Hyanidae 
to the series JElunMM liytrniftinnin ; the hye- 
nas. They have 3 incisors and 1 canine on each side 
above and below, 4 premolars in each upper and 3 in 
each lower half-jaw, and 1 molar on each side above and 
below in all 84 teeth, which are very strong. The large 
molars are close together ; the upper true molars are re- 
duced in size, and tubercular ; and the lower true molars 
and last upper premolar are sectorial. The feet are digi- 
tigrade, with blunt non-retractile claws; the tail is short 
and bushy ; the eyes and ears are prominent ; and the 
tongue is rough with prickles. There are two genera, Hy 
ceita and Crocuta. With Hyatnidoe proper is sometimes 
associated the genus Proteles, now usually made the type 
of a family Protelula. See hyena. 
hyaeniform, . See hyeniform. 
Hyseniformia (hi-en-i-fdr'mi-a), n. pi. [NL., 
< Hywiia + L. forma, form.] A group or series 
of JEluroidea, constituted by the families Hyte- 
nidte and Protelidw, having 34 or 32 teeth, no 
tubercular true molar in the lower jaw, no sep- 
tum of the auditory bulla, and digitigrade feet. 
hyaenine, a. See hyenine. 
Hyaenodon (hi-en'o-don), n. [NL., < Gr. vtuva, 
hyena, + odovf (odovr-) = E. tooth.'] A ge- 
nus of fossil carnivorous mammals of the Eo- 
cene and Lower Miocene, of uncertain system- 
atic position. They had apparently 44 teeth, of a ca- 
nine type ; the fourth upper premolar and first lower 
molar were sectorial, and all the succeeding teeth were 
also sectorial, but not tuberculate as in existing carni- 
vores. In U. leptarhynchut, for example, the last lower 
molar is the largest and most completely sectorial of the 
series. This species is described by Boyd Dawkins, from 
the Upper Eoceneof Hordwell. Many other species have 
been found in both Europe and America. The animals 
were about as large as leopards. 
Hyaenodontidae(hi-en-o-don'ti-de), n.pl. [NL., 
< Hyteiiodon(t-) + -idte.'] A family of extinct 
carnivorous mammals, represented by the ge- 
nus Hyienodon. 
hyaenoid, a. See hyenoid. 
Hyalaea. n. See Hyalea, 1. Lamarck, 1799. 
Hyalffiidae (hi-a-le'i-de), n. pi. See Hyaleidai. 
Cantraine. 
Hyalea (hi-a'le-a), n. [NL., < Gr. txifcor, of 
glass, < t>o/lof, glass: see hyaline.'] 1. The ge- 
nus of pteropods which gives name to the fam- 
ily Hyaleidte: a synonym of Cavolinia. Also 
wrongly spelled Hyalaa. Lamarck, 1801 ; Cu- 
vier, 1817. See cut under Cavolinia. 2. A ge- 
nus of lepidopterous insects. Guenee, 1854. 
Hyaleacea (hi-a-le-a'se-a), n. pi. [NL., < Hy- 
alea + -acea.] A group of pteropods, including 
the genus Hyalea. Also wrongly spelled Hy- 
alteacea. Menke, 1828. 
Hyaleidae (hi-a-le'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Hyalea 
T -idee.] A family of thecosomatous pteropods, 
taking name from the genus Hyalea; the glass- 
shells: synonymous with Cavoliniidte. Also 
(wrongly) Hyalteidte and Hyalidte. 
hyalescence (hi-a-les'ens), n. [< hyalescen(t) 
+ -ce.] The process of becoming, or the qual- 
ity or state of being, glassy in texture or trans- 
parency; glassiness. 
hyalescent (hi-a-les'ent), a. [X Gr. wz/lof, 
glass, + -escent.] Becoming hyaline; exhibit- 
ing hyalescence ; hyaloid. 
hyalin (hi'a-lin), n. [< LL. hyalmus, < Gr. 
vaXivof, of glass: see hyaline.] The chief ni- 
trogenous constituent of hydatid cysts, con- 
taining about 5 per cent, of nitrogen. When 
boiled with sulphuric acid it is said to yield 50 per cent of 
its weight of a dextrorotatory sugar. Gamgee. 
hyaline (hi'a-lin), a. and n. [= F. hyaline = 
Sp. hialino = Pg. hyalino, < LL. hyalinus, < Gr. 
va'Mvof, of glass, < WZAOJ, also VCAOS, glass, a word 
said to be of Egyptian origin; glass was first 
made in Egypt.] I. a. Glassy; resembling 
glass; consisting of glass; crystalline; trans- 
parent : as, the hyaline or crystalline lens of the 
eye. In anatomy the word is specifically applied to the 
purest or most typical kind of cartilage, as that of the 
fetal skeleton, articular ends of adult bones, etc., as dis- 
tinguished from fibrocartilage and other varieties Hya- 
line cartilage. Seecartilage. Hyaline degeneration, 
in pathol. , transformation of tissues into a glassy substance 
resembling lardaceous tissue, but not giving its chemical 
reactions. It affects the walls of the blood-vessels, involun- 
tary muscular fiber, and apparently interstitial connective 
tissue. Also called vitreou*, fibrinoust, and waxy degenera- 
tion. Hyaline layer, Kolliker's name of the innermost 
layer of a hair-follicle. 
II. n. 1. A glassy or transparent substance 
ur surface. 
Witness this new-made world, another heaven. 
From heaven-gate not far, founded in view 
On the clear hyaline, the glassy sea. 
Milton, P. L.,vii.619. 
specifically (a) The hyaloid membrane of the eye. See 
hyaloid, (b) Hyaline cartilage. See cartilage, (c) A pel- 
lucid substance which determines the spontaneous divi- 
sion of cells or originates cell-nuclei ; hyaloplasm, 
hyalite (hi'a-lit), . [< Gr. iaAof, glass, + -ite*. 
Cf. Gr. iu&nr. of glass.] A pellucid variety of 
opal, resembling colorless gum or resin, it is 
2930 
white, sometimes with a shade of yellow, blue, or green, 
and occurs in small botryoidal incrustations, especially on 
basaltic rocks. Also called Muller's gla*s. 
hyalithe (hi'a-lith), n. [Contr. < Gr. ia/oc, 
glass, + /./0of, "stone.] A strong, dark-colored 
glass, sometimes used as a substitute for por- 
celain. 
hyalitis (hl-a-li'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. io/oj, 
glass (with ref. to the vitreous humor), + 
-iti.i."] ID pathol., inflammation of the vitreous 
humor. 
hyalo-. [< Gr. vafo-s, glass : see hyaline.] An 
element in some scientific compounds, mean- 
ing 'glass.' As a prefix to names of rocks, it indicates 
that the forms thus designated are in a more or less com- 
pletely vitrified condition : thus, A^alo-andesite, A//a/-!ta- 
salt, Ai/nio-trachyte, etc. 
hyalograph (hi-al'o-graf), . [< Gr. ioAof , glass, 
T ypaQeiv, write.] An instrument for etching 
on a transparent surface. 
hyalography (hl-a-log'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. bates, 
glass, + -ypafyia, <' ypaijieiv, write.] The art of 
writing or engraving on glass. 
hyaloid (hi'a-loid), a. and . [< LL. hyaloides, 
glass-green," < Gr. faxoadfc, like glass, < wz?,of, 
glass, + eliof, form.] I. a. Hyaline; trans- 
parent; glassy Hyaloid canal. See ca.ioJi.-Hy- 
aloid membrane, the capsule of the vitreous humor of 
the eye ; a delicate, pellucid, and nearly structureless 
membrane, investing the vitreous body except in front, 
where it Is continuous with the suspensory ligament of 
the crystalline lens. See second cut under ej/l. 
II. n. The hyaloid membrane. 
hyaloiditis (hi*a-loi-di'tis), n. [NL., < hyaloid 
+ -itis.] In pathol., inflammation of the hya- 
loid membrane. 
hyalomelan (hi-a-lom'e-lan), n. [< Gr. iiaZof, 
glass, + ftf /*ac (/tiZav-), black.] One of the names 
formerly given by mineralogists to glassy varie- 
ties of basalt, under the idea that these were 
simple homogeneous minerals. See tachylyte 
and obsidian. 
Hyalonema(hFa-lo-ne'ma),n. [NL.,<Gr. va)j>t, 
K'ass, + vfitta, a thread.] " The typical genus of 
the family Hyalonemidce. 
hyalonemid (hi*a-lo-ne'mid), n. A glass- 
sponge of the family 'Hi/alonftnida:. 
Hyalonemidae (hFa-lo-nem'i-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< Hyalonema + -idte.] A family of hexactinel- 
line sponges, or glass-sponges, of 
the order Silicoidea, and typified 
by the genus Hyalonema, hav- 
ing a long stem of fine silicious 
threads, at one end of which is 
the sponge proper ; the glass-rope 
sponges. There are several other 
genera, as Pheronema, Stylocalyx, 
and Poliopogon. Also Hyalonc- 
matidte. 
hyaloplasm (hi'a-lo-plazm), . 
[< Gr. vaXof, glass, + TrXaoym, any- 
thing formed: see plasm.] A 
clear, homogeneous protoplasm; 
hyaline. 
The subdivisions within the fibre are 
the "primitive tubules," and these con- 
tain the "hyaloplasm," which is the true 
nervous substance. 
Amer. Jour. P#ychol., I. 487. 
A distinct granular condition becomes 
apparent in what was the homogeneous 
hyalaplami. 
Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac., 2d ser., VI. 
[11 199. 
hyaloplasmic (hi'a-lo-plaz'mik), 
a. Having the character of hya- 
loplasm. 
hyalopterous (hl-a-lop'te-rus), a. L 
glass, + 7rrc/3ov,wing.] Having hyaline or trans- 
parent wings, as an insect. 
hyalosiderite (Wa-lo-sid'e-rit), n. [< Gr. 
tiaXof , glass, + atScpirijf, of iron, < oifiripos, iron : 
see siderite.] A brown ferruginous variety of 
olivin or chrysolite. 
hyalospermous (hi"a-lo-sp6r'mus), a. [< Gr. 
vatof, glass, + axepfia, seed.] Having transpa- 
rent seeds. [Rare.] 
Hyalospongiae (hi'a-lo-spon'ji-e), n.pl. [NL., 
< Gr. i>a/.of, glass, 4-' mroyyta, a sponge.] A su- 
perfamily group of sponges, equivalent to Hex- 
actinellida or Hyalonemidce in a broad sense; 
the glass-sponges. In Claus's system of classification 
the Ilyalogponfjue are the fourth order of the class Spoil- 
nice, characterized as sponges with a firm, often hyaline, 
latticework of 6-rayed silicious spicules, which may be 
cemented together by a stratified silicious substance. 
hyalotekite (hi"a-lo-te'kit), . [Prop. *hya- 
lotecite, < Gr. OaAof, glass, T TJ/KCIV, melt, + 
-/te 2 .] A silicate of lead with barium and cal- 
cium, from Sweden. It occurs in white to gray crys- 
talline masses, with a vitreous to greasy luster, and " 
easily to a clear glass. 
HyatoHtma sir- 
Mdf. reduced. 
Gr. 
\ fuses 
hybrid 
Hyas (lii'as), n. [NL. : see Hyades.'] A genus 
of birds : same as Cursorins. 
Hyawa gum. Bee yunft. 
hybernaclet, An obsolete form of hibernacle. 
hybernatet, hybernationt. Obsolete forms of 
lulu rnutc, Inhumation. 
Hyblasan (hi-ble'au), a. [< L. Hybheits, < Hybtti, 
Hilble, < Gr. T/3/;?': see def.] Pertaining to Hy- 
bla. an ancient city on the coast of Sicily, north 
of Syracuse, celebrated for the honey produced 
on the neighboring hills. The honey of Hybla is 
sometimes incorrectly ascribed to a Mount Hybla. The 
city was closely connected and finally apparently identical 
with the later one of Megara (Megara II vblira). It was 
also called Ilybla Minor, to distinguish it from another 
Sicilian town, Hybla Major. 
Hybocodon (hl-bok'o-don), n. [NL., < Gr. 
i>j36s, humpbacked, + kuSuv, a'bell.] The typi- 
cal genus of the family Hyboeodomda. Agassis, 
Hybocodonidse (hi-bok-o-don'i-de), n.pl. [NL., 
< Hybocodon + -idte."] A family of gymnoblas- 
tic hydroid hydrozoans, represented by the ge- 
nus Hybocodon. 
hybodont (hib'o-dont), a. and . [< Hybodus 
(liybodoiit-), q. v.] I. a. Pertaining to or hav- 
ing the characters of the Hybodontidw. Also 
cladodont. 
II. n. A fish of the genus Hybodus or family 
Hybodon tid<e. 
Hybodontes (hib-o-don'tez), n. pi. [NL.. < Gr. 
iijiAf, humpbacked, i/3of, a hump, + booif (odovr-) 
= E. t<>oth.~] A group of fossil sharks, corre- 
sponding to the family Hybodontidai. Agassiz. 
hybodontid (hib-o-don'tid), n. One of the 
Hjibodontidie. 
Hybodontidae (hib-o-don'ti-de), . pi: [NL., < 
Hybodus (-dont-) +' -idee.] A family of fossil 
sharks, typified by the genus Hybodus. They are 
characterized by teeth with broad fixed bases, which have a 
large cusp or cone, and two or more lesser secondary cones 
on the sides. The fin-spines are grooved, and situated in 
front of each of the two dorsal fins ; the skin is covered 
with sparse shagreen. The family prevailed throughout 
the Oolitic, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods. In Owen's 
system of classification the family, together with the Ces- 
trncivntidcc, composes the suborder Cestraphori of the 
order Plagiostomi. The species were very closely related 
to the Heterodnntida or Ceslracinnlidtf, and are by some 
referred to that family. 
Hybodus (hib'o-dus), n. [NL., < Gr. i/36f, 
humpbacked. ii/3of, a hump, + ofabf (bdavr-) = 
E. tooth.] The typical genus of Hybodontidtx. 
Agassiz. 
hybrid (hi'brid or hib'rid), . and . [For- 
merly hybride ; < P. hybride = Sp. hibrido = Pg. 
itybrido = It. ibrido, < L. hybrida, hibrida, ibrida, 
a mongrel, a hybrid. The spelling hybrida rests 
on the very doubtful assumption that the word 
is derived fromGr. iifiptf (iijlpid-), insult, wanton- 
ness, outrage.] I. n. 1. The offspring or pro- 
geny of animals or plants of different varieties, 
species, or genera ; a half-breed or cross-breed ; 
a mongrel. Hybrid animals are more or less frequent ac- 
cord ing to the less or greater zoological difference of their 
parents. Thus, the commonest are those resulting from the 
union of opposite sexes of varieties of the same species; 
and these hybrids are in fact of much more frequent occur- 
rence than has usually been supposed. Hybrids or half- 
breeds of the human race are among the best-known ex- 
amples, and the occurrence of hybrids among plants is 
very frequent. The most familiar hybrids between dis- 
tinct species are mules, bred between the horse and the 
ass. Hybrids between different genera are rare ; but they 
occur, as in the case of the cross between the dog and the 
fox. The fertility of hybrids among themselves is as a rule 
proportionate to the nearness of their parents, fertile hy- 
brids between varieties being common, those between spe- 
cies less so, those between genera least so. Hybrids between 
distinct species are commonly infertile, at least with one 
another, though they may propagate with an individual 
of the pure breed of either parent. The ?iatural ten- 
dency is thus for hybrids to die out unless artificially kept 
up by repeated cross-breeding. But the degree of sterility 
is not always dependent solely upon thezoological affinity 
of the parents, for reciprocal hybrids of the same two 
species may differ in this respect. In botany a hybrid is 
an individual which results from the union of the male 
element of one species of plant with the female of another, 
a process frequently occurring in oaks, willows, etc. The 
resulting offspring resembles both parents, yet differs in 
certain more or lees marked characters from either. A 
graft-hybrid is an individual, or a part of an individual, 
which results from the grafting of one species upon the 
stock of another species. Ordinarily the ingrafted species 
retains its individual peculiarities nearly or quite Intact. 
yet, as stated above, it may in exceptional cases become a 
sort of hybrid by exhibiting the peculiarities of both. 
Hence 2. Anything which is a product or 
mixture of two heterogeneous things, or comes 
from two different sources, as a word formed of 
elements from two different languages. See 
II., 2 Reciprocal hybrids, hybrids the sexes of whose 
respective parents are reversed. Thus, the mule of a stal- 
lion and a she-ass, and the mule of a jackass and a mare, 
are reciprocal hybrids. 
II. a. 1. Produced from the union of oppo- 
site sexes of two different or distinct varieties, 
