Cf 
Halving. 
' , halve | Q , 
2. To join, as two pieces of timber, by cutting 
away one half or an equal portion in depth of 
m en, so as to let them 
into each other. This is 
done to produce either a lap- 
joint, a dovetail, a scarf, or a 
notched joint or common 
halving. The upper figure 
represents the simple lap- 
joint, and the lower one the 
common halving. 
halvet, and . An ob- 
solete variant of half. 
Chan <<>. 
halved (havd), a. In 
bot., with one half, or nearly so, of a nominally 
bilateral organ wanting, as in the leaves of 
some begonias; dimidiate. 
halye-net, haave-net (hav'net), . [< Icel. 
luifi', a kind of not for herring-fishing, + E. 
wet 1 , .] A standing net placed within water- 
mark to prevent the fishes from returning with 
the tide. [Scotch.] 
halves (havz), . Plural of half. 
halving-belt (lia'ving-belt), n. A belt crossed 
between two pulleys to make them revolve in 
opposite directions. 
halwet. " and v. A Middle English form of 
IKI/IOW*. 
haly (ha'li), a. An obsolete (Middle English) 
or dialectal (Scotch) form of holy. 
halyard, halliard (hal'yard), n. [Also writ- 
ten haliard, haiilyard; commonly regarded as < 
hale 1 + yard 1 , " because they hale or draw the 
yards into their places" (Skeat), but more prob- 
ably a perversion, accommodated to this notion 
(or to lanyard, laniard, q. v.), of an earlier hal- 
lier or *halier, equiv. to holer or hauler, < hale 1 + 
-ier 1 . Hallier does occur in other senses: see 
Arc/Mer 2 .] Naut., a rope or purchase used to 
hoist or lower yards or sails on their respective 
masts or stays. All yards have halyards except 
the lower yards and lower topsail-yards. 
Each mast has only two shrouds of twisted rattan, which 
are often both shifted to the weather-side ; and the hal- 
yard, when the yard is up, serves instead of a third shroud. 
Anton, Voyages, ii. 10. 
Crowfoot-halyards, lines running through a block on a 
stay, used for tightening the backbone of an awning. 
Peak-halyards, the ropes or tackles by which the outer 
end of a gaff is hoisted. Signal-halyards, light lines 
running through sheaves at the gaff-ends or mastheads, 
used for hoisting nags. 
My attention was now directed by one of the men to the 
" Waldershare," who was trying to signal us by means of 
a lantern made fast to the peak signal halyard* and run 
up and down. W. C. Kussell, Sailor's Sweetheart, iii. 
Throat-halyard, the rope or purchase by which the end 
"f a gatf nearest the mast is hoisted. 
halyard-rack (hal'yard-rak), n. Naut., a wood- 
en framework in which the running part of any 
halyard is kept coiled, so that it may always be 
clear for running. 
Halymeda, Halymedidae. See Halimeda, Hali- 
meilidtv. 
Halymenia (hal-i-me'ni-a), n. [Nit. (Agardh, 
1842), appar. irreg. < Gr. aif, the sea, + fajv, 
month, or moon.] A genus of marine algee be- 
longing to the natural order Cryptonemea?, tribe 
Gastrocarpeie, characterized by the cylindra- 
ceous or compressed, gelatinous, membrana- 
ceous fronds, which are dichotomous, pinnate, 
or variously branched, and by the simple cor- 
tical layer formed of small oblong cells, its me- 
dullary portion being formed of large cells and 
internal articulated branching filaments. The 
species are natives of the warmer seas. 
Halymenieae (hal"i-me-m'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
Ilalymcnia + -ere.] One of the families of algaa 
established by Kutzing in 1843, coming under 
his order Periblastcie of the class Heterocarpea;. 
Halymenites (hal''i-me-ni'tez), n. [NL., < 
Halymeiiia + -itcs."] A genus of fossil algre, 
so named by Sternberg in 1838 from its sup- 
posed affinity with Halymeiiia. AS emended by 
Schimper in 1869, it embraces forms with coriaceous or 
membranaceous, flattened or terete and nstulous fronds, 
and tubercled or punctiform sporangia immersed in the 
lamina of the frond. These forms are found in the Cre- 
taceous and Tertiary formations of Europe and America, 
being specially abundant in the passage-beds between 
these two systems of rocks. //. major is a large branch- 
ing species with cylindrical, hollow warty fronds, very 
abundant in the Upper Cretaceous of the Rocky Mountain 
region, and called by the settlers petrified corn-cobs. 
halymotet, Same as hallmote. 
Halysereae (hal-i-se're-e), .;>/. [NL., < Iliily- 
xcrix + -e<p.] In Lindley's system of classifica- 
tion of plants, a suborder of the /'<<<, hav- 
ing the fronds polysiphonous, barked, jointed, 
or continuous, and the vesicles scattered over 
the surface of the frond or collected into heaps. 
170 
2695 
It embraces the Sphai-rlin-ini; Ijiiniiinrii-n; und 
H/ioroclutideu'. 
Halyseridese (hal"i-se-rid'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < 
lliilij.ti-rix (-riil-) + -fir.'] Endlicher's name 
(1843) for the Halynerete. 
Halyseris (ha-lis'e-ris), . [NL., appar. irreg. 
< Gr. (i/r, the sea,"-t- aepif, endive, chicory.] A 
genus of marine algaa, named by Targioni, but 
first described by Agardh in 1817, belonging to 
the natural order lUctyotea?, and type of the 
suborder Halyserea;. The frond is flat, dichotomous, 
and membranaceous, with a median nerve. The spores 
are naked, and united in sori longitudinally arranged 
along each side of the costa. About a dozen species are 
known, inhabiting the warmer seas. A fossil form has 
been found in the Oolite of Yorkshire, which has been re- 
ferred to this genus (H. erecta). 
Halyserites (haFi-se-ri'tez), . [NL., < Haly- 
seris + -ites.] A genus of fossil algse named by 
Sternberg in 1838 and emended by Schimper 
in 1869, having the slender fronds many times 
dichotomously divided, the branches being pro- 
vided with a thick costa acuminate at the apex. 
They occur chiefly in the Devonian and in the Upper Cre- 
taceous of Europe, but also sparingly in the intermediate 
strata. 
Halysidota (hal"i-si-do'ta), . [NL., < Gr. d'/.v- 
moWdf, wrought in chain fashion, < alivaif, a 
chain.] A genus of American arctiid moths. 
H. caryo! is the common hickory tussock-moth 
of North America. Originally Halesidota. Hiib- 
ner, 1816. 
Halysites (hal-i-sl'tez), n. [NL. (Fischer), < Gr. 
iihvaif, a chain.] The typical genus of chain- 
corals of the family Halysitida; : same as Ca- 
tenipora. 
Halysitidse (hal-i-sit'i-de), . ill. [NL. , < Haly- 
sites + -ida:.] A family of paleozoic tabulate 
corals, taking name from the genus Halysites; 
the chain-corals. 
Halysitinae (hal'i-si-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL.,< Haly- 
sites + -4MB.J A subfamily of chain-corals, re- 
ferred to t'avositidte. Edwards andHaime, 1849. 
Halytherium, . See Halitherium. 
ham 1 (ham), n. [< ME. hamme, homme, < AS. 
hatnni = D. ham = MLG. ham, hamme = OHG. 
hamma, MHG. hamme, G. dial, hamme, the ham, 
= Icel. horn, the ham or haunch of a horse, = 
Sw. dial, ham, the hind part of the knee ; prob. 
lit. the 'crook' or 'bend' of the leg (cf. OF. F. 
jambe = Sp. Pg. It. gamba, ML. gamba, leg (see 
gamb, jamb), ult. of Celtic origin) ; cf. W. Ir. 
Gael, cam, crooked, L. camur, crooked ; L. ca- 
mera, camara, < Gr. Ka/idpa, a vault, chamber, 
etc. : see cam 2 , camera, camber 1 , chamber, etc.] 
1. The back of the thigh ; the thigh as a whole ; 
in the plural, the gluteal region ; the buttocks. 
They [old men] have a plentiful lack of wit, together 
with most weak hatns. Shale., Hamlet* ii. 2. 
Hark ye, pupil ; 
Go as I taught you, hang more upon your hams, 
And put your knees out bent. 
Fletcher (and another), Queen of Corinth, ii. 4. 
At the caia's those who attended the consul kneeled on 
the sopha, resting behind on their hain#, which is a very 
humble posture. 
Pococke, Description of the East, II. i. 102. 
2. In anat., specifically, the back of the knee ; 
the lozenge-shaped area behind the knee, 
bounded by the hamstrings and heads of the 
calf-muscles, technically called the popliteal 
space. 3. The thigh of an animal slaughtered 
for food ; particularly, the thigh of a hog salted 
and cured or dried in smoke. 
Thy truffles, Perigord! thy Aawt, Bayonne! 
Pope, Dunciad, Iv. 558. 
ham 2 (ham), w. If. An obsolete (Middle Eng- 
lish and Anglo-Saxon) form of home 1 . 2. In 
historical use, with reference to the Anglo- 
Saxon period, a village or town ; more specifi- 
cally, a manor or private estate with a commu- 
nity of serfs upon it : much used in compound 
local names, as in Birmingham, Nottingham. 
Their homes, indeed, must have been scantily sprinkled 
over the wild and half-reclaimed country ; but scant as 
they were, these "hams" and "tons" told as plainly as in 
other districts the tale of English colonization. 
J. R. Oreen, Making of Eng., p. 70. 
ham ;; (ham), n. [< ME. ham, hamme (in comp. 
names), < AS. ham (hamm-), an inclosure, fold, 
dwelling, chiefly in comp., in local names, in 
which it became confused with ham 2 , similarly 
used (see /<; 2 , 2). Cf.hem 1 ,hemble.~\ Astinted 
common pasture for cows. Grose. [Prov. Eug.] 
haina (ha'ma), n. Same as ama. 
Hamacantha (ham-a-kan'tha), . [NL., < Gr. 
ii/m, together, + &Kav6a, thorn.] The typical 
genus of Haiiiiinnilliiinf. ./. K. (Srutj. 
Hamacanthinae (ham"a-kan-thi'ne), . pi. 
[NL., < Hamacantha + -i.] A subfamily of 
hamartite 
Heterorhnphiilir, typified by the genus ftanm- 
cuiitha, havingmegascleres asoxeaor styli, and 
mieroscleres as diancistne. 
hamadryad (ham'a-dii-ad), n. ; pi. hnm<ni,-i 
ads, lttini<i<lry<iiles(-a.dz, ham-a-dri'a-dez). [< L. 
hamadryas, pi. hamadryailcn, <. Gr. ifiaipvAf, pi. 
apaipvaAcs (also afipvdf, pi. dSpvafitf), < dfia, toge- 
ther with (= E. same, q. v.) (or a- copulative), 
+ opiif, a tree, esp. the oak-tree, = E. trpcf see 
dryad.] 1. In Gr. myth., a wood-nymph be- 
lieved to live and die with the tree to which 
she was attached. 
They were called Dryades and Hainadryadex, because 
they begin to live with oakes, and perish together. 
Sandys, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., viii., notes. 
The common opinion concerning the nymphs whom the 
ancients called hamadryads is more to the honour of trees 
than anything yet mentioned. It was thought that the 
fate of these nymphs had so near a dependence on some 
trees, more especially oaks, that they lived and died to- 
gether. Spectator, No. 589. 
I am not sure that the tree was a gainer when the hama- 
dryad flitted and left it nothing but ship-timber. 
Lutrrll, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 166. 
2. In entom. : (a) A dryad or wood-nymph, a 
butterfly of the old genus Hamadryas. (b) pi. 
A group of lepidopterous insects. 3. In her- 
pet.,a, large, hooded, venomous Indian serpent, 
Xoja hamadryas or Hamadryas elaps, now Ophio- 
phagus elaps. It is related to the cobra. 4. 
In mammal., a large Abyssinian baboon, Cyno- 
cephalus hamadryas, with long mane and whis- 
kers and tufted tail. Also called hebe. 
Hamadryas (ha-mad'ri-as),. [NL. : eeehamd- 
dryad.] 1. A genus of lepidopterous insects. 
Buhner, 1816. 2. A genus of venomous ser- 
pents, of the family Elapida;. See Ophiophagua. 
J. E. Gray, 1840. 3. A genus of mollusks. 
4. [?. c.] The specific name of a baboon, Cyno- 
cephalus hamadryas. 
hamal (ham'al), . [Turk, hammal, < Ar. kam- 
mdl, a porter, earner, < liamala, carry, bear.] 
A porter in Constantinople. Two hamals carry im- 
mense weights between them, suspended from poles sup- 
ported on their shoulders. 
Hamamelaceae (ham'si-me-la'se-e), n.pl. [NL., 
< Hamamelis + -acea\] See H'amamelidece. 
Hamamelese (ham-a-me'le-e), w. pi. [NL., < 
Hamamelis + -cffi.J In the classification of 
De Candolle, Gray, and others, a tribe or subor- 
der of plants, of the natural order Hamamelidea>, 
embracing the genera Hamamelis, Fothergilla, 
etc., and distinguished from the Balsamiflita; 
to which Liquidambar belongs, by their one- 
ovuled cells and more apparent floral envelops. 
Hamamelidaceae (ham-a-me-li-da'se-e), w. pi. 
[NL., < Hamamelis (-lid-) + -acea'.~\ Same as 
Hamamelideie. Lindley, 1846. 
Hamamelidese (hanVa-me-lid'e-e), n.pl. [NL., 
< Hamamelis (-lid-) + -e(e'.~] A 'natural order of 
dicotyledonous polype talous or sometimes apet- 
alous trees or shrubs, chiefly characterized by 
the inferior or half-inferior ovary and the soli- 
tary ovule pendent from the apex of the cell, 
embracing about 30 species belonging to half 
as many small genera, of which Hamamelis (the 
wych-hazel) and Liquidambar (the sweet-gum) 
are the most important. Proposed by Robert 
Brown in 1818. Also Hamamelaceai and Hama- 
meUdacea!. 
Hamamelis (ham-a-me'lis), u. [NL., < Gr. dfia- 
/aiMf, a tree with fruit like the pear, a kind of 
medlar or service-tree, < a/ia, together with, + 
[tijAov, apple or other tree-fruit.] The typical 
genus of the natural order Hamamelidea', found- 
ed by Linnseus in 1753, embracing 2 species 
of shrubs or small trees, and distinguished 
from related genera by the 4-parted flowers, 
deeply lobed calyx, blunt anthers, and decidu- 
ous leaves. One of the species is the wych-hazel of 
North America ; the other is a native of Japan. The flowers 
are polygamous, the staminate (male) ones having elon- 
gated, linear petals, which expand in autumn after the 
leaves have fallen. The leaves are large, crenate, and un- 
equal at the base. The fruit is a dry, woody capsule. See 
irych-hazel. 
hamarthritis (ham-ar-thri'tis), ii. [NL., < _Gr. 
A/iap6piTif, gout in all the joints at once, < afia, 
together, 4- dpffptTtc, gout: see arthritis.] In 
/mthnl., arthritis, or more specifically gout, in 
all the joints. 
hamartialogy (ha-mar-ti-al'o-ji), n. [< Gr. 
dfiapTia. error, sin. + -)oyia, < )^civ, speak: see 
-ology.] 1. That part of theology which treats 
of the origin, nature, operations, and effects 
of sin; the doctrine of sin: a subdivision of 
anthropology. 2. A treatise or dissertation 
on sin. 
hamartite (bam'ar-tlt), . Beefinocrrifr. 
