Holosteum 
a certain plant, < o^-of, whole, all, + bareov, 
bone.] A small genus of dicotyledonous poly- 
petalous plants, of the natural order (.'aryophyl- 
lacea; tribe Alsinea;, allied very closely to the ge- 
nus Cerastium, the mouse-ear chickweed, from 
which it differs in having dot-sally compressed 
seeds fixed by their face, and umbelliform 
cymes. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 denticulate or emar- 
gmate petals, 3 to 5, rarely 10, hypogynous stamens, and 
a 1-celled ovary with 3, rarely 4 to 5, styles. Three species 
are known, natives of temperate Europe and Asia. 11. itm- 
bellatuin, the jagged chickweed, has become naturalized 
in the eastern United States. 
Holostomata (hol-o-sto'ma-ta), n. pi. [NL. 
(Fleming, 1828), n'eut. pi. of "holostomatus : 
see holostomatous.] 1. A division of pectini- 
branchiate gastropodous mollusks, with shells 
having the mouth entire, and not notched or 
prolonged into a siphon : opposed to Siphono- 
utomata. It was framed to include such families as Tur- 
binidte, Neritidce, Littorinidce, etc., now referred to differ- 
ent orders. Some are known as sea-snails. There are up- 
ward of 12 families, even after eliminating some, as the 
chitons and tooth-shells, that used to be included. These 
families are mostly tienioglossate, but some, as the I mil hi - 
iiirfcB and Scalariidce, are ptenoglossate. 
2. In Infusoria, same as Pantostomata. S. Kent, 
1877. 
holostomate (ho-los'to-mat), a. [< NL. "holosto- 
matus: see holostomatous.] Same as holosto- 
matous. 
The holostomate (entire-mouthed) forms. 
Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 339. 
holostomatous (hol-o-stom'a-tus), a. [< NL. 
"holostomatus, < Gr. 6/.of, wnole, + oro^a(r-), 
mouth.] Having the mouth entire, (a) Having 
the mouth not notched or canaliculate : specifically said of 
the Holontomata : opposed to xiphonostoinatous. (fr) Hav- 
ing all the usual parts of the mouth. 
holostome (hol'o-stdm), n. 1. In conch., one 
of the Holostomata. 2. In ichth., an apodal 
fish of the group Holostomi. 
Holostomi (ho-los'to-mi), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
holostomus: seeholostomous.] A group of fishes 
including eel-like forms which differ from true 
eels in having all the bones usually bounding the 
mouth that is, well-developed intermaxillary 
as well as supramaxillary bones, it includes the 
families Symbranchidce and Amphipnoidce. By some ich- 
thyologists it is ranked as an order and by others as a sub* 
order of Apodei or Symbranchia. 
holostomous(ho-los'to-mus),a. [< Nli.*holosto- 
mus, < Gr. 6/lof, whole, + aro/ia, mouth.] Same 
as holostomatous; specifically, in ichth., per- 
taining to or having the characters of the Ho- 
lostomi. 
holosymmetric (hoFo-si-met'rik), . [< holo- 
symmetry + -ic.] Holohedral. 
holosymmetry (hol-o-sim'e-tri), . [< holo- + 
symmetry.] Same as holohedrism. 
holothecal (hol-o-the'kal), a. [< Gr. Mof , whole, 
+ 6r/Kr/, case, + -al.~\ In ornith., having the 
tarsal envelop whole or entire that is, not 
divided into scutella or reticulations ; booted ; 
having greaves: opposed to schizotheeal. See 
cut under booted. 
Holothrix (hol'o-thriks), n. [NL., so called in 
allusion to the long petals, < Gr. O'AOC, whole, 
+ 6pi% (rptx-), a hair.] A genus of monocoty- 
ledonous plants, of the natural order Orchi- 
dece, tribe Opltrydeat, having the sepals sub- 
equal, the petals and lip long and erect, and 
the flowers arranged in a thin spike or dense, 
and all directed to one side. They are small herbs 
with the general habits of Herminium, having one or two 
leaves at the base of the erect stem. Eighteen species are 
known, of which two are natives of Abyssinia, all the rest 
being South African. The genus is the type of Lindley's 
tribe Holotrichidce. 
holothure (hol'o-thur), . A holothuriau. 
Holothuria 1 (hol-o-thu'ri-a), n. [NL., fern.: 
see holothurium.]' 1. A genus of sea-slugs, 
typical of the family Holothuriidte. There are 
various species, some of them edible, as // . argus or edu- 
lu, known as btche-de-wer and trepang. 
2. [I. c.~\ An individual of this genus. 
Holothuria 2 (hol-o-thu'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
holothurium, iieut., for llolothuria, fern.: see 
holotJiuriuni."] The sea-cucumbers, holothuri- 
ans, or Holotlntrifiidea. Thus, in Cuvier's system of 
classification, the Holothuria are the third family of pedi- 
cellate echinoderms. 
Holothurise (hol-o-thu'ri-e), n. pi. [NL., pi. of 
Holothuria 1 .] Same as HoloiAuria*. As thus 
named in Leuckart's system, the holothurians were an 
order of his Scytodermata, contrasted with Sipunculidce 
or spoonworms. 
holothurian (hol-6-thu'ri-an), . and a. [< Ho- 
lothuriti l + -nn.] I. w. One of tY.e Holothurioidea; 
a sea-cucumber, sea-slug, trepaug, or beche-de- 
mer. They have been directly divided into several sec- 
tions, to which the terms (derived from De Blainville, 1834) 
2861 
vermiform, ascidiform, txretilliform, cucumiform, and n- 
puncuHform have been applied. 
The Holothurian or " sea-cucumber " has a wonderful 
power of changing its form. It elongates, contracts, en- 
larges at each end while it is small in the middle, and thus 
changes its appearance from time to time. In its power 
of going to pieces it almost excels the " brittle star " and 
the starfish, Luidia. Pop. Set. Mo., XIII. 327. 
II. a. Pertaining to or having the characters 
of the Holothurioidea. 
Holotlmridea (hol"o-thu-rid'e-a), n. pi. Same 
as Holothurioidea. 
Holothuriidae (hoFo-thu-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Holothuria 1 + -idee'.] A restricted family of 
holothurians, represented by the genus Holo- 
thuria. See Holothuria 1 . 
Holothurioidea (hol-o-thu-ri-oi'de-a), n. pi. 
[NL.,< Holothuria 1 + -oidea.~\ A class, order, or 
other group of Ecliinodermata; the sea-slugs, 
sea-cucumbers, or trepangs. They have an elongate, 
vermiform shape, and display little tendency to radiation 
in structure except at the oral end. They have a tough lea- 
thery integument instead of a hard calcareous test as in 
Development of Holothurians. 
A, B, C, Holothuria. A, echinopasdic stage, or auricularia: z, 
dorsal pore of k, ambulacra! sac. B, Later stage : c ' , intestine ; , 
dorsal pore ;_/,/", prolongations of circular ambulacra! vessel ; i, wheel- 
shaped calcareous body. C, young holothuria with circular ciliated 
bands : z, madreporic canal ; /"', Polian vesicle. D, E, F, Synapta. 
D, echinopaedic larva with bilateral ciliated band, and wheel-shaped 
calcareous bodies, ventral view : a, mouth and gullet ; b, stomach : c, 
intestine and anus ; a, sausage-shaped sacs of enterocoele ; e, rudi- 
ment of ambulacral vascular system. E, pupa-stage of the same, with 
obsolete oral aperture and zonary cilia : (', tentacles ; &, Polian vesi- 
cle ; /, longitudinal muscles of perisoma. F, young synapta without 
cilia, with fine tentacles, and several of the wheel-shaped bodies at 
posterior end of body : rti, madreporic canal. 
other echinoderms (though the skin may include hard spic- 
ules of various shapes), an oral circlet of tentacles, and a 
calcareous ring of several pieces round the mouth. There 
are two types of Holothurioidea, represented respectively 
by the genera Synapta- and Holothuria, and forming two 
orders. The former, known as Apoda, Apodia, Apneu- 
moiia, are hermaphrodite, with a reduced water-vascular 
system, no special respiratory apparatus, and uo Cuvierian 
organs. The latter, called Pedata, Dipneumona, or Pneu- 
mmiophora, have the sexes distinct, a respiratory tree, Cu- 
vierian organs, and a developed water-vascular system in- 
cluding ambulacral feet. Also Holothuroidea and several 
other forms. 
holothurium (hol-o-thu'ri-um), .; pi. holo- 
thuria (-a). [< L. holothurium, < Gr. ohodwpiov, 
neut., a kind of zoophyte, appar. < 6/>.op, whole, 
+ (?) Mpwf, Boiipof, rushing, raging, impetu- 
ous.] 1. A kind of zoophyte mentioned by 
Aristotle and Pliny. 2. A sea-cucumber; a 
holothurian. 
Holothuroida (hol"o-thu-roi'da), n. pi. [NL., 
< Gr. 6^of, whole, + ovpomdfa, like a door, (K<pa, 
= E. door, + tWof, form.] In GegenbauVs sys- 
tem of classification, a class of echinoderms, 
divided into the orders Eupodia and Apodia, the 
latter containing Synapta and Chirodota. 
Holothuroidea (hol*o-thu-roi'de-a), . pi. 
Same as Holotlntrioide'a. 
Holotricha (ho-lot'ri-ka), . pi. [NL., < Gr. 
o/.of, whole, +' 6pi (rpix-), a hair.] An order 
of free-swimming infusorians, more or less 
completely ciliate throughout. The cilia differ but 
slightly one from another, and are sometimes supplement- 
ed by a variously modified extensile or undulating mem- 
brane. The oral and anal orifices are usually conspicu- 
ously developed. The cuticular layer or ectoplasm not un- 
frequently contains trichocysts. The order is contrasted 
with Heterotritha, Hypotricha, and Peritricha. Holot- 
richa astomata, a suborder of free-swimming animal- 
cules, more or less completely and evenly ciliate through- 
out, and possessing no oral aperture. 
holotrichous (ho-lot'ri-kus), a. [< Holotricha 
+ -ous.] Pertaining to or having the charac- 
ters of the Holotricha; having similar cilia over 
all the body. See Paramecium. 
Hplotrocha (ho-lot'ro-ka), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
o/of, whole, T r/)o^df,'a wheel.] A superfamily 
of Botifera or wheel-animalcules, containing 
holus-bolus 
such as have an anus and one entire trochal 
disk. Ehrenberg, 1838. 
holotrochous (ho-lot'ro-kus), a. [< Holotrocha 
+ -ous.] Pertaining to or having the charac- 
ters of the Holotrocha ; having the trochal disk 
entire. 
holourt, See holer z . 
holozoic (hol-o-zo'ik), n. [< Gr. "o'Aof, whole, 
+ fo<Kof, animal, < C^ov, an animal.] Entire- 
ly like an animal in mode of nutrition; not 
holophytic nor saprophytic : said of some in- 
fusorians. 
All [ciliate infusorians] are holozoic in their nutrition, 
though some are said to combine with this saprophytic 
and holophytic nutrition. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 861. 
holpt, holpent (holp, hol'pn). The antiquated 
preterit and past participle of help. 
holsomt, . An early spelling of wholesome. 
Chaucer. 
holster (hol'ster), n. [< D. holster, a pistol- 
case, holster, also a soldiers' knapsack, = AS. 
heolstor, a covering, veil, hiding-place, = Icel. 
hulstr, a case, = Sw. holster, sheath, = Dan. 
hyhter, a case, covering, holster, = Goth, hnli- 
str, a veil; with suffix -ster, from the verb rep- 
resented by AS. "hulian, ME. httlien, hulen, hy- 
Icn, hyllen, hillen, E. dial, hill 2 , hulU, cover, = 
D. hullen = Icel. hylja = Dan. hylle = Sw. holja 
= Goth, huljan, cover, from the same ult. root 
as holel, hollow*, helfl, heaP, etc. The G. holf- 
ter, also hulfter (sometimes halfter, by confu- 
sion with halfter = E. halter 2 ), a holster, takes 
this particular meaning from the D. ; MHG. 
hulfter, a quiver, < hulft, a cover, case, sheath, 
and perhaps Goth, hwilftrjos, pi., a coffin, are 
akin.] A leathern case for a pistol. Holsters 
were formerly, and are still sometimes, carried by horse- 
men or cavalrymen attached to the saddle, one on each 
side of the pommel ; but they are now more commonly 
worn on the belt. 
In th' holsters, at the saddle-bow, 
Two aged pistols he did stow. 
S. Butler, Hudibras, I. i. 391. 
Our Greek Jerked both pistols from his holsters, and fired 
them into the air. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 67. 
bolstered (hol'sterd), a. [< holster 4- -ed?.] 
Bearing holsters. 
holster-pipe (hol'ster-pip), w. That part of a 
holster which projects downward and receives 
the barrel of the pistol. 
holt 1 (holt), n. [< ME. holt, < AS. holt, a wood, 
grove, copse, rarely of wood as timber (L. lig- 
num), = OS. holt = OFries. holt = D. hout = 
MLG. LG. holt = OHG. MHG. G. holz = Icel. 
holt = ODan. holt, a wood, grove, more com- 
monly of wood as timber; prob. = Ir. caill, 
coill, a wood, = OBulg. klada, Bohem. kldda = 
Serv. klada = Pol. kloda (barred () = Russ. 
koloda, dial, kalda = Lith. kalada = Lett, ka- 
latka, a block, log (of wood).] A wood or wood- 
land: a grove ; an orchard. Now seldom used ex- 
cept in poetry or in provincial English, but occurring as 
an element or alone in many English place-names, and 
in surnames derived from them. 
These briddes songen thourgh the holies full of grene 
leves. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ii. 274. 
The winde in hoults and shady greaues 
A murmur makes among the boughes and leaues. 
Fair/air, tr. of Tasso s Godfrey of Boulogne, Ui. 6. 
Comes a vapour from the margin, blackening over heath 
and holt. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 
The boldest shrank from the dark holts and pools that 
broke the desolate moorland. 
J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 54. 
holt 2 (holt), n. [E. dial., appar. for hold, and 
this, as hold'**, for hotel, q.v.J A hole; a bur- 
row; specifically, a deep hole in a river for the 
protection of fish. [Prov. Eng.] 
The otter works upwards to the surface of the earth, and 
forms . . . several holt*, or lodges, that in case of high 
floods it may have a retreat, for no animal affects lying 
drier. Pennant, Brit. Zool., The Otter. 
holt 3 (holt), n. A dialectal variant of hold 1 . 
[U. S.] 
holt 4 t. A contracted form of holdetli, third 
person singular present indicative of hold 1 . 
Chaucer. 
Holtz machine. See electric machine, under 
electric. 
holus-bolus (ho'lus-bo'lus), adv. [A varied 
redupl. of u'hole, in sham-Latin form, like hocus- 
pocus; prob. formed without ref. to bolus, a 
large pill, as usually explained.] All at a gulp ; 
altogether; all at once: as, he swallowed it 
holus-bolus. [Colloq., Eng.] 
She appeared to lose all command over herself, and 
making a sudden snatch at the heap of silver, put it back 
holus-bolus in her pocket. W. Collins, Moonstone, i. 15. 
