hardness 
ity of boflies which enables them to resist abra- 
sion of their surfaces. Scales have been constructed 
in which a set of standard bodies lira arranged and num- 
bered, and other bodies are referred to this scale in re- 
spect of hardness. The diamond is the hardest body known, 
and in the scale of Mobs its hardness is indicated by the 
number 10. The scale is as follows : Talc, 1 ; rock-salt, 
I ; calcite, 3 ; fluor-spar, 4 ; apatite, 5 ; feldspar, 6 ; rock- 
crystal, 7 ; topaz, 8 ; corundum, 9 ; diamond, 10. 
hard-nosed (hard'nozd), a. In hunting, having 
little or 110 sense of smell : said of dogs. 
hardock (har'dok), n. [ME. or AS. form not 
found ; appar.< early ME. har, AS. Mr, E. hoar, 
-h dock 1 , q. v.] A name applied by old English 
authors to some uncertain plant, probably a 
dock with whitish leaves, being a corruption of 
hoardoek; perhaps the burdock, Arctium Lappa. 
It is thought by some to be the same as hat-lock, which is 
a corruption at charlock, Brassica Sinapistrum. 
hard-pan (hard'pan), w. 1. The more or less 
firmly consolidated detrital material which 
sometimes underlies a superficial covering of 
soil. Any bed of mingled clay and sand or pebbles, if 
firmly compacted, is called hard-pan. The use of this 
word appears to be much more common in tbe United 
States than in England. 
Hence 2. (a) Hard,unbroken ground. [U.S.] 
The new [world] is for the most part yet raw, undigested 
hard-pan. The Century, XXVII. 118. 
(6) The lowest level ; lowest foundation; a firm 
footing for effort or upward progress : as, prices 
have reached hard-pan. [U. S.] 
The practical hard-pan of business. 
Elect. Rev. (Amer.), II. 4. 
It didn't appear to reach hard-van, or take a firm grip 
on life. The Century, XXVI. 285. 
A community where, to use the local dialect, " they got 
the color and struck hard-pan " more frequently than any 
other mining camp. 
Bret Harte, Tales of the Argonauts, p. 172. 
hard-pear (hard ' par), n. A South African 
shrub or small tree, Olinia cymosa, belonging 
to the natural order Lytlirariece, having square 
stems, opposite coriaceous leaves, cymes of 
small white flowers, and red drupes. The wood 
is hard and compact, and is used in making 
musical instruments. 
hard-port (hard'port), . Placed hard aport. 
See aport. 
As we were under full headway, and swiftly rounding 
her with a hard-port helm, we delivered a broadside at 
her consort, the Bombshell, each shot hulling her. 
The Century, XXXVI. 428. 
hards (hardz), . [Also hurds, formerly hirdes; 
< ME. hardes, herdes, hyrdes, a pi. (though ap- 
pearing as a sing, in the ME. gloss "hec stupa, 
a hardes"), < AS. pi. heordan, hards; connec- 
tions unknown.] The refuse or coarse part of 
flax, hemp, or wool. 
Ilir clathes biliue bigan to brin 
Als herdes that had bene right dry. 
Holy Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 81. 
She hadde on a sukkenye 
That not of hempe ne heerdes was. 
Rom. of the Rote, 1. 1233. 
What seems to you so easy and certain is to me as diffi- 
cult as it would be to work a steel hauberk out of hards 
of flax. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth, v. 
hard-set (hard' set'), a. Rigid; inflexible; ob- 
stinate. 
hard-shell (hard'shel), a. and n. I. a. 1. In 
zoiil., having a hard shell. Specifically applied (a) 
to the hard clam, round clam, or quahog, Venus merce- 
naria; (b) to the common edible crab, Callinectes hag- 
tat us, when its shell is grown hard : distinguished from 
soft-shell. 
2. Rigidly and narrowly orthodox: conserva- 
tive; uncompromising. [Colloq., U. S.] 
She recognized the drawl of an old hard-shell preacher 
who at long intervals came to hold forth in the neighbor- 
hood. The Century, XXXVI. 897. 
Hard-shell Baptists. See baptist, 2. 
II. n. 1. A hard-shelled crab or clam. 2. 
See Hard, n., 5 (a). 
hard-shelled (hard'sheld), a. Same as hard- 
shell. 
Oh, you hard-shelled, unplastic, insulated Englishmen! 
You introduce towels and fresh water, and tea, and beef- 
steak, wherever you go, it is true ; but you teach high 
prices, and swindling, and insolence likewise ! 
B. Taylor, Northern Travel, p. 266. 
hardship (hard'shiip), n. [< ME. herdschipe, 
also hardischipe; < hard + -ship.] 1. Severe 
labor or want ; suffering or excessive toil, phys- 
ical or mental; adversity; affliction; also, any- 
thing that exacts physical or mental endurance. 
They admitted of bondage, with danger of conscience, 
rather then to indure these hardships. 
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 23. 
Heroes are always drawn bearing sorrows, struggling 
with adversities, undergoing all kinds of hardships, and 
having in the service of mankind a kind of appetite to 
difficulties and dangers. Spectator, No. 312. 
2719 
hare 
Still hardying more and more in his triumphs over our 
simplicity. Lamb, Elia, p. 299. 
hardy' 2 (har'di), n. ; pi. hardies (-din). [Origin 
obscure.] In Macks mithing, a chisel or fuller 
haviugasquareshankforiusertion intoa square 
DVIL. X. iriltl. UUI'UUII, i^rii'vaiiuc, HIMIIM'-. [loll 1 in an UllVll, 
hardtack (hard'tak), n. 1. Large, coarse, hard hardyheadt, . See hardihead. 
biscuit baked without salt and kiln-dried, much hardy-shrew (har'di-shro), n. [Formerly also 
luintishrew.] The shrew. 
2. Hard treatment ; injury; oppression; injus- 
tice. 
They arc ripe for a peace, to enjoy what we have con- 
quered for them ; and so are we, to recover the effects of 
their hardships upon us. Swift. 
=Syn. 1. Trial, burden, grievance, trouble. 
used by sailors and soldiers; ship-biscuit. 2. 
Same as hardhead, 6. [Georgia, U. S.] 
hardtail (hard'tal), n. A carangoid fish, the 
yellow mackerel, Caranx pisquetus. 
hard-visaged (hard'viz'ajd), a. Having harsh 
features; ill-favored. 
hardware (hard' war), n. 1. Small metal arti- 
cles, such as house- or carriage-trimmings, fit- 
tings, parts of machines, domestic and kitchen 
utensils and appliances, and small tools. For 
more convenient classification, such material is called 
builders' hardware, domestic hardware, carriage-hard- 
ware, etc. 
2. Alcoholic liquors. [Colloq., Newfoundland.] 
hardwareman (hard' war-man), n. ; pi. hard- 
waremen (-men). A maker or seller of hard- 
ware. 
Work for silversmiths, watch-makers, and hardware- 
men. The Century, XXIV. 653. 
Hardwickia (hard-wik'i-a), n. [NL. (Roxburgh, 
1795), named after Major-General Thomas 
Hardwick of the British army.] A genus of 
plants, of the natural order Leguminosai, subor- 
der Catsalpiniece, tribe Cfynoei!raE,characterized 
by slender paniculate racemes of flowers having 
5 strongly imbricated sepals and 10 stamens, 
1 to 3 of which are sometimes reduced to stami- 
nodia. The genus embraces 4 species, natives of tropical 
Asia and Africa. They are thornless trees with abruptly- 
pinnate 2- to 6-foliolate leaves. Two Asiatic species, H. 
binata and H. pinnata, are tolerably well known. The 
former is a deciduous tree attaining a maximum height 
of 120 feet, and inhabiting southern and central India. 
The heart-wood is dark reddish-brown or nearly black, 
fine-grained, very hard, and durable. It is perhaps the 
heaviest wood in India, splits easily, and does not warp. 
It is very valuable for posts, railroad-ties, and under- 
ground work. The bark furnishes a valuable fiber for 
cordage. The other species named has similar but less- 
marked properties. It grows in the western Ghats from 
South Kanara to Travancore. Both species exude a bal- 
sam similar to copaiba. That of H. pinnata hardens into 
a resin, or forms an oleo-resin. 
hardwood-tree (hard' wud-tre), n. A hand- 
some West Indian shrub or small tree, Ixora 
ferrea, belonging to the natural order Rubiacece, 
having oblong, pointed leaves and axillary 
corymbs of rose-colored flowers. See Ixora. 
hardy 1 (har'di), a.; compar. hardier, superl. 
hardiest. [< ME. hardy, hardi, < OF. Jiardi (F. 
hardi). hardy, daring, stout, bold, usually re- 
garded as the pp. of hardir, ardir (= Pr. ardir 
= It. ardire), be bold, make bold, < OHG. "iiart- 
jan = E. hard, v.) (cf. OF. enhardi, emboldened, 
pp. of enhardir, embolden), but perhaps direct- 
ly < OHG. harti, herti, MHG. herti, another form 
of OHG. MHG. hart = E. hard: cf . MLG. herdich, 
persevering, = ODan. luerdig = Norw. herdig = 
Sw. hardig, vigorous, courageous (Dan. ihwrdig 
= Sw. ihardig, persevering). Hardy is thus a 
doublet of hard: see hard.'] 1. Bold; intrepid; 
daring; confident; audacious. 
But there is no man in the World so hardy, Cristene man 
ne other, but that he wolde ben adrad for to beholde it. 
Mandemlle, Travels, p. 282. 
That you be never so hardy to come again in his affairs. 
Shak., T. N., ii. 2. 
Tbe Indians were so hardy as they came close up to 
them, notwithstanding their pieces. 
Winthrop, Hist, New England, I. 254. 
Be not so hardy, scullion, as to slay 
One nobler than thyself. 
Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette. 
2. Requiring or imparting courage, vigor, and 
endurance; that must be done boldly or ener- 
getically: as, a hardy exploit; hardy occupa- 
tions. 
He turned with impatience from his literary tutors to 
military exercises and the hardiest sports. 
Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 368. 
3. Strong; enduring; capable of resisting fa- 
tigue, hardship, or exposure: as, a hardy peas- 
ant ; a hardy plant. 
Lone flower, hemmed in with snows and white as they, 
But hardier far. Wordsworth, Sonnets, U. 16. 
And every hardy plant could bear 
Loch Katrine's keen and searching air. 
Scott, L. of the L., i 26. 
The emigrant's children have grown up, the hardy off- 
spring of the new clime. Everett, Orations, I. 201. 
= Syn. 1. Stout-hearted, courageous, valiant, daring. See 
note under hardihood. 3. Hale, robust, sturdy, tough. 
hardy 1 (har'di), v. i.; pret. and pp. hardied, ppr. 
hardying. [<.hardy, a.~\ To become hardy, dar- 
ing, or audacious. [Rare.] 
hare 1 (har)~ . [< ME. hare, < AS. hara = 
OFries. hase = MD. haese, D. haas = MLG. hase 
= OHG. haso, MHG. G. hase = Icel. hen (for 
heri) = Sw. Dan. hare (< Teut. stem *liasan-) 
= W. ceinach = OPruss. savins = Skt. faya 
(for *casa), a hare.] 1. A rodent quadruped 
of the family Leporidce and genus Lepus. It has 
four upper front teeth instead of only two as usual in 
Rodentia (the extra pair placed behind the others), long 
mobile ears, short cocked-up tail, lengthened hind limbs, 
furry soles, and cleft upper lip. The species are nu- 
merous, and are found in most countries, especially of the 
northern hemisphere ; they are much alike, all nearly re- 
sembling the common hare of Europe, Lepus timidus. This 
animal in northerly and alpine countries turns more or less 
completely white in winter, and is then known as the va- 
rying hare. The polar hare, Lepus limidus, var. arclicut 
OTglacialis, is the extreme phase of the same species ; the 
American representative is L. americanun. The western 
American Varying Hare (tefus americanus). 
United States harbor several very large, long-eared, long- 
limbed hares, such as L. campestris (which whitens in 
winter), L. callotis, and others, commonly known as jack- 
rabbits or jackass-rabbits. (See cut under jack-rabbit.) 
Some hares are partly aquatic, as L. aquaticux of the south- 
ern United States. The hare is proverbial for its timidity 
and fleetness, and for its instinctive ingenuity in eluding 
enemies. The pursuit of it with hounds is called cour- 
sing, and has been a favorite sport from remote times. The 
rabbit, belonging to the same genus, is often included un- 
der the general term hare, and differs from it chiefly in its 
smaller size, and in its habit of burrowing instead of con- 
structing forms in the grass as the hare does. See rabbit. 
He is so gode a knyght that alle other be but as heres as 
in comparison to hym, saf only his brother. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), it 162. 
The melancholy hare is fomi'd in brakes and briers. 
Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. 204. 
The tim'rous hare . . . scarce shuns me. 
Cowper, Task, vi. 305. 
2. [cop.] In astron., one of the forty-eight an- 
cient constellations of Ptolemy, situated in the 
southern hemisphere. First catch your hare. 
See catch*. Hare and hounds, (a) An outdoor game 
modeled after the hunting of hares with hounds. Two 
players known as hares start off on a long run or ride, 
scattering behind them small pieces of paper called the 
scent; the others, known as the hounds, following the 
trail so marked, try to catch the hares before they reach 
home again. 
"Well, my little fellows, "began the Doctor, . . . "what 
makes you so late 1 " " Please, sir, we've been out Big-side 
Hare-and-hounds, and lost our way." 
T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 7. 
(6t) Everybody ; people generally. 
But Antenor, he shal come horn to tonne, 
And she shal out thus seyde here and houne. 
Chaucer, Troilus, iv. 210. 
Little chief hare. See Lagomys and pika. Mad as a 
March hare, acting wildly or senselessly ; strangely freak- 
ish : in allusion to the wild actions of the hare during the 
breeding-season in spring. To hunt for hares With a 
tabort, to engage in a hopeless task. Davies. 
Men my^tten as well haue huntyd an hare with a tabre, 
As aske ony mendis ffor that the! mysdede. 
Richard the Redelfss, i. 58. 
The poore man that gives but his bare fee, or perhaps 
pleads in forma pauperis, he hunteth for hares with a taber, 
and gropeth in the darke to find a needle in abotle of hay. 
Qreene, Quip for an Upstart Courtier (Harl. Misc., V. 407). 
To make a hare of, to hoax or befool ; ridicule ; expose 
or show up to derision. (See also calling-hare.) 
hare 2 t (har), r. t. [= E. dial, harr, < ME. ha- 
rien, harren, drag by force, ill-treat ; either the 
same as harien for herien, hergien, E. harry, q. v., 
or < OF. harier, harry, hurry, trouble, disturb, 
importune, annoy; perhaps also confused with 
OF. harer (un chien), set (a dog) on, encourage; 
cf. haro, harrow, an exclamation; crier haro, 
cry harrow: see Aarrow 3 .] To harass; worry; 
frighten. 
I' the name of men or beasts, what do you do? 
Hare the poor fellow out of his five wits 
And seven senses. B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, ii. L 
