heterotrophy 
feed.] In bot., an abnormal mode of obtain- 
ing nutrition, observed especially in the r/ni- 
lifrrie. These plants, according to Frank, are destitute 
of root-hairs, and depend for their nutrition upon a fun- 
gus, the mycelium of which closely surrounds the roots 
and acts in the capacity of root-hairs. In contradistinc- 
tion to these are most ordinary plants, which obtain their 
nourishment by autotnphy that is, by means of ordinary 
root-hairs. See symbiosis. 
heterotrppic (het"e-ro-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. c 
other, different, + rp&trof, a turning, < Tp 
turn.] Auisotropic; relotropic: opposed to iso- 
tn>i>ic. 
heterotropous (het-e-rot'ro-pus), o. [< Or. 
erepof, other, different, + Tpfnttv, turn.] In 
bot., having the embryo or ovule oblique or 
transverse to the axis of the seed. Also hete- 
rotropal. 
heterousia, hetcroousia (het-e-ro'si-a, -ro-6'- 
si-a), n. [< LGr. *ercpovaia, ercpoovaia, differ- 
ence of essence or nature, < ertpovoiof, also erepo- 
ovaioc, of different essence or nature: see het- 
crottsjow*.] Different essence; essential dif- 
ference of nature or constitution. See Heterou- 
sian. 
Semi-Arianlsm occupied an untenable middle ground 
between the Allan hetero-ousia, or difference of essence, 
and the orthodox homo-ouaia, or equality of essence. 
Schaf, Christ and Christianity, p. 68. 
Heterousian, Heteroousian (het-e-ro'si-an, 
-ro-o'si-an). n. and a. [< heterousia, Keteroousia, 
+ -on.] I. n. Eccles., one who believes the 
Father and the Son to be unlike in substance 
or essence ; an Arian : opposed to JSomoousian. 
Also Heterousiast, Heteroousiast. 
II. a. Of or pertaining to the Heterousians 
or the doctrine of an essential difference be- 
tween the Father and the Son : as, the Heterou- 
sian heresy. See Homooiisian. 
Heterousiast, Heteroousiast (het-e-ro'si-ast, 
-ro-o'si-ast), . [As Hcterousi-an, Heiiroousi-an, 
+ -ast.~] Same as Heterousian. 
heterousious, heteroousious (het-e-ro'si-us, 
-ro-6'si-us), a. [< LGr. ercpovaior, less correctly 
eripoovaiof, of different essence or nature, < ere- 
por,, other, different, + oiiaia, essence, < uv, fern. 
ovoa (OVT-), ppr. of elvai, be: see am (under be 1 ) 
and ens, ontology, etc.] Eccles., essentially dif- 
ferent ; of unlike essence or substance : an epi- 
thet much used (in the Greek form) in the an- 
cient Arian controversy, the Arians maintain- 
ing that the Son was created, and therefore was 
not the same in substance or essence (homoou- 
sious) with the Father. 
heterozetesis (het"e-ro-ze-te'sis), n. [NL., < 
Gr. trcpof, other, different, + &/rr>oic, inquiry, < 
&Tflv, inquire, ask.] In logic, the fallacy of ig- 
noration of the eleuch, which consists in reply- 
ing to an argument different from that which 
the opponent has advanced, or in disproving 
something which the opponent has not main- 
tained. 
hethen 1 t, . and a. A Middle English form of 
heathen. 
hethen 2 t, adv. [ME., also hitken, hythen, < Icel. 
liedhan = Sw. hdden = Dan. heden, hence, with 
a separative suffix -than, from the pron. stem 
represented by he 1 . Cf. equiv. heitf, hence, from 
the same ult. source.] Hence ; from this place ; 
from this time. 
Alle come we hyder nakude and bare, 
Whenne we hethene passe, is there no mare. 
Booke of Precedence (E. E. T. S., extra ser.X i. 85. 
That is hythyn thre dales iornay, 
The ganeste gate that i gane goo. 
York Plays, p. 59. 
hethenesset, . A Middle English form of 
heathenness. 
hethingt, n. [ME., < Icel. hcething, a scoffing, 
hadhung, scorn, shame, disgrace, < hddh, scoff- 
ing, mocking.] Contempt; mockery. 
He hade not of horn but hethyng & skorne, 
Grete wordis & gref, <fc moche grym threte ; 
That doublis my dole, & to dethe bryngis. 
Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2594. 
Now are we dryve til hething and til scorn. 
Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, L 190. 
hetman (het'man), n. [= G. hetman, < Pol. het- 
man, ataman = Little Russ. hetman, ataman, 
otanian, vataman = Russ. atamanu, < G. haupt- 
mann, chieftain, captain, = E. head-man, q. v.] 
1 . In Poland, the commander of an army. The 
great hetman was formerly the commander-in- 
chief in the old kingdom of Poland. 2. Among 
the Cossacks, formerly, the elected chief of 
each of their principal communities ; a Cossack 
chief; an ataman. The hetmans received extensive 
privileges from their Polish suzerains in the sixteenth cen- 
tury, which were continued after the Cossacks passed un- 
2818 
der Russian rule in 1654. Their rights were greatly re- 
stricted by Peter the Great, and the office of hetman of the 
Ukraine Cossacks was abolished by Catharine II. A het- 
man of the Don Cossacks continues to exist, but his duties 
are those of a governor-general. Since 1835 the heir ap- 
parent of the Russian throne is hereditary hetman of all 
the Cossacks, and is represented by a '' hetman by delega- 
tion " for each of their territorial divisions. Hetman (ata- 
man) is also the common title of subordinate Cossack 
chiefs. 
In the middle of the seventeenth century, an attempt of 
the King of Poland to enforce Popery upon the Cossacks, 
and to make their prince a hetman, delegate of his power, 
roused the indignation of the people. 
A. J. C. Hare, Studies in Russia, ix. 
hetmanate (het'man-at), . [< hetman + -ate 3 .'] 
The rule or administration of a hetman. 
During the hetmanate it had fortifications of which 
traces are still extant. Encyc. Brit., X. 6. 
hetmanship (het'man-ship), n. [< hetman + 
-ship."] The office of a hetman. 
Hetmanship . . . was abolished by Catherine II. 
[A. J. C. Hare, Studies in Russia, ix. 
hettet. An obsolete preterit of heat. 
hettert, a. eompar. An obsolete form of hotter. 
Chaucer. 
hettle, a. and . See hattle. 
Heuchera (hu'ker-a), . [NL., named after 
Prof. Heucher, a German botanist.] A genus 
of polypetalous dicotyledonous plants, belong- 
ing to the natural order Saxafragacete, tribe 
Saxafragece, and the type of Bartling's tribe 
Heucherete. The calyx is bell-shaped, the tube cohering 
at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft ; the petals are 5 in num- 
ber, spatulate, small, and entire ; the stamens 5 in num- 
ber; the styles 2, and slender; and the pod 1 -celled, with 
2 parietal many-seeded placenta, and 2-beaked, opening 
hewgag 
We can, indeed, use the idea that the world is an organic 
whole, determined in relation to an end which conscious- 
ness sets for itself, as an heuristic principle to guide us in 
following the connexion of things with each other. 
Encyc. Brit., XVI. 84. 
heurteloup (her'te-lo'p), n. [After Baron 
Ilriirtrloiij).'] An artificial leech; an instru- 
ment for cutting and cupping a small area. 
Local bleeding is better done with the heurteloup than 
with leeches. Medical Newt, LIII. 78. 
heurts, n. pi. See hurt*. 
hevet, v. A Middle English form of heave. 
Hevea (he've-a), . [NL.] A genus of di- 
cotyledonous plants, of the natural order Eu- 
phorbiacete, tribe Crotonece, the" type of Baillon's 
tribe Hevece. It is characterized by having 3-foliolate 
leaves; a lax panicle of flowers, of which the calyx is 
5-toothed or with 5 short lobes, and no corolla; sta- 
mens .> to 10, with the filaments united in a column ; and 
3-valved capsular fruit. About 10 species are known, 
natives of tropical Brazil and Guiana. This genus fur- 
nishes the most valuable caoutchouc or india-rubber ex- 
ported from South America. The best is obtained from 
// . Brasilifnsis. The seeds of these trees are poisonous to 
man and quadrupeds, but are harmless to and greedily 
eaten by birds. Prolonged boiling deprives them of their 
poison and renders them palatable. 
Heveae (he've-e), n.pl. [NL., < Hevea + -eae.~\ 
A tribe of |il:i nl s of the natural order Euphor- 
biacea?, proposed by Baillon in 1874, the genus 
Hevea being the type. 
Middle 
English form of head. 
Alum-root (Hfuchera Americana}, 
a, flower; l>, c, fruit, entire and cut transversely. 
between the beaks. They are perennials, with round heart- 
shaped leaves, principally from the rootstock. The flow- 
ers are in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and 
narrow panicle, and are greenish or purplish. About 20 
species are known, natives of North America and Mexico. 
The root furnishes a powerful astringent, whence the name 
alum-root applied to some of the species, particularly H. 
Americana. H. viliosa is sometimes called the American 
sanicle. 
Heuchereae (hu-ke're-e), n. pi. [NL., < Heu- 
cliera + -ea;."] A tribe of plants belonging to 
the natural order Saxafraaacece, proposed by 
Bartling (1830), typified by the genus Heuchera. 
heught (huch), n. [Sc., also written lieurli, for- 
merly huwe, hew, etc., = E. howl, a hill: see 
7ioic 2 .] 1. Acrag; aprecipice; a rugged steep ; 
a glen with steep overhanging sides. 
A laidley worm in Spindleston-Z/e</As 
Would ruin the North Country. 
The Laidley Worm of Spindleston-Heugh (Child's Ballads, 
[I. 283). 
2. A coal-mine ; a pit. 
heuk 1 (huk), n. A Scotch form of hook. Burns. 
heuk 2 t (huk), n. See htike. 
heulandite (hu'lan-dit), n. [After H. Heu- 
land, an English dealer in minerals.] A mineral 
belonging to the zeolite group. It occurs in white 
to red or gray monoclinic crystals, with pearly luster on 
the surface of perfect cleavage. It is a hydrous silicate 
of aluminium and calcium. 
heuretic (hu-ret'ik), n. [< Gr. eipennAf, in- 
ventive (cf. evperr/r,, an inventor, discoverer), 
< evpirjKctv (eiipe-), invent, find out. Cf. eureka.'} 
The art of discovery or invention: a branch 
of logic. 
heuristic (hu-ris'tik), a. [< Gr. evpianeiv (dps-), 
find out (see heuretic), + -ixt-ic.] Serving to 
find or discover. 
hevedt, . ~A. 
Chaucer. 
hevent, A Middle English form of heaven. 
hew 1 (hu), i: ; pret. hewed, pp. hewed or hewn, 
ppr. hewing. [< ME. htwen (pret. hew, heow, pp. 
heicen), < AS. tiedwan (pret. heow, pp. hedwen) 
= OS. hdwan = OFries. hdwa, howa = D. hou- 
wen = MLG. houwen, howen, hoggen = OHG. hou- 
wan, MHG. houwen, G. hauen = Icel. hoggva = 
Sw. hugga = Dan. hugge, cut, hew, = Goth. 
"haggwan (f ), not recorded, = OBulg. Serv. ko- 
vati, Russ. kovatl, etc., strike, hammer, forge 
(a word widely developed in Slav.), = Lith. 
kauti, strike, forge, = Lett, kaut, strike. From 
the same root are hay 1 and, through F., hoe 1 ; 
also prob. hack 1 , with hatch 3 , hatchet, hashl, 
etc.] I. trans. 1. To cut; especially, to cut 
with an ax, a hatchet, or a sword with a swing- 
ing blow ; cut with a heavy blow or with re- 
peated blows : as, to hew down a tree. 
Er the! were alle ynne ther were many slayn and for 
hewen. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.X ii. 234. 
Wei coude he hewen wood, and water here, 
For he was yong and mighty. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 664. 
Hew them in pieces ; hack their bones asunder. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. 7. 
2. To form or shape by blows with a sharp in- 
strument ; cut roughly into form ; shape out by 
cutting: often with out: as, to hew timber; to 
hew out a sepulcher from a rock. 
A ful huge licjt hit haled vpon lofte, 
Of harde hewen ston vp to the tablez. 
Sir Oaimyne and the Green Knight (E. E. T. S.\ L 789. 
Lammikin was as gude a mason 
As ever hewed a stane. 
Lammikin (Child's Ballads, III. 307). 
I now pass my days, not studious nor idle, rather polish- 
ing old works than hewing out new ones. Pope, To Swift. 
II. iii trans. To cut; inflict cutting blows. 
Deth with his axe so faste on me doth hewe. 
Court of Love, 1. 980. 
Full ofte he heweth up so highe 
That chippes fallen in his eye. 
Qower, Conf. Amant, I. 106. 
hew j t (hu), n. [< hew'i, v.] Destruction by 
cutting down. 
Of whom he makes such havocke and such hew 
That Bwarmes of damned soules to hell he sends. 
Spenser, f. Q., VI. vlii. 49. 
hew 2 t, . An obsolete spelling of hue 1 . 
hew 3 t, n. An obsolete spelling of Awe 2 . 
hewet, n. [ME., < AS. hiwa, in pi. hiwan, house- 
hold, servants, = OS. hiwa, f., wife, = OHG. 
liiwo, m., husband, hiwa, f., wife: see hind 2 .'] A 
servant or retainer. 
servaunt traitour, false homly hewe. 
Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, I. 541. 
hewedt, a. See hued. 
hewer (hu'er), n. One who hews. 
And the princes said unto them, Let them live; but let 
them be hewers of wood and drawers of water unto all the 
congregation. Josh. ix. 21. 
Specifically (a) In coal-mining, the miner who cuts the 
coiil. (b) In lumbering, one who uses a heavy broadax in 
squaring timber. 
hewgag (hu'gag), . [Appar. a made word, 
prob. based on geicgatc, a jew's-harp.] 1. A 
toy musical instrument consisting of a hollow 
wooden pipe, about 4 inches long and half an 
