group 
made up of sandstones, slates, flagging-stones, etc., de- 
veloped to great thickness, and containing Paradoxides, 
l.hii/iilcUa, and other forms characteristic of the primor- 
dial fauna of liarrande. Hudson River group, in geol., 
a division of the Lower Silurian series, as instituted by the 
New York geological survey. The rocks of this series are 
shales in New York, but become calcareous to the west. It 
is an important group, rich in fossil remains, and espe- 
cially well developed in the vicinity of Cincinnati. Some 
parts of the Hudson River shales contain a large amount of 
bituminous or combustible matter. The term Cincinnati 
group is used by some geologists as the equivalent of Hud- 
son Itieer group. Hyperfuchsian group, in math., a 
group of transformations in four-dimensional space by 
each of which a fundamental sphere is transformed into 
itself. Icosahedral group, in math., the group of rota- 
tions by which an icosahedron is brought to coincide with 
itself ; the group of 60 even permutations of 5 things. In- 
finite group, in math., a group consisting of an infinity of 
different substitutions. leomorphOUB groups, in math. : 
(a) As usually understood, groups such that the operations 
of the first correspond each to one or several operations 
of the other, so that a product of operations in the one 
corresponds to the product of the corresponding opera- 
tions In the other. () In Capelli's extended sense, groups 
which can be separated each into the same number of 
subgroups, so that a substitution of a subgroup in the one 
can be so coordinated to one of the other that products 
shall correspond to products. Laramle group, in geol., 
a division of the Cretaceous, as developed in the Rocky 
Mountain region, of importance on account of its thick- 
ness and because it contains a considerable quantity of 
lignite: hence also called the Lignitit group. "Itisallied 
to the Cretaceous in its dinosaurs, and to the Tertiary in 
its fossil plants, and is thus intermediate in its life be- 
tween the Cretaceous and the Tertiary. " (Dana.) Linear 
group, in math., a group of substitutions each of which 
replaces the element ax,y. *, etc., by at ^ ^ etc ^ where f, 
n, are linear functions of z, //, z. Metac'yclic group, 
in math., a group of permutations given by advancing the 
element in the place c to the place ~ cn + k (mod n). 
Octahedral group, in math., the group of 24 rotations 
by which the octahedron is brought back into coincidence 
with its position at starting ; the group of 24 permuta- 
tions of 4 things. Portage group, in geol., a portion of 
the Devonian series, so called Dy the geologists of the New 
York survey because largely developed near Portage in 
that State. The Portage and Chemung groups together 
make up the Chemung period of Dana. The rocks of this 
period are chiefly sandstones and shales, and contain re- 
mains of seaweeds and of many land-plants, as well as of 
marine animals, especially of lamellibranchs and brachio- 
pods. Potential group, in math., same as antipoten- 
tial group, except tnat 
'=*r 1( '(i = '/<f 1 *Y = ' etc - 
Primitive group of the nth class, in math., one in which 
every substitution except 1 changes n letters at least. 
Quadratic group, in math., a group consisting of unity 
and thre rotations through 180 about three several or- 
thogonal axes. Quaternion group, in math., a set of 
quaternions whose products and powers are members of 
the set. Simple group, in math., one containing no self- 
conjugate subgroup. Tetrahedral group, in math., the 
group of 12 rotations by which a tetrahedron is brought 
back into coincidence with its initial position ; the group 
of even permutations of 4 things. Transitive group, in 
mat h., a group by some substitution of which any element 
can be brought to any place. A group is called doubly, 
triply, or n times transitive if any set of 2, 3, n elements 
can be brought to any places. Wenlock group, in geol., 
the name of a division of the Upper Silurian as developed 
in \VaJes and the adjoining counties of England. It is 
made up of limestones and shales, is veiy rich in fossil re- 
mains, especially brachiopods, gastropods, crinoids, corals, 
and trilobites. In geological age it is the representative 
of the Niagara limestone and shale of American geolo- 
gists. 
group 1 (grop), r. [= D. groeperen = G. gruppen, 
gruppircn = Dan. grupjiere = Sw. gruppvra, < F. 
grouper, group ; from the noun.] I. trans. To 
form into a group or into groups ; arrange in a 
group or in groups ; separate into groups : com- 
monly with reference to the special mutual re- 
lation of [the things grouped, to classification, 
or to some special design or purpose, as artistic 
effect. 
The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the 
painters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different 
objects. Prior. 
Here the supreme art of the designer consists in dis- 
posing his ground and objects into an entire landskip ; 
and grouping them ... in so easy a manner that the 
careless observer . . . discovers no art in the combina- 
tion. Bp. Hurd, Chivalry and Romance, viii. 
[They] group the party in their proper places at the al- 
tar-rails. Dickens, Dombey and Son, xxxi. 
II. intrans. To fall into combination or ar- 
rangement; form a group or part of a group: 
used chiefly with reference to artistic effect. 
Saint Nicolas, with its great bell -tower, groups well with 
the smaller church and smaller tower of a neighbouring 
Benedictine house. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 10. 
group-t, a- and r. See groop. 
grouper (gro'per), n. [Appar. an E. accom. of 
garrupa, q. v.] A serranoid fish of the genus 
Epinephelus or Mi/cteroperca. The red grouper is 
E. morit), of a brownish color sprinkled with gray, red- 
dish below, the fins partly edged with blue. It is common 
on the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United 
States, attains a weight of 40 pounds, and is a good market- 
fish. The black grouper is E. niyriHts; it shares the name 
jewflih with some other species. It inhabits the Gulf of 
Mexico and extends northward to South Carolina, and is 
found of BOO pounds weight. Another grouper is E. capre- 
2638 
grout 
of western North America. Also called blue grouse, gray 
grouse, and pint-grouse. It runs into several local varie- 
ties, one of which is called Richardson's grouse or black- 
Red Grouper (l-fmefhelui morio}. 
olus, commonly called cabrilla. E. drummond-hayi, of the 
Gulf coast, is known as hind ana. john-paw. Also spelled 
grooper. 
When taken from the water, the grouper is remarkably 
tenacious of life, and will live several hours. 
Quoted in Stand. A'ot. Hist., III. 224. 
Nassau grouper. Same as hamletf. 
grouping (gro'ping), . The act, process, or 
result of arranging in a group; relative ar- 
rangement or disposition, as of figures in a 
painting, persons on a stage or in a dance, in- 
cidents in a story, etc. 
Logic in its widest sense is grouping. The laws of 
grouping are the general tendencies of things and the gen- 
eral tendencies of thought. 
O. a. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. L I 8ft. 
Rocks, inlets, walls, and towers come out in new and 
varied groupings, but there is still no one prominent ob- 
ject. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 225. 
We cannot safely content ourselves with fanciful group- 
ing or imaginary drawing of character and situation. 
Slubus, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 47. 
A spiral spring 
springs acting as 
one : called tico-, three-, or four-group spring, 
according to the number in the nest. 
grouse (grous), n. [Formerly also growse (18th 
century), grouss (1668), grows (1531); possibly 
a false sing., evolved (after the assumed anal- 
ogy of louse, mouse, sing, of lice, mice) from the 
prob. older though later-appearing word griee, 
a grouse, appar. a particular use of grice 3 , 
(/rice*, grisel (also spelled gryce), gray, after 
OF. "pouJe griesclie, a moorehenne, the henne 
of the Grice [griece, ed. 1673] or mooregame" 
(Cotgrave); cf. OF. "griesctte, gray, as a stare; 
perdrix griesche, the ordinary or gray partridge, 
pie griesche, the wariangle (a ravenous bird) " 
(Cotgrave), F. pie-grieche, a shrike. The OF. 
griesche, gray, is appar. a var. (fern.) of gris, 
fern, grise (ML. griseus), gray: see (/me*.] 1. 
The Scotch ptarmigan, moorhen, or red-game, 
Tetrno or Lagopus scoticttx, a British gallinaceous 
group-Spring (grop'spriug), n. 
for cars formed of a nest of si 
_ tfZmm 
PyiBeE, I 5 a -2-*Jr T , . 
Scotch Ptarmigan or Grouse (Lafefus scoftcHs). 
bird with feathered feet. It is a local modifica- 
tion or insular race of the common ptarmigan 
of Europe. Hence 2. Some bird like the 
above ; any bird of the family Tetraonidw and 
subfamily Tetraonina>. These birds all have the feet 
and nasal fossae more or less completely feathered, being 
thus distinguished from pheasants, partridges, quails, etc. 
There are numerous species, of several genera, all confined 
to the northern hemisphere. The largest is the European 
wood-grouse or cock-ot-the-woods, Tetrao urogallus. (See 
capercaillie.) The next in size is the American sage-grouse 
or cock-of-the-plains, Centrocercus urophasianus. The 
black grouse is Lyrurus tetrix of Europe. The ruffed 
grouse are several species of Bonam, as the European 
hazel-grouse, B. betuhna, and the American, B. umbetlus. 
Notable American forms are the sharp-tailed grouse, Pe- 
dicecetes phasianellus, and the pinnated grouse, Cupidonia 
cupido; both are known as prairie-hens. The snow -grouse 
are sundry species of ptarmigan inhabiting boreal and 
alpine regions, and mostly turning pure white in win- 
ter; such are the willow-ptarmigan, Lagopus albus, the 
rock-ptarmigan, L. rupestris, and the Rocky Mountain 
ptarmigan, L. leucurus. 
3. In the widest sense, as a collective plural, 
the grouse family, Tetraonida;. In this sense 
the word includes various partridges and re- 
lated birds Canada grouse, Canace or Dendraga- 
pus canadensis. Also called spruce-grouse, black grouxe, 
spotted grouxe, -ipood-grouse, wood-partridge, swamp-par- 
tridge, cedar-partridge, spruce-partridge, heath-hen, and 
formerly black and spotted heath-cock (Edwards, 1758). 
See cut under Canace. Dusky grouse, the most com- 
mon name of Crt/Mkv or Dentlragajntit obscurus, a large 
dark slate-colored arboreal grouse of mountainous parts 
Dusky Grouse (Caitace or Dendragafws obscurus}. 
tailed grouse. It is the largest of the American tetrao- 
nines excepting the sage-cock, the male attaining a length 
of 2 feet and an extent of wings of 30 Inches. It is chiefly 
found in the coniferous belt. Pinnated grouse, the 
prairie-hen, Cupidonia cupido or Tytttjtanucnus america- 
nus: so called from the winglets on each side of the neck. 
See prairie-hen, and cut under Cuvidonia. Ruffed 
grouse, Konasa umbellus. Also called ruffed heath-cock 
(Edwards, 1758X brown, gray, or red ruffed grouse, drum- 
ming grouse or partridge, tippet-grouse, shoulder-knot 
grouse, birch-partridge ; also simply partridge In the 
northern and middle portions of its range, and univer- 
sally pheasant from Pennsylvania southward. See cut 
under Bonasa. Sage-grouse, the sage-cock or cock-of- 
the-plains, Cantrocercus urophasianus : so called because 
characteristic of the sage-brush regions of western North 
America. See cut under Centrocercus. Sharp-tailed 
grouse, any grouse of the genus Pedicecetes. 
grouse (grous), v. .; pret. and pp. groused, ppr. 
grousing. [< grouse, .] To mint or shoot 
grouse. [Rare.] 
grouse-pigeon (grous'pij'pn), n. A name of 
the sand-grouse or sand-pigeons of the family 
2'teroclidce. C'oues. 
grouser (grou'ser), n. [Origin unknown.] A 
temporary pile or heavy iron-shod pole driven 
into the bottom of a stream to hold a drilling- 
or dredging-boat or other floating object in 
position. 
To overcome the motion of the waves, and the current, 
they are provided with a submarine contrivance (spuds, 
grousers), which reaches to the bottom of the river. 
Einsler, Mod. High Explosives, p. 329. 
grout 1 (grout), . [< ME. grout, growte, growtt, 
ground malt, the first infusion preparatory to 
brewing, also a kind of ale or mead, < AS. grut, 
grout (in first sense), = MD. grauwt (as in ME. ) 
= Norw. grut, sediment, grounds; cf. MHG. 
gruz, G. grauss = Sw. dial, grut, sand, gravel, 
grit : see grift. The sense of ' meal ' is not found 
in ME., but occurs in AS. (tr. L. pollen orpol- 
lis) and in MD., and is reflected in ML. grutum, 
f/rudum, meal, dim. gnittellum, gruellum, gruel- 
lus (> ult. E. gruel, q. v.), the same as grutum, 
gruduni, grout for brewing. Allied to AS. gryt, 
grytt, pi. grytta, grytte, coarse meal, grits : see 
grit 1 and grouft, .] 1. Coarse meal; pollard; 
in the plural, groats; also, porridge made of 
such meal. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.] 
The groutes and peeces of the comes remaining, by fan- 
ning in a Platter or in the wind, away the branue, they 
boyle 3 or 4 houres with water. 
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 127. 
We were well received by them [some Curdeen Rushow- 
1ns], and they brought us a sort of grout and sour milk. 
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 159. 
As for grout, It is an old Danish dish; and it is claimed 
as an honour to the ancient family of Leigh to carry a 
dish of it up at the coronation. 
W. King, Art of Cookery, Int., v. 
2. Wort when first prepared, and before it has 
begun to ferment. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.] 
In Leicestershire, the liquor with malt infused for ale or 
beer, before it is fully boiled, is called grout, and before 
it is tunned up in the vessel is called wort. 
Kennett, quoted in Halliwell. 
3. Lees; grounds; dregs. 
The ceilings were so fantastically clouded by smoke and 
dust, that old women might have told fortunes in them 
better than in grouts of tea. Dickens, Little Dorrit, v. 
But wherefore should we turn the grout 
In a drained cup? 
D. O. RosieM, Dante at Verona. 
4f. Mud; dirt; filth. 
The toun dykes on every syde. 
They were depe and full wyde, 
Full off grut, no man myghte swymme. 
Richard Cotr de Lion, L 4337. 
grout 2 (grout), n. and a. [Not found, in this 
sense, in ME. or AS., being a mod. use of 
grout 1 ; cf. grift, coarse sand, etc., as related 
to grit 1 , coarse meal.] I. . 1. A thin coarse 
