 
sculpture was in wood(see 
xoanon) ; all examples of 
it have perished. Later, 
this was imitated in 
stone (of which an Ar- 
temis of the seventh cen- 
tury B. c., found at Delos, 
is a good specimen) and in 
Bride and Bridegroom, from an 
Attic vase of about 430 B. C. 
Fluni vase of My- 
cenw, about laoo 
B.C. 
bronze, the first use of the latter material being ascribed 
to the artists of Chios and Samos. In the latter half of 
the sixth century were produced the beautiful painted 
archaic statues which, until they were unearthed during 
the last decade, remained 
buried on the Athenian Acro- 
polis from the time of their 
entombment during the im- 
provements which followed 
the Persian wars. (See ar- 
chaic.) The ^ginetan mar- 
bles (see JEginetan) of the 
beginning of the fifth cen- 
tury mark the last period of 
the archaic. The remainder 
of the fifth century was the 
period of Phidias (see ethos, 
2) and the artists grouped 
about his name, as Myron and 
Polycletus. In the follow- 
ing century majesty and the 
lofty ideal gave place to a 
more individual and intimate 
quality (pathos) and to grace, 
of which Praxiteles was the 
most prominent exponent, 
with Scopas and others hard- 
ly less famous. The abun- 
dant and charming Greek 
terra-cottas throw a side 
light on Greek sculpture akin 
to that supplied by painted 
vases for the study of Greek 
painting, (c) The architec- 
ture of the Greeks was de- 
veloped from a primitive 
framed inclosure in wood or 
rough stones, with a sloped 
roof to shed the rain. As fully developed it implies the 
presence of columns, both as supports and for ornament, 
in a system of lintel construction (see entablature), or ver- 
tical resistance to superimposed weight. The arch was 
known to the Greeks, but was practically never employed 
hy them where it could be seen. The most typical pro- 
duction of Greek architecture is the peripteros, or tem- 
ple of which the cella is entirely inclosed by ranges of 
columns supporting a lw gabled roof. The normal 
plan of such buildings is rectangular, the length being 
slightly more than twice the breadth; but the exigencies 
of special use or of the nature of the site often led to wide 
deviations from the type, as in the Erechtheum at Athens ; 
and circular buildings of various kinds were not uncom- 
mon. The idea of the column was probably imported 
from Egypt(Doric) and from Assyria (Ionic), as were many 
motives of decoration, as the fret, and the anthemion, 
which was derived in direct line, though transformed, 
from the lotus-blossom. (For the Greek orders, the Do- 
ric, Ionic, and Corinthian, see these words.) Greek archi- 
tecture found its highest expression in stone, particular- 
ly in marble. The structures in wood have, of course, 
perished, and must be studied from allusions in litera- 
ture and inscriptions, from certain details of stone build- 
ings, and such remains as the terra-cotta copings of some 
Athenian tombs, of which the edicules in wood have dis- 
les. Found at Oljmpfa, 1877- 
Greek Architecture. The Parthenon at Athens, from the northwest. 
of perfection, simple and imposing in their general com- 
position, were enriched with statuary and sculptured orna- 
ment and brilliantly colored (see pulychrowy in architec- 
ture, under polychromy) to bring out all their details with 
full effect in the clear air of the Mediterranean. Until 
Macedonian preponderance had vitiated the ideals of in- 
dependent Greece, all this magnificence of art was re- 
served for the glory of the gods and the public buildings of 
the state. Luxury in private life was not approved, private 
houses being small and plain. See masonry (Greek). 
Greek Church, the church of the countries formerly com- 
prised In the Greek, Greco-Roman, or Eastern (Roman) Em- 
pire, and of countries evangelized from it, as Russia; the 
church, or group of local and national Oriental churches, in 
communion or doctrinal agreement with the Greek patri- 
archal see of Constantinople. It is also called the Eastern 
Church, in distinction from the Western, the Latin, or Ro- 
man Catholic Church. The full official title of the Greek 
Church is the Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic Oriental 
Church. (See Catholic, a., 3 (c).) The epithet Orthodox is 
that most frequently used for the Greek or Eastern Church. 
The estrangement between the Greek and Latin churches, 
culminating finally in the Great Schism, stands histori- 
cally in close connection with the division of the Koman 
Empire into an Eastern and a Western Empire, with the 
growing power of the see of the new Roman capital, Con- 
stantinople or New Rome, the increasing rivalry between 
the see of Old Rome and that of New Rome, the insertion 
by the Latin Church of the filioque (see Filioqu*) in the 
Nicene Creed, the question or the ecclesiastical allegiance 
of the Bulgarians, and of the papal supremacy. Eastern 
Illyricum, including Greece, with the chief see at Thes- 
salonica, which haa belonged to the Roman patriarchate, 
remained with the Eastern Church. Before the ninth cen- 
tury there had been temporary suspensions of communion 
betweentheRomanChurchand theEast. The Great Schism 
began, however, in the latter part of the ninth century, the 
principal doctrinal difficulty relating to the Filioque. The 
immediate occasion of suspension of communion was the 
intrusion by the emperor Michael III., in A. D. 857, of 
the learned Photius into the see of Constantinople instead 
of Ignatius, at that time patriarch. The Roman see as- 
serted jurisdiction in the matter as possessing supreme 
power, and mutual charges of false doctrine and excom- 
munications followed; but Photius was finally acknow- 
ledged at Rome as patriarch. The final division was that 
between Pope Leo IX. and the patriarch Michael Ceru- 
larius, in A. D. 1054, since which time Roman Catholics 
regard the Greeks or Easterns as cut off from the Catholic 
Church ; the Greeks, on the other hand, claim that they 
have remained faithful to the catholic creed and ancient 
usages. The Greek Church is the dominant form of Chris- 
tianity in the kingdom of Greece, the archipelago with 
the opposite coast and Cyprus, in European Turkey among 
both Slavs and Greeks, in part of Austria and Hungary, 
throughout the Russian empire, and in Rumania, Bulgaria, 
Servia, and Montenegro. In most of these countries the 
church authorities are independent of the patriarch at Con- 
stantinople. It acknowledges the first seven ecumenical 
councils. The doctrine of the Greek and that of the West- 
ern Church with regard to the Trinity, apart from the 
question of the filioque and double procession, and that 
with regard to the person of Christ, are the same. Bap- 
tism is regularly conferred on infants with trine im- 
mersion. Confirmation follows immediately upon bap- 
tism. Communion is given in both kinds, and to infants 
as well as adults. The offices of bishop, priest, and deacon 
are regarded as the three "necessary degrees" of orders. 
The highest officers of the church are the four patriarchs 
of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem, and the 
Russian Holy Governing Synod. The same honor is paid 
to relics as in the Roman Catholic Church. The ordinary 
secular clergy can marry before ordination, but their wive* 
must have been previously single, and they cannot re- 
marry. Only the monastic clergy are advanced to the 
episcopate and other offices. The liturgical language is 
not absolutely fixed: in Greek- speaking communities It is 
Greek ; in Slavonic communities, not Russian, but the an- 
cient language known as Ecclesiastical Slavonic or Old 
Bulgarian. Greek cross. Seeerossi. Greek embroi- 
dery, fancy work executed by sewing upon a background 
pieces of colored cloth, silk, etc., and embroidering the 
edges of these and the background between them with 
chain-stitch and other ornamental stitches. Greek fire. 
Secure. Greek key -pattern, a meander. Greek lyre. 
See lyre. Greek modes. See mode. Greek par- 
tridge. See pa rt ridge. Greek point-lace. See lace. 
Greek sculpture. See Greek art (6)1 On or at the 
Greek calends. See calends. 
