heat 
A heat, it may be noted, is the time occupied between 
charging the pig-iron and drawing the last ball of malle- 
able iron from the furnace, and is generally of about H 
hour in duration. W. H, Qreenwood, Steel and Iron, p. 266. 
The forging of a tool should be formed in as few heats 
as poasible, for steel deteriorates by repeated heating. 
J. Rose, Practical Machinist, p. 220. 
A field bakery of this kind can deliver 17,928 loaves of 
bread for nine heats, each loaf forming two rations. 
Sci. Amer., N. S., I/VTII. 246. 
Hence 5. Violent action ; high activity; in- 
tense and uninterrupted effort: as, to do a thing 
at a heat. 
With many a cruel hete 
Is helm to beti 
Chaucer, Troilus, v. 1761. 
Gan Troylus upon his helm to bete. 
(fell was the fight, foynyng of speires, 
Miche harme, in that hete, happit to falle. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 10287. 
Dryden, I suspect, was not much given to correction, 
and indeed one of the great charms of hia best writing ia 
that everything seems struck off at a heat, as by a superior 
man in the beat mood of his talk. 
Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 64. 
Especially (o) A single course in a horse-race or other 
contest. 
On the ninth of October next will be run for upon Coles- 
hill Heath, in Warwickshire, a plate of six guineas value, 
3 heats, by any horse, mare, or gelding, that hath not won 
above the value of 6. Ado. quoted in Spectator, No. 173. 
Many causes are required for refreshment betwixt the 
heati. Dryden. 
As for "Manfred," the two first acts are the beat ; the 
third so so ; but I was blown with the first and second 
lirni . Byron, To Murray. 
(b) A division of a race or contest when the contestants 
are too numerous to run at once, the race being finally 
decided by the winners (or winners and seconds) of each 
division running a final race or heat. 
6. Indication of high temperature, as the con- 
dition or color of the body or part of the body ; 
redness; high color; flush. 
It has raised animosities in their hearts, and Inwi* in 
their faces. Addison. 
A sudden flush of wrathful heat 
Fired all the pale face of the Queen. 
Tennyson, Guinevere. 
7. Vehemence; rage; violence; excitement; 
animation; fervency; ardor; zeal: as, theheat 
of battle or of argument ; the heat of passion 
or of eloquence. 
'Tis strange 
That yon ahould deal so peevishly : beshrew you, 
You have put me in a heat. 
Fletcher, Humoroua Lieutenant, 111. 2. 
Theae Indiana of Guam did speak of her [an Acapulco 
ship] being in sight of the Island while we lay there, 
which put our Men in a great heat to go out after her. 
Dampier, Voyages, I. 803. 
8. Sexual desire or excitement in animals, es- 
pecially in the female, corresponding to rut 
in the male ; the period or duration of such ex- 
citement : as, to be in heat Absorption of heat. 
See absorption. ATiim^l heat. See animal. Atomic 
or molecular heats of bodies. See atomic. Black 
heat, the condition of metal heated, but not enough to 
affect its color. Black-red heat, the condition of metal 
heated so as to begin to be luminous by daylight. Blood- 
red heat. See blood-red. Bottom heat, heat at or ris- 
ing from the bottom ; specifically, in hurt., heat commu- 
nicated beneath the roots of plants, as by fermenting and 
decomposing substances placed under them, or by running 
flues or pipes under them. Capacity for heat. See ca- 
pacity. Dark heat. See def . 2 and dark* . Dead heat, 
in racing, a heat in which the contestants croaa the line 
at exactly the aarae time, neither one winning. Diffu- 
sion Of heat. See diffusion. Distribution of heat. 
See distribution. Evection of heatt. See evection. 
Heat of combination, the heat evolved or produced by 
the chemical combination of two bodies, divided by the 
amount of heat required to heat one degree a mass of 
water whose ratio to the mass of the compound is equal 
to that of the molecular weight of water to the molecular 
weight of the compound. Latent heat. See def. 2. 
Mechanical or dynamic equivalent of heat. See 
equivalent. Prickly heat, an eruption of minute papules 
attended with a prickly itching ; lichen tropicus ; loosely, 
any papular eruption. Ked heat, white heat. (a)States 
of metals and, to a limited extent.of some non-metallic sub- 
stances, as carbon, at high but not definitely ascertained 
temperatures, in which they radiate a reddish or (when 
heated still higher) a much whiter light. These are espe- 
cially noticeable in practice in the case of iron, which 
at a "full red heat" becomea thoroughly malleable, and 
at a white heat aaaumes a more or lesa paaty condition 
(which continuea through a large range of temperature), 
and can be welded. Hence (6) A state of strong and one of 
overpowering feeling ; states of strong and of most intense 
passion, eagerness, or other emotion. Sensible heat. 
See def. 2. Specific heat, the number of heat-units re- 
quired to raise the unit of mass of a given substance 
through 1 of temperature. For solids and liquids water is 
taken as the standard that is, its specific heat is unity. 
For gases either water or air is taken. The specific heat 
measures the heat-capacity of different bodies, or the 
amount of heat they absorb or give out in passing through 
a certain range of temperature. (See calorimetry.) The 
product of the specific heats of the different elements 
into their atomic weights is found to be nearly a con- 
stant quantity (about 6) ; this product is called the atomic 
heat. 
The Speci/ic Heat of a body is the ratio of the quantity 
of heat required to raise that body one degree to the quan- 
2760 
tity required to raise an equal weight of water one de- 
gree. Clerk Maxwell, Heat, p. 6. 
The heat Of the day, the period of highest temperature 
of the day ; the part of the day when the temperature is 
oppressive. Welding heat, in metal., that heat at which 
iron begins to burn with vivid sparks. White heat. See 
red heat, above. 
heat (het), v. ; pret. and pp. heated, formerlyand 
still dial, heat (het) or het. [< ME. heten (pret. 
hette, pp. Tiet, hwt, that), < AS. hUtan (pret. 
hcette, pp. halted, *hiett), make hot (= D. hn-ti-n 
= OHG. heizen, MHG. G. heizen = Icel. heita = 
Sw. heta = Dan. fade) (cf. AS. hdtian, intr., be 
or become hot), < hat, hot: see ho ft, and cf. 
heat, n.] I. trans. 1. To cause to grow warm ; 
communicate heat to ; make hot: as, to heat an 
oven or a furnace ; to heat iron. See heat, n., 2. 
And wher the watir was hett to wasah the ffete of 
Cristis Dlscipulis. 
Torkington, Diane of Eng. Travell, p. 36. 
.\,th. la, by my troth, the instrument is cold, 
And would not harm me. 
Hub. I can heat it, boy. Shak., K. John, iv. 1. 
Nebuchadnezzar . . . commanded that they should hi-ni 
the furnace seven times more than it was wont to be heat. 
l)an. ill. 18 (ed. 1611). 
2. To make feverish ; stimulate ; excite : as, to 
lieat the blood. 
2 I, a i-il. Thou art going to Lord Tlmon'a feast 
Apem. Ay ; to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools. 
Shak., T. of A., L 1. 
Where bright Sol, that heat 
Their bloods, doth never rise or set. 
B. Jonson, Masque of Blackness. 
3. To warm with emotion, passion, or desire ; 
rouse into action ; animate; encourage. 
That on me hette, that othir dede me colde. 
Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, L 145. 
A noble emulation heat* your breast. Dryden. 
Milton had heated his imagination with the Fight of the 
Gods in Homer, before he entered upon this Engagement 
of the Angels. Addition, Spectator, No. 338. 
4f. To run a heat over, as in a race. 
You may ride us, 
With one soft kiss, a thousand furlongs, ere 
With spur we heat an acre. Shak., W. T., L 2. 
II. in trans. To grow warm or hot; come to 
a heated condition, from the effect either of 
something external or of chemical action, as 
in fermentation or decomposition. 
The first machines constructed heated too much. 
S. P. Thompson, Dynamo-Elect. Mach., p. 113. 
heat-apoplexy (het'ap"o-plek-si), . Sun- 
stroke. 
heat-economizer (het'e-kon"o-mi-zer), n. A 
device by which the steam in a steam-engine 
or the hot air in an air-engine is cooled, causing 
it to impart its heat to a metallic body, which 
stores up the heat and imparts it in turn to the 
next charge of steam or air, thus materially re- 
ducing the waste of heat ; a regenerator. 
heat-engine (het'en'jin), n. An engine which 
transforms heat into mechanical work. 
heater (he'ter), . One who or that which 
heats. 
Camphire swallowed is, in the dose of a very few grains, 
a great heater of the blood. Boyle, Works, V. 104. 
Specifically (a) A furnace, stove, or other device for 
heating, drying, or warming buildings, rooms, drying- 
houses, fruit-evaporators, or parts of machines, as the 
calendering-rolls of a paper-mill, (b) A small mass of 
cast-Iron designed to be heated and then placed in a hol- 
low flat-iron or in a coffee-pot, to heat the iron or keep 
the coffee hot. (c) In a sugar-making plant, a pan used 
for the first heating of the cane-Juice or syrup ; a heating- 
pan. 
heater-car (he'ter-kar), n. A railroad-car con- 
structed for the transportation in winter of 
fruits, vegetables, and other perishable pro- 
ducts. Car-Builder's Diet. 
heater-plate (he'ter-plat), n. In an oil-lamp 
exposed to cold, a device to conduct the heat 
of the flame down to the oil-reservoir, in order 
to keep the oil from congealing. Car-Builder's 
Diet. 
heater-shaped (he'ter-shapt), a. Shaped like 
the heater of a smoothing-iron; triangular; 
having one of the sides straight and the two 
others, which are equal and the counterparts 
of each other, curved. See Tteater (b). 
The small heater-shaped shield. Encyc. Brit., XI. 692. 
heat-factor (het'fak'tor), n. The thermody- 
namic function ; the integral of the reciprocal 
of the temperature relatively to the heat ex- 
pended. 
heat-fever (het'fe"ver), n. Fever (pyrexia) 
caused by too great exposure to heat ; thermic 
fever. 
heat-focus (het'fo // kus), n. See/ocs. 
heath (heth), n. [< ME. hethe, heeth, heth, < 
AS. hceth = OD. hcyde = MLG. heide, hede = 
heathen 
OHG. heida, MHG. G. heide, a heath, also, as ex- 
clusively in D. heide, the plant so called, = Icel. 
heidr = Sw. hed = Dan. hede, a heath, = Goth. 
haithi, a heath, waste, = W. coed, a wood, = L. 
-cetum in bucetum, a pasture for cows (bos, a 
cow). The orig. sense is 'open, uncultivated 
land ' ; the plant is so named from growing on 
such land; cf. heather. Hence heathen, q. v.] 
1. Open, uncultivated land; a desert tract of 
laud; specifically, in Great Britain, an uncul- 
tivated tract of heathy or shrubby land, usually 
of a desolate character. 
Some woods of oranges, and heaths of rosemary, will 
smell a great way in the sea. Bacon, Nat. Hist., 834. 
Their stately growUi, though bare, 
Stands on the blasted heath. Milton, P. L., 1. 615. 
Caledonia ! stern and wild, 
Meet nurse for a poetic child ! 
Land of brown ln'utli and shaggy wood. 
Scott, L. of L. M., vL 2. 
Comes a vapour from the margin, blackening over heath 
and holt. Tennyson, Lockaley Hall. 
2. A plant of the genus Erica, or, by extension, 
of the genus Calluna; any plant of the family 
Ericaeeai, called by Lindley heathworts. The 
speciea of Erica are widely distributed throughout Eu- 
rope and the Mediterranean region, but are most abundant 
in South Africa, where they cover thousands of acres and 
constitute one of the principal forms of vegetation. The 
two best-known European speciea are E. cinerea, Scotch 
heather or fine-leafed heath, and E. Tetralix, the cross- 
leafed heath. (See cut under Ericaceae.) The nearly allied 
genua Calluna, having only a single species, C. vulgaris, is 
more commonly called heather or ting. (See cut under Cal- 
luna.) In Great Britain heath or heather covers large tracts 
of waste land, and is used to thatch houses and to make 
brooms, and in some places for making beds. Sheep, goats, 
and cattle feed upon it, and bees extract a finely flavored 
honey from the flowers. The young shoots and flowers are 
said to have been formerly employed in the manufacture 
of beer. The speciea of southern Europe, Erica arborea, 
attains considerable size, and is called the tree-heath. 
From the wood of this species, and especially from that of 
another speciea of aouthern Europe, E. Mediterranea, are 
made most of the so-called brier-wood pipes, or brier to- 
bacco-pipes. The moor-heaths belong to a section of the 
enns Erica called Oypsocallis by Don, and have somewhat 
ifferent flowers and a different aspect. They are very 
beautiful plants, and inhabit moors and calcareous dis- 
tricts. The Cnntabrian, Irish, or Saint Dabeoc's heath is 
a plant of a different genus of the heath family, Dabeocia 
polifolia. It is chiefly a native of Ireland, but ia also found 
in western France, northern Spain, and the Azores. It is 
a dwarf, bushy, evergreen shrub, grows in dense tufts, and 
has racemes of purple flowers. It is also called Irish- 
ichorts. The sea-heath, Frankenia Icevis, is a low, heath- 
like maritime shrub inhabiting the European coasts. See 
Frankenia. 
3. One of several small butterflies of different 
genera. The large heath is Erinephilc tithomts ; 
the small, Cwnonympha j>ampilus. 
heath-bell (heth'bel), n. The flower of the 
heath, especially of Erica Tetralix or E. cinerea. 
Also called heather-bell. 
For heath-bell, with her purple bloom, 
Supplied the bonnet and the plume. 
Scott, L. of the L., ill. 5. 
heathberry (heth'ber'i), n. ; pi. heathberries 
(-iz). [ME. not found; AS. haithberige, bilberry 
(?),< haith, heath, + berige, berie, berry.] Same 
as crowberry. 
heath-bird (heth'berd), n. Same as heath- 
cock or heath-hen. 
heath-clad (heth'klad), a. Clothed or crowned 
with heath. 
Sleeping on the heath-clad hill. 
J. Cunningham, Day, A Pastoral. 
heath-cock (heth'kok), n. The male black 
grouse. See blackcock Black and spotted heath- 
cock. Same as Canada grotue (which see, under grouse). 
Ruffed heath-COCk. Same as ru/ed grouse (which 
see, under grouse). 
heath-corn (heth'k6rn), . The buckwheat, 
Polygonum Fagopyrum. 
heathcup (heth'kup), n. The plant Artanema 
finibriatum, natural order Scrophulariacea;, an 
erect herb with opposite leaves, native of the 
East Indies and Australia, and cultivated for 
its large blue flowers, which are disposed in 
racemes at the ends of the branches. 
heath-cypress (heth'si'pres), n. An alpine and 
subalpine species of club-moss, Lycopodium al- 
pinum, found in suitable situations throughout 
Europe : so called from its resembling a min- 
iature cypress-tree, and growing on heathy 
ground. 
heath-egger (heth'eg'er), n. A bombycid moth, 
Lasiocampa callimce. 
heathen (he'THen or -THn), n. and a. [< ME. 
liethen, < AS. hceihen, n. (= OS. hedhin = OFriee. 
hethen = OD. heyden, D. heiden = MLG. heidene, 
heiden = OHG. heidan, MHG. heiden, G. heiden, 
licidc = Icel. heidhinn = Sw. Dan. heden, a 
heathen, r Goth, "haitheins, m., haithno, f.), 
a heathen; orig. and prop, an adj., 'of the 
