heliotropism 
quently observed in roots. A still farther condition, which 
has been called transverse helifttropism by Frank and dia- 
heliotropism by Darwin, is the condition under which cer- 
tain organs tend to place their long axes perpendicular to 
the direction of the incident rays. The precise action of 
light in producing these various modifications Is not well 
understood, but, as the studies of Vines have shown, it is 
probably largely due to modifications of the turgescence 
of the growing cells. Also heliatropy. 
Heliotropium (he"li-o-tro'pi-um), n. [NL., < 
Gr. yAioTpomov, heliotrope: see heliotrope.'] A 
genus of plants, of the natural order Boraginaceai 
and tribe Heliotropiea>. It is distinguished by the 
form of its corolla, which is that of a salver or funnel and 
generally small, and its dry fruit, which commonly sepa- 
rates into 4 nutlets. The genus includes about 170 spe- 
cies of herbs and shrubs, with white or lilac flowers, In- 
habiting the warmer and temperate regions of both hemi- 
spheres. H. Indwum, a native of nearly all tropical coun- 
tries, is called wild clary In the West Indies. H. Parum- 
anum is the common heliotrope of gardens. See helio- 
trope. 
heliotropy (he'li-o-tro-pi), n. [< Gr. fijoc, the 
sun, + Tpmii, a turning. Of. heliotrope.] Same 
as heliotropism. 
heliotype (he'li-o-tip), . and a. [< Gr. ij/^oc, 
the sun, + timof, impression: see type.] I. n. 
A picture or print produced by the process of 
heliotypy ; also, the orocess itself. 
II. a. Of or pertaining to heliotypy or its 
processes or result. Also heliotypic Hellotype 
process. See heliotypy. 
heliotype (he'li-o-tip), .; pret. and pp. helio- 
typed,pr>T.heliotyping. [(heliotype, w.] I. trans. 
To produce a heliotype picture of. 
II. intrans. To practise heliotypy; produce 
a picture by direct impression in printing-ink. 
heliotypic (he'li-6-tip'ik), a. [As heliotype + 
-ic.~] Same as heliotype. 
heliotypy (he'li-o-ti-pi), n. [As heliotype + -y."] 
A photographic process in which from an ordi- 
nary negative is made a positive of such charac- 
ter that from it a direct impression in ink can 
be obtained by means of a printing-press, in 
the Edwards process, as practised in the United States, a 
film of gelatin sensitized with bichromate of potash, and 
having chrome alum incorporated with it, is formed on 
glass, stripped off when dry, and exposed to light during 
a certain time under the negative. The film is then 
washed to remove the sensitive principle, and is attach- 
ed to a plate of metal or other solid back. Those parts 
of the film which have been affected by the light during 
exposure under the negative are left in such condition 
that they can be made to take printing ink, while the 
parts not affected, owing to the opacity of the correspond- 
ing parts of the negative, resist the ink. This process de- 
pends upon the fact that a gelatin film sensitized with bi- 
chromate of potash becomes by the action of light insolu- 
ble in water, while the parts which have been shielded 
from the light, and from which the potash has been elim- 
inated after the exposure, swell wnen moistened. The 
films are technically called skins. In other processes a 
mold of gutta-percha or other material is prepared from 
the film, and copper is deposited on this by electrotypy. 
The resulting plate can be printed on an ordinary print- 
ing-press. See photogravure and photo-engraving. 
Heliozoa (he"li-o-zo'a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. ijfaot, 
the sun, + fipoi', an animal.] A name proposed 
by Hert wig and Lesser for the sun-animalcules, 
fresh-water organisms provided with radiola- 
rian skeletons, and grouped by Huxley with 
the marine Badiolaria. Some divide them into 
three families, Actinophryido', Acanthocystidfp, 
and ClathrulinidfB. See Badiolaria. 
heliozoan (he'H-6-zo'an), a. and n. [< Heliozoa 
+ -an."] I. o. Staving the character of a sun- 
animalcule ; pertaining to the Heliozoa. 
II. n. A sun-animalcule; one of the Helin- 
zoa. 
hellOZOic (he"li-o-zo'ik), a. [< Hcliozon + -ic.~\ 
Same as heliozoan. 
So does the Heliozaic type seem to culminate in the ma- 
rine Radiolaria. W. B. Carpenter, Micros., 499. 
Heliset, . [ME., < OF. Heli.se, prop. Elise, 
Elysium: see Elysium."] Elysium. 
It passed joy of Helise the f eld. Court of Love, I. 119. 
helispheric, helispherical (hel-i-sfer'ik, -i-kal ), 
a. [For *lielicospheric, "hclicospherical; < Gr. 
eAtf (&M-), a spiral, + atjialpa, sphere : see helix 
and spheric."] Spiral Helispherical line. Same 
as lozodromw curve (which see, under loxodromie). 
helium (he'li-um), n. [NL., < Gr. ftiof, the 
sun: see heliac."] A hypothetical elementary 
substance, known only by the lines ascribed to 
it in the solar spectrum. 
Frankland and Lockyer find the yellow prominences to 
give a very decided bright line not far from D. but hitherto 
not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to in- 
dicate a new substance, which they propose to call helium. 
Nature. 
helix (he'liks), n.; pi. helixes, helices (he'lik-sez, 
hel'i-sez). [< L. helix, a kind of ivy, a kind of 
willow, a volute in arch., < Gr. a/f (e/U*-), any- 
thing which assumes a spiral shape, as a ten- 
Heticw (H. H\ as used in 
Capital. 
2778 
dril, lock or curl of hair, etc., as adj. litf, 
twisted, curved, < c~/.iao?iv, turn round, akin to 
L. volrere, roll, and to E. vallmc : see mlntr, 
involve, evolve, etc., and wallow."] 1. A spiral 
line, as of wire in a coil ; a winding, or some- 
thing that is spiral ; a circumvolution ; spe- 
cifically, in geom., the curve assumed by a right 
line drawn on a plane when that plane is 
wrapped round a cylindrical surface of any 
kind, especially a right cylinder, as the curve of 
a screw-thread; also, a curve on any develop- 
able surface which becomes a right line when 
the surface is developed into a plane, as a 
conical helix. 2. In arch., any spiral, par- 
ticularly a small volute or twist under the 
abacus of the 
Corinthian cap- 
ital ; also, a vo- 
lute of the Ionic 
capital. In every 
Corinthian capital 
of the fully devel- 
oped type there are 
sixteen helices, two 
at each angle, and 
two meeting un- 
der the middle of 
each face of the 
abacus, branching 
out of the cauliculi 
or secondary stalks which rise from between the leaves. 
3. In elect., a coil of wire, as that surrounding 
the core of an electromagnet. 4. In anat.: (a) 
The prominent curved fold which forms most 
of the rim or margin of the outer ear. See sec- 
ond cut under ear 1 , (b) The cochlea of the in- 
ner ear. 5. [cap.] [NL.] In conch., the rep- 
resentative genus of Helicidce and Helicina: 
Widely different limits have been assigned to It, and 
more than 4,000 species have been referred to it, vary- 
ing greatly in size, shape, and color. Typical species are 
the common garden-snail of Europe, //. horteiixi*. and the 
Roman snail, //. pomatiti. By many recent authors the 
genus is more or less restricted to such as are related to 
these species, or to one or the other of them. See cuts 
under Gasteropoda and Pulmonata. Fossa of the he- 
lix. See foisai. Osculating helix of a non-plane 
curve, the common helix which passes through three 
consecutive points and has its axis parallel to the recti- 
fying line of the curve. 
hell 1 (hel), n. [In the 17th century also hcl ; 
early mod. E. helle, < ME. helle, < AS. hell, hel 
(fern., gen.^ dat. ace. helle), the abode of the 
dead (Gr. fdtft, Hades, L. infernum), also the 
place of punishment for the wicked after death 
(LL. ML. infernum), = OS. hellia, hell, hel = 
OFries. liille, helle = D. hel = MLG. helle = 
OHG. hellia, hella, MHG. helle, G. helle (Lu- 
ther), now irreg. holle = Goth, halja, hell (as in 
AS.) (cf. Dan. helrede, Sw. helrete, OSw. h<rl- 
jcite, hell, = AS. hellewite, hell's torment); = 
Icel. hel, the abode of the dead, Hades, also 
death, and personified, Hel, the ogress Hel, the 
Proserpine of Scand. mythology. The personi- 
fication does not appear in Goth., AS., OHG., 
etc., though prob. once existent. Prob. orig. 
the 'hidden' or 'unseen' place (or goddess) (cf. 
Hades, similarly explained as 'unseen'), < AS. 
helan, ME. helen, E. heal? (= OHG. helan, etc.), 
cover, conceal, hide : see heal 2 . Cf . helf*.] 1. 
The abode of the dead ; the place of departed 
spirits; the grave; the infernal regions, re- 
garded as a place of existence after death: 
called in Hebrew Slieol, and by the Greeks 
Hade.t. 
Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell ; neither wilt thou 
suffer thine Holy One to see corruption. Ps. xvl. 10. 
He descended again into Hell, that is, into the Grave, 
to feteh his Body, and to rise again. 
Stlden, Table-Talk, p. 53. 
Then shall be said the Apostles' Creed. . . . And any 
Churches may omit the words, He descended into hell, or 
may, instead of them, use the words, He went into the 
place of departed spirits, which are considered as words 
of the same meaning in the Creed. 
Book of Common Prayer, Rubric ou the Apostles' Creed. 
[In the authorized version of the Bible the word hell oc- 
curs 54 times, viz., 31 times in the Old Testament and 
23 times in the New. In the Old Testament it translates 
the Hebrew nameSheol, which is also translated the grave 
(31 times) and the pit (3 times). In the revised version 
hell has been retained in the prophetical books, and Slieul 
substituted for it in the poetical books and passages, ex- 
cept in Deut. xxxii. 22, Ps. Iv. 15, and Ixxxvi. 13, where it 
Is changed to pit. In both the authorized and the rwrised 
version of the Sew Testament, hell is used 12 times to 
translate the Greek yecwa (transliterated gehenna in the 
Vulgate), while in the authorized version It is used 10 
times for the Greek 76175. and once (2 Pet. ii. 4) for rap- 
Tapwtras (Tartarvs). In the revised version hell is re- 
tained for Tartaru*, and Hades has been used for the 
Greek Ziyi. See Gehenna, grave?, Hades, and Shrol.] 
2. The abode of devils and condemned spirits ; 
the place or state of punishment of the wicked 
after death; the infernal regions, regarded as 
a place of torment. 
hell-bale 
Bi-seke we nil Codes migt, 
That he make ure sowles brigt, 
And shilde us fro elks nigt, 
And lede us to lilisse and in-to ligt. 
Genesis ami Exodus (E. E. T. 8.), 1. 415T. 
And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able 
to kill the soul : but rather fear him which is able to de- 
stroy both soul and body in hell. Mat. x. 28. 
Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damn'd, 
Bring with thee airs from heaven, or blasts from hdl. 
Shak., Hamlet, 1. 4. 
Hail, horrours ; hail, 
Infernal world ! and thou, profoundest hell, 
Receive thy new possessour. Milton, P. L., 1. 251. 
3. The infernal powers; the powers of dark- 
ness and evil. , 
Richard yet lives, hell's black intelligencer, 
Only reserv'd their factor, to buy souls, 
And send them thither. Shalt., Rich. III., Iv. 4. 
4. Something regarded as resembling hell. 
The hell of waters ! where they howl and hiss, 
And boil in endless torture. 
Byron, C'hilde Harold, iv. 69. 
Specifically (a) Any place or condition of captivity or 
torment ; any experience of great suffering : as, a hell upon 
earth ; a hell of suspense or suspicion. 
The mind is its own place, and in itself 
Can make a heaven of "hell, a hell of heaven. 
Milton, P. L, i. 255. 
But quiet to quick bosoms is a hell, 
And there hath been thy bane. 
Byron, Childe Harold, lit 42. 
(ft) A gaming house ; a gaining room ; a gamblers den. 
Don Juan, our young diplomatic sinner, 
Pursued his path, and drove past some hotels, 
St. James's Palace and St. James's Helix. 
Byron, Don Juan, xi. 29. 
At midnight he had lost forty-eight thousand pounds. 
. . . The atmosphere was hot. to be sure, but it well be- 
came such a hell. Dixraeli, Young Duke, iv. 8. 
00 In some games, as bailey brake, the place to which 
those who are caught are carried. 
Then couples three be straight allotted there, 
They of both ends the middle two do fly ; 
The two that, In mid place, Hell called were, 
Must strive, with wailing foot and watching eye, 
To catch of them, and them to Hell to bear. 
Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, I. 
(rf) A place where things are covered up or hidden ; a place 
of concealment: specifically, a place into which a tailor 
throws his shreds or his cabbaged stuff, or a printer his 
broken type. 
*SecrHa. [It.] . . . The name of a place in Venice where 
all their secret records and ancient euidences be kept, as 
hell is In Westminster Hall. Florio, 1598. 
Lawyers and tailors have their several hells. 
Beau, and Fl. (?), Faithful Friends, i. 2. 
All know the cellaridge under the shop-board 
He calls his hell. 
Middleton and Rairley, World Tost at Tennis, 
(ct) Formerly, in England, a place under the exchequer 
chamber where the king's debtors were confined. Jiapalje 
and Lawrence. To lead apes In hellt. See ape. 
helPt, r. t. [A var. of MP, or ult. of heap, 
heh-2, hide: see hill?, heal 2 ."] To hide; cover. 
Else would the waters overflow the hinds, 
And flre devoure the ayre, and hell them quight. 
Spenser, F. Q , IV. x. 35. 
he'll. A colloquial contraction of he trill. 
Helladian (he-la 'di-an), a. [< Gr. 'E/.?.d f ('E?- 
?a<i-), Hellas, Greece, + -ton.] Same as Hel- 
lenic. [Rare.] 
Helladic (he-lad'ik), a. [< Gr. 'E/>.a f CE/^jrf-), 
Hellas, Greece. + -'<.] Same as Hellenic. 
[Rare.] 
Zeuxis, Parrhasius and their followers, under the gen- 
eral name of the Asiatic school, were opposed to the Gre- 
cian (Helladif) school. 
C. O. Mailer, Manual of Archasol. (trans.), $ 139. 
helladothere (hel'a-do-ther), n. [< Helladothe- 
rinm."] The animal upon whose remains the 
genus Helladotlteriitm was founded. 
Helladotheriidae (hel"a-do-the-ri'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Helladotherimn +' -idir.] The family 
of ruminants which the genus Helladotheriinii 
represents. 
Helladotherioidea (hel*a-do-the-ri-oi'de-a), w. 
pi. [NL., < Helladotlierium + -oidea."] "The 
Helliidotheriitlai rated as a superfamily. Gill. 
Helladotherium(liel ! 'a-do-tbe'ri-um),H. [< Gr. 
'!:(/( ('V.'/'AaA-), Hellas, Greece, + 8qpiov, a wild 
beast.] A genus of fossil ruminant mammals 
of uncertain affinities, by some referred to the 
',\>y others made the type of a family 
The remains occur in the Up- 
per Miocene and Pliocene of Greece (whence 
the name) and elsewhere. Gandry, 1860. 
Hellanodic (hel-a-nod'ik), n. [< Gr. 
mi, Doric form of *SUt/vadlau. pi., < * 
Doric "E?/ai<Ef, sing. 'F.//T/I-, a Greek (see Hel- 
lene), + dint/, judgment.] In Gr. antiq., one of 
the judges at the Olympic games, who award- 
ed the prizes. 
hell-balet, . [ME. hellebale, prop, two words: 
helle, gen. of hell, and iofcl.] The torment of 
hell. 
