ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj .......... adjective. 
abbr. ........... abbreviation. 
abL ............ ablative. 
ace ............. accusative. 
accom .......... accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act ............. active. 
adv ............ adverb. 
AF ............. Anglo-French. 
agri ............ agriculture. 
AL ............. Anglo- Latin. 
alg ............. algebra. 
Amer ........... American. 
anat ............ anatomy. 
anc ............. ancient. 
antiq ........... antiquity. 
aor ............. aorist. 
appar ........... apparently. 
Ar. ............. Arabic. 
arch ............ architecture. 
arclucol ........ archaeology. 
arith ........... arithmetic. 
art ............. article. 
AS ............. Anglo-Saxon. 
aatrol .......... astrology. 
astron .......... astronomy. 
attrib .......... attributive. 
aug ............ augmentative. 
Bav ............ Bavarian. 
Beug ........... Bengali. 
biol ............ biology. 
Bohem ......... Bohemian. 
Dot. ............ botany. 
Braz ........... Brazilian. 
Bret ............ Breton. 
bryol ........... bryology. 
Bulg ........... Bulgarian. 
carp ............ carpentry. 
Cat ............. Catalan. 
Cath ........... Catholic. 
caus ............ causative. 
ceram .......... ceramics. 
cf . ..... . ....... L. confer, compare. 
ch ........... : . . church. 
Chal ............ Chaldee. 
chem ........... chemical, chemistry. 
Chin ........... Chinese. 
chron .......... chronology. 
colloq .......... colloquial, colloquially. 
com ............ commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp ........... composition, com- 
pound. 
compar ......... comparative. 
conch .......... conchology. 
conj ............ conjunction. 
contr ........... contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn ........... Cornish. 
craniol ......... craniology. 
craniom ........ craniometry. 
crystal ......... crystallography. 
D. ............. Dutch. 
Dan ............ Danish. 
dat ............. dative. 
def ............. definite, definition. 
deriv ........... derivative, derivation. 
dial ............ dialect, dialectal. 
difl ............. different. 
dim ............ diminutive. 
distrib ......... distributive. 
dram ........... dramatic. 
dynamics. 
East. 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ..... ecclesiastical. 
econ ........... economy. 
e. g ............. L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt .......... Egyptian. 
E. Ind .......... East Indian. 
elect ........... electricity. 
embryol ........ embryology. 
Eng ............ English. 
engin engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur. European. 
exclam exclamation. 
1., fern feminine. 
F. French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem nemish. 
fort. fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Friesic. 
fut future. 
G Qerm*n(u8uallymean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Mcesogothic). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth Ichthyology. 
i. e L.idest, that is. 
impels impersonal. 
impf imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef. indefinite. 
Inf infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr.. intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol Uchenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL Late Latin. 
m., muse masculine. 
M Middle. 
inach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called Old Eng- 
lish). 
NHG 
NL. 
rnech ........... mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med ............ medicine. 
mensur ......... mensuration. 
metal ........... metallurgy. 
metaph ......... metaphysics. 
meteor ......... meteorology. 
Mex ............ Mexican. 
MGr ............ Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG ........... Middle High German. 
milii ........... military. 
mineral ........ mineralogy. 
ML ............ Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG ........... Middle Low German. 
mod ............ modern. 
mycol .......... mycology. 
myth ........... mythology. 
n ............... noun. 
n., neut ........ neuter. 
N .............. New. 
N .............. North. 
N. Amer ........ North America. 
nat. ............ natural. 
naut ............ nautical. 
iiiiv. ............ navigation. 
NGr ............ New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom ............ nominative. 
Norm .......... Norman. 
north .......... northern. 
Norw .......... Norwegian. 
numis .......... numismatics. 
O ............. Old. 
obs ............. obsolete. 
obstet .......... obstetrics. 
OBulg .......... Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat ........... Old Catalan. 
OD. ............ Old Dutch. 
ODan ........... Old Danish. 
odontog ........ odontography. 
odontol ......... odontology. 
OF. ............ Old French. 
OFlem ......... Old Flemish. 
OGaeL ......... Old Gaelic. 
OHG ........... Old High German. 
Olr. ........... Old Irish. 
Olt ............. Old Italian. 
OL. ............ Old Latin. 
OLG ........... Old low German. 
ONorth ......... Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss ......... Old Prussian. 
orig ............ original, originally. 
ornith .......... ornithology, 
OS ............. Old Saxon. 
OSp ............ Old Spanish. 
osteol .......... osteology. 
OSw ............ Old Swedish. 
OTeut .......... Old Teutonic. 
p. a. ........... participial adjective. 
paleon ......... paleontology. 
part ............ participle. 
pass ............ passive. 
pathol .......... pathology. 
pert. ........... perfect. 
Pers ............ Persian. 
person. 
perspective. 
Pe 
Peruvian. 
petrography. 
Portuguese. 
.._ ... ....... pharmacy. 
Phen ........... Phenician. 
philol ........... philology. 
philos .......... philosophy. 
phonog ......... phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural. 
poet poeticaL 
polit. political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
veni;al). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot Protestant. 
prov. provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. yuod (or pi. qwe) 
mde, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Kuss Russian. 
8 South. 
S. Amer South American. 
BC L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt. Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl. superlative. 
org surgery. 
surv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
yn synonymy. 
Syr Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult. ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet veterinary. 
v. 1. intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoogeog. zoogeography. 
zool zoology. 
zoot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
a as in fare, hair, bear. 
e as in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
1 as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
o as in note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
ix, x). 
a as in pull, book, could. 
u German u, French u. 
oi as in oil, Joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. , 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Thus: 
as in prelate, courage, captain. 
i; us in ablegate, episcopal. 
9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
ii as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican. 
8 as in prudent, difference. 
A as in charity, density, 
g as in valor, actor, idiot, 
ft as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book. 
8 as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonants t, d, 
s, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to eh, j, sh, zh. Thus : 
( as in nature, adventure. 
4 as in arduous, education. 
as in leisure, 
g as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
ni as in then. 
6h as in German ach. Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked il at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; i. e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged ; i. e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
'.etc. 
