gymnopaedia 
Leto, in commemoration of the victory of 100 
Spartan over 100 Argive champions at Thyrea. 
gymnopaedic (jim-no-pe'dik), a. [< Gr. *ji>/^vo- 
mudind;, in fern. yvfivoiraifHKri (sc. opxqaif, dance), 
a dance of naked boys, < yvfiv6f, naked, + waif 
(jra5-), boy, child (> iraiStKOf, of a boy).] 1. Of 
or pertaining to naked boys: applied by the 
ancient Greelcs to dances and gymnastic exer- 
cises performed, as at public festivals, by boys 
or youths unclothed. 
In the time of Thaletas, Sacadas, &o. (01. 40-60), the 
gymnopcedu; hyporchematic, and other kinds of orches- 
tics were already cultivated in a highly artistic manner. 
C. 0. Miiller, Manual of ArchiEol. (trans.), 77. 
2. In ornith., same as psiloptedic. 
Gymnophiona (jim-no-fi'o-na), n. pi. [NL. 
(Miiller, 1832), < Gr. yvfivdf, naked, + 6<fitt, a 
serpent.] One of the major divisions of Amphi- 
bia, having a serpentiform body, no limbs, the 
tail obsolete in the adult, the anus terminal, 
and numerous minute dermal scutes in the in- 
tegument of the body. The division includes 
only the family Casciliida, and the term is a 
synonym of Ophiomorpha. 
Gymnophthalmata (jim-nof-thal'ma-ta), n. pi. 
[NL., prop. "Gymnophthalma, < Gr. YVftvot. na- 
ked, + o<l>Baty6;, eye.] A general name of the 
naked-eyed medusae, craspedote Hydromedusie, 
having a muscular velum and the marginal 
sense-organs uncovered. 
gymnophthalmate (jim-nof-thal'mat), a. 
Same as gi/mnophthalmatous. 
gymnophthalmatous (jim-nof-thal'ma-tus), a. 
[As Gymnophthalmata + -ous.~] Of or pertain- 
ing to the Gymnophthalmata, or so-called naked- 
eyed Medusce. Also gymnophthalmous. 
The gonophores of the Siphonophora present every va- 
riety, from a simple form ... to free inedusoida of the 
Qymnopktkalmatow type. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 129. 
Gymnophthalmidae (jim-nof-thal'mi-de), n.pl. 
[NL., <f Gymnophthalmus + -idce.~\ A family of 
snake-like lizards, typified by the genus Gym- 
nophihalmus, having rudimentary limbs and 
eyelids which leave the eyes uncovered. 
gymnophthalmous (jim-nof-thal'mus), a. 
Same as r/i/mnophlhalmatous. 
Gymnophthalmus (jim-nof-thal'mus), n. 
[NL., < Gr. yv/iv6f, naked, + o^ftjA^oc, eye.] 
The typical genus of lizards of the family Gym- 
nophthalmidae. 
Gymnops (jim'nops), n. [NL., < Gr. yv/ivoV, 
naked, + uip, eye, face.] A genus of birds, 
(a) A Cuvieriau (1829) genus of sturnoid passerine birds, 
containing the Philippine 0. tricolor or 0. calms, with 
some heterogeneous species, (b) A genus of South Amer- 
ican polyboriue hawks: same as Daptrius or Ibycter. 
Spix, 1824. 
Gymnoptera ( jim-nop'te-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of gymnopterus : see gymnopterous.'] In De 
Geer's system (1752), a division of insects, in- 
cluding Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, 
and some other forms with unsheathed wings, 
as ephemerids, aphids, and cicadas, in Latretlle's 
system, the Gymnoptera were composed of the three orders 
above named, with Diptera and Suctoria, and the term 
was contrasted with ElytropUra. 
gymnopterous (jim-nop'te-rus), a. [< NL. 
gymnopterus, < Gr. yu/uvoY , naked, + nrcpov, wing, 
= 'Ei. feather.'] In entom., having clear or na- 
ked wings, without scales or hairs; not having 
sheathed wings ; not elytropterous; specifical- 
ly, of or pertaining to the Gymnoptera. 
Gymnorhina (jim-no-ri'na), n. [NL., < Gr. -yvfi- 
v6f, naked, + pi; (/Kv-'),nose.] Agenus of piping- 
crows or crow-shrikes, typical of the subfam- 
ily Gymnorhiniiue. G. tibicen is a well-known spe- 
cies, sometimes called flute-bird, entirely black and white, 
Black-backed Piping-crow \Gytttnorhina tibicen}. 
these colors being massed in large areas ; the bill also is 
whitish. It is a native of Australia, and is a noisy, showy 
bird, often seen in confinement, and capable of being 
taught to speak a few words and play a variety of amusing 
antics. 0. R. Gray, 1840. 
2666 
gymnorhinal (jim-no-ri'nal), a. [< Gr. 
naked, + pi; (piv-), 'nose, + -al.~] In ornitli., 
having naked nostrils ; having the nostrils un- 
feathered : an epithet of sundry birds, especial- 
ly of certain jays and auks, which are distin- 
guished by this circumstance in their respec- 
tive families, in which the nostrils are usually 
feathered. 
Gymnorhininae (jim'no-ri-ni'ne), n.pl. [NL., 
\Gymnorliina + -incc.] A group of oscine pas- 
serine birds related to crows and shrikes, in- 
habiting the Austromalayan region, and com- 
posed of such genera as Gymnorhina, Strepera, 
and Cracticus; the piping-crows, or crow- 
shrikes. Streperince is a synonym. 
Gymnorhinus (jim-no-ri'nus), n. [NL. : see 
Gymnorhina.'] In ornith., same as Gymnocitta. 
Maximilian, 1841. 
Gymnosomata (jim-no-so'ma-tS), n. pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of "gymnosomatus: see gymnosomatous."] 
An order of pteropods, of the class Pteropoda, 
having distinct head and foot, no mantle or de- 
veloped shell (whence the name), the head usu- 
ally provided with tentacles, and the fins at- 
tached to the neck. The term is contrasted with The- 
cotomata, and Is synonymous with Pterubranchia. The 
order was established by De Blalnville in 1824. 
The Gtiiiinoxi'iitatn are naked pteropods, in which the 
head is distinct and well separated from the body and foot, 
and in which well developed tentacles are present. The 
wings are distinct from the foot and external gills are pres- 
ent in one family. The young are at first provided with a 
shell and swim by means of a velum, but soon both these 
embryonic structures are lost Stand. Nat. Out., I. 359. 
gymnosomatous (jim-no-som'a-tus), a. [< NL. 
"gymnosomatus, < Gr. yv[iv6f, naked, + au/ja, 
body.] Having the body naked ; specifically, 
having the characters of the Gymnosomata ; not 
thecosomatous : as, a gymnosomatous pteropod. 
gymnosomous (jim-no-so'mus), a. Same as 
(jijmnosomatous. 
gymnosophical (jim-no-sof 'i-kal), a. [Asgym- 
nosopli-ist + -ic-a/.] tertaining to the Gym- 
nosophists or to gymnosophy. 
Gymnosophist (jim-nos'o-fist), n. [< L. gymno- 
sophistte, pi., < Gr. "jv^oao^iarai, pi., < yv/ivo<;, na- 
ked,+ o-o0rnfc, a philosopher: see sophist."] One 
of a sect of ancient Hindu philosophers who 
lived solitarily in the woods, wore little clothing, 
ate no flesh, renounced all bodily pleasures, and 
addicted themselves to mystical contemplation : 
so called by Greek writers. By some they are re- 
garded as Brahmin penitents; others include among them 
a sect of Buddhist ascetics, the Shamans. 
Fhilostratus speaketh of Gymnwophists, which some 
ascribe to India ; Heliodorus to Ethiopia : he to Ethiopia 
and Egypt. . . . If amanatMemphisnadbychance-med- 
ly killed a man, he was exiled till those Gymnotophitti 
absolued him. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 579. 
gymnosophy (jim-nos'o-fi), n. [As gymnoso- 
ph-ist + -y.] The doctrines and practices of 
the Gymnosophists. 
gymnosperm (jim'no-sperm), . [< NL. gym- 
nospermus: see gymnospermous.] A plant be- 
longing to the Gymnospermce, characterized 
by naked seeds. Compare angiosperm. Also 
called gymnogcn. 
Gymnospermae (jim-no-sper'me), n. pi. [NL., 
fern. pi. of gymnospermus: see gymnospermous. ] 
A class of exogenous plants, but often made a 
subclass of the Dicotyledonce, characterized by 
naked ovules (not inclosed within an ovary, 
and fertilized by immediate contact with the 
pollen), and by the absence of a perianth (ex- 
cept in the Gnetacex). The cotyledons are two or 
more, and the flowers are strictly unisexual. The class 
includes the three orders Gnetacece, Coniferce (with Taxa- 
cece), and Cycadacete, in which there are 44 genera and 
over 400 species. All are trees or shrubs, mostly ever- 
green and resinous. The wood is peculiar in being com- 
posed mainly of disk-bearing tissue without proper ves- 
sels. In the character of the sexual organs and the mode 
of reproduction this class marks a transition from the 
angiosperms to the vascular cryptogams, and fossil re- 
mains show it to have been prevalent with ferns in the 
Devonian period, long prior to the appearance of angio- 
sperms. 
gymnospermal (jim-no-sper'mal), a. [< gym- 
nosperm + -/.] Relating to gymnosperms, or 
to naked ovules and seeds in plants. 
Gymnospermia (jim-no-sper'mi-S), n.pl. [NL., 
< gymnospermus: see gymnospermous.] An or- 
der in the Linnean system, including the La- 
biate, the nutlets being considered as naked 
seeds. 
gymnospermous (jim-no-sper'mus), a. [< NL. 
gymnospermus, < Gr. yvfivof, naked, + ampfta, 
seed.] In bot., of, pertaining to, or resembling 
the Gymnospermce; having naked seeds: op- 
posed to (nt</i<ix/>< riitotts. Also (lymnogcnous. 
Gymnosporangium (jim"no-spo-ran'ji-um), n. 
[NL., < Gr. yvp>6s, naked, + NL. sporangium, 
gynaeceum 
q. v.] A genus of fungi, of the order Urcdinece, 
having mostly two-celled (sometimes one- to 
six-celled) yellow or orange spores borne on 
slender pedicels, and embedded in jelly, which 
when moistened swells into columnar or irreg- 
ularly expanded masses. The species are parasitic 
on the leaves and branches of coniferous trees belonging 
to the suborder Cti^reminece, in which they produce vari- 
ous distortions. See cedar-apple. 
gymnospore (jim'no-spor), n. [< NL. gym- 
nosporus: see gymnosporous.'} A naked spore; 
a spore without a protecting investment: op- 
posed to chlamydospore. 
gymnosporous (jim-nos'po-rus), a. [< NL. 
gymnosporus, < Gr. yvfivbi;, naked, + cwopof, a 
seed : see spore."] In bot., having naked spores. 
gymnostomOUS (jim-nos'to-mus), a. [< Gr. -yy/t- 
vdc, naked, + art>fia, mouth.] In bot., having 
no peristome : applied to the capsule of mosses. 
gymnote (jim'not), n. [< Gymnotus."] A fish 
of the genus Gymnotus. 
gymnotetr aspermous ( jim - no - tet - ra - sper'- 
mus), a. [< Gr. yv/jv6f, naked, + riaaape; (re- 
rpa-), = E. four, + a-nlppa, seed.] Having four 
naked seeds: formerly applied to the labiates, 
etc., upon the supposition that the nutlets are 
naked seeds. 
gymnotid (jim'no-tid), . A fish of the family 
Gymnotida;. 
Gymnotidae (jim-not'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Gym- 
notus + -idee."] In Gtinther's classification of 
fishes, a family of the order Physostinni. They 
are characterized by having the body eel-shaped ; the 
margin of the upper jaw formed in the middle by the 
intermaxillaries and laterally by the maxillaries ; the dor- 
sal fin absent or reduced to an adipose strip, the caudal 
generally absent, and the tail ending in a point ; the anal 
fin extremely long ; no ventral fins present ; and the anus 
situated a little way behind the throat. 
Gymnotoca (jim-not'o-ka), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
' fo 
, naked, + T'IKTCIV, TtKeiv, bring forth, 
a bringing forth, offspring.] The tubularian 
hydroids, or gymuoblastic Hydromedusai, hav- 
ing their genital products uncovered : opposed 
to Skenotoca. See Gymnoblastea. 
gymnotocous (jim-not'o-kus), a. Pertaining 
to or having the characters of the Gymnotoca; 
gymnoblastic, as a tubularian hydromedusan. 
gymnptoid (jim'no-toid), a. and n. I. a. Of or 
relating to the Gymnotidce. 
II. n. A fish of the family Gymnotida;. 
Gymnotus (jim-no'tus), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 
1748), contr. of Gymnonotus, q. v.] 1. A genus 
of fishes, (a) By Linneeus made to include all the Gym- 
nonoti known to him, but not at first the electric eel. (&) 
By Cuvier restricted to the electric eel, Gymnotui elec- 
tricua, afterward distinguished as the type of the genus 
Electrophorut. See electric eel, under eel. (c) By later au- 
thors restricted to the Gymnotui carapo (Linnaeus), other- 
wise called Sternopyffun. Also Gymnonotug. 
2. [i.e.] A fish of the genus Gymnotus. 3. In 
entom. , a genus of curculios, based on the Bra- 
zilian G. geometricus, the Cholus geometricus of 
Germar. Chevrolat, 1879. 
Gymnozoida (jim-no-zo'i-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
yv(tv6f, naked, + C<pbv, a living being.] In Sa- 
ville Kent's system of classification (1880), a 
section of Infusoria, containing the ordinary 
naked collar-bearing monadiform infusorians : 
opposed to Sarcocrypta or sponges. Kent included 
the sponges in his "legion" Infusoria, considering a sponge 
as an aggregate of choanoflagellate infusorian zooids ; 
whence the contrasted terms Discoaomata gymnozoida 
and Discosomata sarcwrypta for the two sections of Cho- 
anojtagellata. Kent's Gymnoznida consists of three fami- 
lies, Codonosiffidce, Salpmgtecidos, and Phalansteriidte. 
gymnozoidal (jim-no-zo'i-dal), a. Naked, as a 
zooid ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Gym- 
nozoida. S. Kent. 
Gymnura (jim-nu'ra), . [NL., < Gr. yv/jvfa, 
naked, + ovpd, the tail.] 1 . A genus of insectiv- 
orous mammals, typical of the subfamily Gym- 
nurince. G. raffles! Inhabits Malaysia, and resembles a 
large rat with an unusually long snout and long scaly tail. 
It is known as the bulau. Vigors and Horsfield, 1827. 
2. Same as Erismatura. 
gymnure (jim'nur), n. An animal of the genus 
Gymnura. 
Gymnurinae (jim-nu-ri'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Gym- 
nura + -ince."] A subfamily of the insectivorous 
family Erinaceida;, having numerous caudal 
vertebrae, the palate well ossified, no spines in 
the fur, and the dental formula i. J, c. {, pm. |, 
m. J X 2 = 44. There are two genera, Gymnura 
&adHylomys. 
gyn 1 t, *' An obsolete spelling of gin 1 . 
gyn-t, " An obsolete spelling of gin*. 
gynaBCeum (jin-e-se'um), n.; pi. gyn&cea (-a). 
[L. gynicceum or gynteeium, < Gr. ywaiiitlov, the 
women's apartment or division of a house, 
neut. of ywaiKeioc, of or belonging to women, < 
ywri (ywaiK-), a woman, a female, = AS. ewen, a 
