heart-shaped 
heart-shaped (hart'shapt), a. Shaped like the 
human heart; especially, having the conven- 
tional figure of a heart that is, 
an oval figure obtusely pointed at 
one end, with a corresponding in- 
dentation in the other ; cordate ; 
cordiform: applied in botany to 
leaves, fruits, etc. In the case of 
leaves the base is often alone considered, 
lanceolate or linear leaves being often called heart-shaped. 
2759 
Through proud ambition and heart-swelling hate. 
Spenser. 
heart-trefoil (hiirt'tre"foil), . The spotted 
medic, Medicago maculata : so called both from 
its obcordate leaflets and from the somewhat 
heart-shaped purple or flesh-colored spot on 
each leaflet. Also called heart-clover, heart-leaf. 
heart-Urchin (hart'er // ehin), . A heart-shaped 
sea-urchin; any spatangoid. Also called mer- 
maid's-head. 
Sstmea,8heart-cam. 
See cm-date. heart-wheel (hiirt'hweT), 7i. 
heart-Shell (hart'shel), n. A bivalve mollusk ot fceart.-^,^ (hart'hol), a. 1. Not in love, or 
- ' 
the family Isoeardiidte or Glossidce, Isocardia cor 
so called from the heart-shaped contour of the 
valves when viewed from the front. The surface 
is covered with dark reddish-brown epidermis ; there are 
not deeply affected by that passion. 
Cupid hath clapped him o' the shoulder ; but I'll war- 
rant him heart-whole. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 1. 
la COVclUu \Vllll Uiiln. rcuuiii-uiww u vyj.uv*<u , mv/i f _ 
two parallel primary teeth in the right valve, and in the left 2. Having unbroken spirits or good courage. 
, 
the large outer tooth is indented and the others are thin 
and laminar ; there is a well-developed lateral tooth. The 
heart-shell inhabits European seas, and is locally abun- 
dant, chiefly on sandy bottoms. By means of the foot it 
can fix itself firmly in the sand. It is used to some ex- heart- WOOd (hart'wud), n. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
Ay, he is weak ; but yet he's heart-whole. 
Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, 111. 5. 
The central wood 
tent for food. Also adleA foolscap, heart-cockle, and heart- i n th e trunk of an exogenous tree ; duramen. 
.'ItfL. ,-!, /i.a.f'aitl . rnf AS lienrtsenr. The innermost layers of heart-wood contain ill pel :cei 
heart-sick (harf'sik), . [Cf. AS. heortseoc 
(= Dan. hjertesyg), in lit. sense (L. cardiacus), < 
hcorte, heart, + seo'c, sick.] 1. Sick at heart; 
deeply afflicted or depressed. 
I am sick still; heart-sick. Pisanio, 
I'll now taste of thy drug. 
Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 
Chatham heart-sick of his country's shame ! 
Cowper, Task, ii. 244. 
2. Indicating or expressive of heart-sickness. 
The breath of heart-sick groans. Shak., R. and J., iii. 3. 
heart-Sickening (hart'sik"niug), . Tending 
to make the heart sick or depressed. 
heart-sickness (hart'sik"nes), n. Sadness of 
heart; depression of spirits. 
heart-Sinking (hart 'sing "king), n. Despon- 
dency; discouragement. Moore. 
heart-snakeroot (hart'snak"rot), n. The wild 
ginger, Asarum Canadense. Also called Canada 
snakeroot. 
heartsome (hart'sum), a. [< heart + -some.] 
1. Inspiring with heart or courage ; exhilarat- 
ing. 
Ye heartsome Choristers [redbreasts], ye and I will be 
Associates, and, unscared by blustering winds, 
Will chant together. Wordsworth, Prelude, vii. 
2. Merry; cheerful; lively. 
At fifty -one she was a bright-eyed, handsome, heartsome 
soul to look upon, with a maternal manner and the laugh 
of a girl. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 127. 
heartsore (hart'sor), a. and n. [Early mod. 
E. hartsore; < ME. hertesor, earlier heortesar; 
< heart + sore.] I. a. 1. Sore or grieved at 
heart. 2. Proceeding from a sore or grieved 
heart. 
To be in love, where scorn is bought with groans, 
Coy looks with heart-sore sighs. Shak., T. G. of V., i. 1. 
Il.t n. Soreness of the heart ; grief. 
His onely hart-sore and his onely foe. 
Spenser, F. Q., II. L 2. 
heart-spoon (hart/spoil), n. [< ME. hertespon; 
< heart + spoon.] It. The depression in the 
breast-bone ; also, the breast-bone. 
Ther shyveren shaftes upon sheeldes thikke ; 
He feeleth thurgh the herte-spoon the prikke. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1748. 
I will whet my dagger on his heart-spone that refuses 
to pledge me ! Scott, Kenilworth, xx. 
2. The navel. [Prov. Eng.] 
heart-steel (hart'stel), n. Same as hearts-shell. 
heart-stirring (hart'st6r"ing), a. Arousing or 
moving the heart ; inspiriting ; exhilarating, 
heartstrings (hart'stringz), n. pi. Nerves or 
tendons supposed to brace and sustain the 
heart; hence, strongest affections; most in- 
tense feelings of any kind. 
If I do prove her haggard, 
Though that her jesses were my dear heart-strings, 
I'd whistle her off, and let her down the wind. 
innermost laye 
ofpitch 
Pop. Sci. Jfo., xx 
J per 
vm. 
ent, 
eso. 
heartly: see heartly, a.] I. a. 1. Influenced 
by or proceeding from the heart; heartfelt; 
sincere ; zealous : as, to be hearty in support of 
a project; a hearty welcome ; a hearty laugh. 
I shal aske theym forgevnes in as herty wyse as I can. 
English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 415. 
David was a "man after God's own heart" so termed 
because his affection was hearty towards God. 
Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. 1. 
Our salutations were very hearty on both sides. 
Addison, Spectator, No. 269. 
2. Full of health ; exhibiting strength ; sound; 
strong; healthy: as, a hearty man. 
Oak, and the like true hearty timber, being strong in 
all positions, may be better trusted in cross and trans- 
verse work. Sir H. Walton, Elem. of Architecture. 
I'm devilish glad to see you, my lad ; why, my prince of 
charioteers, you look as hearty ! Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 1. 
"How is Bessie? You are married to Bessie?" "Yes, 
miss ; my wife is very hearty, thank you." 
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre, xxi. 
3. Adapted for, affording, using, or requiring 
strong or abundant nourishment: as, hearty 
food ; a hearty dinner; a hearty eater or appe- 
tite. 
The journey and the sermon enabled them ... to do 
ample justice to Rachel's cold fowl, ham, pasty, and cake ; 
and again and again she pressed them to be hearty. 
Glenfergus, I. 335. (Jamieson.) 
So Philomede . . . stoops at once, 
And makes her hearty meal upon a dunce. 
Pope, Moral Essays, ii. 86. 
4f. Bold ; courageous. 
Withoutyn the helpe and the hondes of herty Achilles. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 8854. 
Esay, that hearty prophet, conflrmeth the same. 
Latlmer, Works (Parker Soc.), I. 356. 
As the old Roman Soldiers were forbidden marriage 
while they received pay, lest their domestick interests 
should abate their courage, so the Celibate of the Clergy 
was strictly enjoyned to make them more usefull and 
hearty for this design. StUUngfleet, Sermons, II. ii. 
= Syn. 1. Hearty, Cordial, Sincere; real, unfeigned, un- 
affected, heartfelt, earnest, ardent, eager. Hearty means 
having the heart in a thing, warmly interested in favor of 
something, and acting so as to show this feeling ; proceed- 
ing straight from the heart, and manifested outwardly. 
Cordial is rather applied to feelings cherished or felt in the 
heart, heartfelt, or the outward expression of such feel- 
ings : as, cordial love ; cordial hatred ; cordial desires. 
Sincere means devoid of deceit or pretense, implying that 
the sentiments and the outward expression of them are 
in consonance. 
How many a message would he send, 
With hearty prayers that I should mend. Swift. 
He, . . . with looks of cordial love, 
Hung over her enamour'd. Milton, P. L., v. 12. 
Weak persons cannot be sincere. 
La Rochefoucauld (trans.). 
2. Active, vigorous, robust, hale. 
II. n. A seaman's familiar form of address : 
Shak., Othello, iii. 3. a s, come here, my hearties. 
So may thy heart-strings hold thy heart, as thou heart-yarn (hart'yarn), n. A soft yarn in the 
This more than heart of mine. center of a rope. 
J. Beaumont, Psyche, ii. 77. hearty-halet (bar ' ti -hal), , Good for the 
To break the heartstrings of. See break. heart 
heart-struck (hart'struk), a. 1. Struck to the 
heart ; shocked with fear or grief ; dismayed. 
Adam at the news 
Heart-struck, with chilling gripe of sorrow stood. 
Milton, P. L., xi. 264. 
2. Fixed in the heart; ineradicable. 
Kent. But who is with him? 
Qent. None but the fool ; who labours to out-jest 
His heart-struck injuries. Shak., Lear, iii. 1. 
heart-swelling (hart'swel"ing), a. Causing the 
heart to swell ; rankling in the heart. 
174 
Sound Savorie, and Bazil hartie-hale. 
Spemer, Muiopotmos, 1. 198. 
heat (het), n. [< ME. heete, hete, < AS. licetu, 
hi&to, also haite (= OS. het = OFries. hete = 
OHG. heizi = Sw. heta = Dan. hede), heat, < hat, 
hot : see hot*. The D. LG. hitte = OHG. hizsa, 
MHG. Gr. hitze = Icel. hiti, heat, and Goth, heito, 
fever, are from the same ult. root.] 1 . A sensa- 
tion of the kind produced by close proximity to 
fire . The sensation of heat is commonly described as op- 
posite in character to that of cold ; but, strictly considered, 
heat 
this opposition lies not so much in these sensations them- 
selves as in their causes and associations. Like cold, the 
sensation of heat probably resides only in special points of 
the skin, the points sensitive to heat being different in lo- 
cation from those which are sensitive to cold. 
2. That condition of a material body which 
is capable of producing the sensation of heat ; 
in physics, the corresponding specific form of 
energy, consisting in an agitatiqn of the mole- 
cules of matter, and measured by the total 
kinetic energy of such agitation. See energy, 7. 
Heat is of two kinds heat proper, resident in a body, 
and radiant heat, which, from the physical point of view, 
is not properly heat at all, but, like light, a form of wave- 
motion projected by the vibrations of the luminiferous 
ether. Heat was formerly believed to be caused by an 
indestructible material fluid, called caloric. It is now 
known to be not a substance, but the energy of molecu- 
lar motion, consisting, in the case of a gas, of near- 
ly uniform rectilinear motions, with sudden changes of 
direction and velocity when the molecules come near 
enough to one another ; in the case of a liquid, of irreg- 
ular wanderings of its molecules ; and in the case of a 
solid, of orbital or oscillatory motions. This motion en- 
tirely ceases only at the absolute zero point. The temper- 
ature is in fact nothing but the amount of heat per mole- 
cule. The effects of absorbed heat upon a body are : (1) 
Increase of temperature that is, increase of the heat 
of each molecule. To a limited extent this can be mea- 
sured by the senses, but more accurately by thermome- 
ters (see thermometer), the thermopile, etc. (2) Expan- 
sion, or increase of volume (see expansion). (3) Change 
of state, as of a solid to a liquid (see fusion and lique- 
faction), or of a liquid to a gas (see vaporization). ' Thus, 
to transform ice at 0' C. into water (melt it), or water at 
100 C. into vapor or steam, a large amount of heat is re- 
quired. This heat disappears as sensible heat, and is said 
to become latent. Latent heat, however, is a misleading 
term, for it is not true that heat is latent as such, but 
only that so much heat-energy has been expended in 
changing the position of the molecules and overcoming 
their mutual attractions. If the process is reversed, this 
latent heat becomes sensible, as, for example, when steam 
is condensed in a steam-radiator. Heat also produces 
electrical effects (see electricity), and is instrumental in 
initiating chemical changes. Heat may be transmitted 
from one place to another (1) By convection (see convec- 
tion), when the hot body is itself moved, as in heating by 
hot air conveyed in flues, or by hot water carried in pipes. 
(2) By conduction (see conduction), where the heat travels 
slowly through the mass of the body, as when one end of 
an iron bar is thrust into the fire and the other end grad- 
ually becomes heated. In this case it is the molecular 
motion of the iron which is propagated. (3) By radiation 
(see radiation). When heat was believed to be a sub- 
stance, the radiation of heat was explained, in a manner 
analogous to the abandoned emission theory of light (see 
light), as the actual transfer of the heat-fluid itself ; now, 
however, radiant heat is known to be the energy of heat 
transferred to the luminiferous ether (see etheri), which 
fills all space and also pervades all bodies. The hot body 
sets the ether-particles in vibration, and this vibratory 
motion, in the form of waves, travels in all directions 
and with a velocity of about lf-6,000 miles per second. If 
this radiant heat impinges upon a body, part of it may be 
absorbed, or, in other words, the molecules of the body 
may themselves be set in motion by the ether-waves. 
There is no essential difference between radiant heat and 
light, both being forms of radiant energy (see energy), 
the ether-waves differing intrinsically among themselves 
in wave-length only, and thus producing different effects, 
heating, luminous, and chemical, in the bodies upon which 
they impinge, according to the nature of these bodies. 
The rays whose heating effect is generally the greatest 
are of greater wave-length than those which most affect 
the eye (light-rays), and have longer periods of vibration. 
Like light-rays, they may be reflected, refracted, diffracted, 
and polarized. The quantity of heat of a body, or the 
amount of heat-energy which a body gains or loses in pass- 
ing through a given range of temperature, is measured in 
thermal units (see heat-unit) that is, by the quantity of 
water which it would raise through 1 C. (or 1 F.) ; it is 
given by the product of its weight into the number ex- 
pressing the range in temperature multiplied by the spe- 
cific heat. In ordinary speech heat and temperature are 
not distinguished. See temperature. 
Heat is a very brisk agitation of the insensible parts 
of the object, which produces in us that sensation from 
whence we denominate the object hot : so what in our 
sensation is heat, in the object is nothing but motion. 
Locke, Elem. of Nat. Phil., xi. 
Since heat can be produced, it cannot be a substance ; 
and since whenever mechanical energy is lost by friction 
there is a production of heat, ... we conclude that heat 
is a form of energy. 
Clerk Maxwell, Matter and Motion, xciiL 
In the strictest modern scientific language . . . the 
word heat is used to denote something communicable from 
one body or piece of matter to another. 
Sir William Thomson, Encyc. Brit., XI. 555. 
3. In ordinary use, a sensibly high tempera- 
ture, as the warmth of the sun, or of the body. 
Men of Nubye ben Cristene : but thei ben blake as the 
Mowres, for grete Hete of the Sonne. 
Mandeville, Travels, p. 46. 
Thei were sette vnder the hawethorn in the shadowe 
by the broke, and let theire horse pasture down the 
medowes while the heete was so grete, for It was a-boute 
mydday. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 522. 
When she walketh apace for her pleasure, or to catch 
her a heate in the colde mornings. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 248. 
4. A heating, as of a piece of iron to be wrought 
by a blacksmith, or of a mass of metal to be 
melted in a furnace; an exposure to intense 
heat. 
