Hymenoptera 
dibles, and a lower lip or tongue sheathed by the maxillae. 
The tarsi are generally 5-jointed, sometimes 4-jointed, 
rarely 3-jointed, and very seldom heteromerous. The ab- 
domen of the female is provided with a multivalve ovi- 
positor, which may act as a sting, a saw, or a borer. The 
larva? are vermiform and footless, except ia Phyllopkaga 
and Xyluphaya, in which they are caterpillar-like and have 
feet. The Efymtfttoptera are usually placed at the head of 
the class of insects, not only on account of their high struc- 
tural development, but also with regard to their extraordi- 
nary instinctive faculties and social qualities. In modern 
systems the order is divided into 8 series and 36 families. 
The series are: (1) Phyllopliayn, the saw-tiles; (2) Sylo- 
phaga, the horntails ; (3) Parasitica, with six families, the 
species of which are mainly parasitic ; (4) Tubidifera, or 
cuckoo-bees ; (5) Heteroyyna, the four families of ants ; 
(6) Foxsores, eleven families of sand- and wood-wasps ; (7) 
Diploptera, with two families of solitary and one of social 
wasps ; and (8) Anthophiln, with the two families of bees. 
In number of species this order stands next to Coleop- 
tera; it probably includes nearly one fourth of all insects. 
More than 1,000 genera are represented in Europe alone, 
and there are over 7,000 described European species. Be- 
tween 5,000 and 6,000 species have been described for 
America north of Mexico, and yet the extensive group of 
Paraxitica is little known, especially in its smaller forms. 
Fossorial Hymenoptera. Seefossorial. 
hymenopteral (hi-me-nop'te-ral), . [< hyme- 
nopter-ous + -al.} Same as liymenopterous. 
hymenopteran (hl-me-nop'te-ran), n. [< Hy- 
menoptera + -an.} Same &sht/menopter. 
hymenopterist (hi-me-nop'te-i-ist), n. [< Hy- 
menoptera + -ist.~\ One who collects or studies 
the Hymenoptera. 
hymenopterologist (hi-me-nop-te-rol'o-jist), n. 
[< hymeitojiterology + -ist.} One who is versed 
in the study of Hymenoptera. Lubbock. 
hymenopterology (hl-me-nop-te-rol'o-ji), n. 
[< Hymenoptera + Gr. -Xoym, < Asyetv, speak: 
see -ology.} That department of entomology 
which relates to Hymenoptera. 
hymenopteron (hi-me-nop'te-ron), n. [NL.: 
see hymenopterous.} One of tlie Hymenoptera. 
hymenopterous (hl-me-nop'te-rus), a. [< NL. 
hymenopterus, < Gr. ufifvimrtpo^, membrane-wing- 
ed, < v/tj/v, membrane, + nrepov, wing.] Having 
membranous wings ; specifically, having the 
characters of the Hymenoptera; pertaining to 
the Hymenoptera. Also hymenopteral. 
Hymenothalameae (hl'"men-o-tna-la'me-e), n. 
pi. [NL. (Lindley, 1846), < 'Gr. i/iyv, a mem- 
brane, + 6aAaftof, a chamber. ] A division of 
lichens, now referred to the tribe Lecideacei. 
hymenotomy (Iri-me-iiot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. iifif/v, 
a membrane, + ropr/, a cutting, < re/iveiv, ra- 
fitlv, cut.] 1. In anat., dissection of the mem- 
branes of the animal body; hymenological 
anatomy. 2. In surg., incision of the hymen, 
practised in certain cases of imperforation of 
the vagina, in order to give exit to blood re- 
tained and accumulated in the cavity of the 
uterus. Dunalison. 
hyinenulum (hi-men'u-lum), n. ; pi. hymenula 
(-la). [NL., dim. of Gr. ii/j.rjv (V/J.EV-), a mem- 
brane: see hymen 2 ,hymenium.} In bot., a shield 
containing asci. Cooke. 
Hymettian (hi-met'i-an), a. [< L. Hymettius, 
< Hymettus, < Gr. 'T^rrof, Hymettus: see def.j 
Of or pertaining to Hymettus, a mountain of 
Attica in Greece, celebrated for its flowers, 
honey, and marble ; like that of Hymettus. 
The mountain is covered with heather, the blossoms of 
which give it, when seen from a distance, a rosy-purple 
coloring. 
A lovely bee . . . absconding himself in Hymettian 
flowers. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 76. 
Hymettian marble, a bluish-gray marble from the quar- 
ries of Mount Hymettus. It is an excellent building-stone, 
and was much used in antiquity, as at the present day. 
Hymettic (hl-met'ik), a. [< Hymettus + -ic.} 
Same as Hymettian. 
The censor L. Crassus was much censured about the 
year 650 on account of his house with six small columns 
of Hymettic marble. 
C. 0. Mutter, Manual of Arclweol. (trans.), f. 188. 
hymn (him), . [< ME. hympne, himpne, usually 
ympne, impne, < AS. hymen, ymen, pi. ymnas, in 
ME. mixed with OF. yrnne, later hymne = Pr. 
hymne, ymne = Sp. himno = Pg. hymno = It. 
inno = D. G. Dan. hymne = Sw. hymn, < LL. 
hymnus (in eccl. use), < Gr. v/ivof, a hymn, fes- 
tive song, or ode in praise of gods or heroes. 
Origin uncertain ; only once in Homer, in the 
phrase vftvof ao%, which may perhaps mean 
lit. ' a web of song' ; cf. t>0?/, a web, vfy-aivuv = 
AS. we/an, E. weave.} 1. In general, a reli- 
gious ode, song, or other poem: as, the Ho- 
meric hymns; the hymns of Pindar. In Christian 
literature the term covers a wide range of poems, includ- 
ing those that embody not only adoration, thanksgiving, 
confession, and supplication to God, but also instruction 
and exhortation for men. 
Noghte anely he hase comforthe in this, bot also in 
psuhiK-s ;ui(i inn linen and antyms of Haly Kyrke. 
Uainiwle, 1'rose Treatises (E. E. T. S.), p. 18. 
2945 
Than thai toke that haly tre [the cross], . . . 
And bare it furth so tham omang, 
With himpnee and with nobil sang. 
Bull/ Rood (E. E. T. S.), p. 128. 
Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change. 
Sai.,R. and J., iv. 5. 
Ourself have often tried 
Valkyrian hymn*, or into rhythm have dash'd 
The passion of the prophetess. 
Ti'nnystm, Princess, iv. 
Specifically 2. A metrical formula of public 
worship, usually designed to be sung by a com- 
pany of worshipers. The hymns of the ancient He- 
brews are technically called pnalms. From the early 
Christian period many traces of hymns remain, as in the 
Magnificat, Benedictus, etc., in the New Testament, in 
such references as 1 Cor. xiv. 15, Eph. v. 19, Jas. v. 13, etc., 
and in the universally recognized Gloria Patri, Gloria in 
Excelsis, and Te Deum. The long succession of impor- 
tant Greek and Latin hymnists begins with Ephraem 
Syrus and Hilary of Poitiers (both of the fourth century) 
respectively, though several productions of known au- 
thorship antedate their time. Most of the great medieval 
Latin hymns were composed as sequences, the most fa- 
mous being the Dies Irse. The Roman Catholic Church 
possesses a large number of such hymns, mostly in Latin. 
The Reformation in Germany was distinguished by a re- 
markable outburst of hymns of every description. Eng- 
lish hymnody began in the sixteenth century, but was 
principally confined to metrical versions of the Psalms 
until the first publication of Isaac Watts (in 1707) and 
the hymns of Charles and John Wesley. Since then the 
production of hymns has been constant and significant in 
both England and America, Medieval and modern hymns 
are nearly always divided into equal and similar sections 
of from three to twelve lines or strophes each, whicli are 
called stanzas or verses. 
And when they had sung an hymn, they went out into 
the mount of Olives. Mat. xxvi. 30. 
Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spir- 
itual songs. Col. iii. 16. 
3. In a narrow sense, an extra-Biblical poem 
of worship: opposed to psalm. Specially used in 
connection with the discussions about the propriety of 
using any musical formula? in public worship which are 
not directly derived from the Bible. Abecedarian 
hymns. See abecedarian. Angelic hymn, cherubic 
hymn, communion hymn, Marseillaise hymn, etc. 
See the qualifying words. Evening hymn. Same as 
even-song, 1. Seven great hymns, a collective name 
for the following medieval Latin hymns : Dies Ira) ; Hora 
Novissima ; Jesu, i In Iris memoria ; Stabat Mater ; Veni, Cre- 
ator Spirit n s ; Veni, Sancte spirit us ; and Vexilla Regis. 
hymn (him), v.; pret. and pp. hymned (himd or 
him'ned), ppr. hymning (him'ing or him'ning). 
[< hymn, n. Cf. LL. hymnire, sing hymns; 
from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To celebrate or 
worship in song; address hymns to; salute with 
song. 
As sons of one great Sire, 
Hymning the Eternal Father. 
Milton, P. L., vi. 96. 
The mulberry-tree stood ceutre of the dance ; 
The mulberry-tree was hymrid with dulcet airs. 
Coutper, Task, vi. 697. 
There the wild wood-robin 
. Hymns your solitude. 
S. T. Cooke, Trailing Arbutus. 
2. To express in a hymn; sing as a hymn: as, 
"hymned thanks," J. Baillie. 
The perpetual poem hymned by wind and surge. 
Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 757. 
II. intrans. To sing hymns. 
And touch'd their golden harps, and hymning praised 
God and his works. Milton, P. L., vii. 258. 
Around in festive songs the hymning choir 
Mix the melodious voice and sounding lyre. 
West, tr. of Pindar's Nemean Odes, xi. 
hymnal (him'nal), a. and n. [< hymn + -al.} I. 
a. Of or pertaining to hymns ; of the nature of 
or suitable for a hymn. 
The grave, majestic, hymnal measure swells like the 
peal of an organ. Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 169. 
II. n. A hymn-book. 
hymnart (him'nar), n. [< ML. hymnarc, a hymn- 
book, < LL. hymnus, a hymn : see hymn. Cf . hym- 
nary.} A hymn-book. 
That our Anglo-Saxon brethren were not slow in adopt- 
ing these beautiful outpourings of the Christian poet we 
know from one of jElfric's enactments, requiring each 
clerk to have, along with other volumes, a hymnar. 
Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 13. 
hymnarium (him-na'ri-um), M. [ML.: seehym- 
nary.} A hymn-book. 
But the reader will scarcely agree with his indulgent 
estimate of Ken's epic and hymnarium. 
The Academy, Nov. 3, 1888, p. 281. 
hymnary (him'na-ri), .; pi. liymnaries (-riz). 
[< ML. hymnarius (so. liber), also hymnarium, a 
hymn-book, < LL. hymn us, a hymn: see hymn.} 
A hymn-book. [Rare.] 
They [the vicarsl were required to learn by heart, so as 
to need no book, their psalter, their Hymnary, and their 
Anthem-book. Contemporary Rev., LIU. 59. 
hymn-book (him'buk), . A book of hymns 
for use in public worship, 
hymnic (him'uik), a. [< hymn + -ic.} Relating 
to hymns; of the character of a hymn; lyric. 
Hyoganoidei 
Where she (faire ladie), tuning her chast layes 
Of England's empresse to her ht/wnicke string, 
For your affect, to hear that virgin's praise, 
Makes choice of your chast selfe to heare her sing. 
Mir. JUT Mays., p. 773. 
hymnisht, adv. [< hymn + -ish 1 .} In the man- 
ner of a hymn. 
Sonnets are carroled hymniah 
By lads and maydens. Stanihurst, jneid, ii. 248. 
hymnist (him'uist), n. [< liymn + -ist.} A 
composer of hymns ; one skilled in the writing 
of hymns ; a hymnologist. 
Our familiar hymnist, Watts. 
H. W. Beecher, N. Y. Christian Union, Dec. 20, 1876. 
hymnodist (him'no-dist), . [< hymnody + 
-ixt.} A hymnist. 
hymnody (him'no-di), n. [< ML. hymnodia, < 
Gr. vfivudia, the singing of a hymn, hymning, 
, singing hymns, < i/ivof, a hymn, + 
, adeiv, sing : see ode. Cf. psalmody.} 1. 
The act or art of singing hymns or sacred songs ; 
psalmody. 2. Hymns collectively; the body 
of hymns belonging to a particular period, coun- 
try, sect, or author. 
hyinnographer (him-nog'ra-fer), n. [< hynmog- 
raphy + -eel.] A hymn-writer. 
hymnography (him-uog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. as if 
*i,iivo7/3a^m,< Vftvoypdipof, writing hymns, < vpvw;, 
a hymn, + ypa<j>?iv, write.] The art or the act 
of writing hymns. 
hymnologist (him-nol'o-jist), n. [< hymnology 
T -ist.} 1. A student of hymnology ; a connois- 
seur in the history, classification, criticism, and 
use of hymns. 2. A hymn-writer. 
hymnology (him-nol'o-ji), n. [< LL. as if *hym- 
nologia, < Gr. vftvoZoyia, < vpvoUyof, singing 
hymns (> LL. hymnologus, a singer of hymns), 
< i/iKOf, a hymn, + -toyia, < Ttiyetv, speak: see 
-ology.} I. The science of hymns, treating of 
their history, classification, criticism, and use. 
2f. Hymnody. 
That hymnologie which the primitive Church used at 
the offering of bread and wine for the Eucharist. 
J. Mede, Dialogues, p. 56. 
hymn-tune (him'tun), n. A musical setting of 
a hymn, usually adapted for repetition with the 
successive verses or stanzas. Certain kinds of 
hymn-tunes are called chorals. 
hymn-writer (him'ri"ter), n. A writer or com- 
poser of hymns ; a hymnist. 
hympnet, n. An obsolete form of hymn. 
hynd^t, * An obsolete form of hindl. 
hynd' 2 t, ,. Same as liend?. 
hyngt. An obsolete preterit of Jiang. Chaucer. 
hyobranchial (hi-6-brang'ki-al), a. [< hyo(id) 
+ branchial.} Pertaining to' the hyoid bone 
and the branchise. 
Hyodon (M'p-don), n. [NL., < Gr. ii, the letter 
upsilon, T (in ref. to liyoid), + Moi'( (odovr-) = 
E. tooth.} The typical genus of Hyodontidce, 
having teeth on the hyoid bone, whence the 
name. H. alosoides is the common mooneye 
or toothed herring of the United States. Le- 
sueur, 1818. See cut under mooneye. 
hyodont (hl'o-dont), a. and n. [< Hyoclon(t-).} 
I. a. Having teeth on the hyoid bone ; specifi- 
cally, of or pertaining to the Hyodontidce. 
II. n. A fish of the family Hyodontidce. 
Hyodontidae (hi-o-don'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Hyodon(t-) + -idee.} A family of malacoptery- 
gian fishes, represented by the genus Hyodon ; 
the toothed herrings, or mooneyes. The body 
Is covered with large silvery cycloid scales; the head 
is naked ; the margin of the upper jaw is formed by the 
intermaxillaries mesially and by the raaxillaries later- 
ally, the latter being articulated to the ends of the former ; 
the opercular apparatus is complete ; the dorsal fin be- 
longs to the caudal part of the vertebral column ; the 
stomach is horseshoe-shaped, and without a blind sac ; the 
intestine is short, with one pyloric appendage ; and the 
ova fall into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. Three 
species are found in the Mississippi basin and the great 
lakes of North America ; they have a distant resemblance 
to a clupeoid fish. 
hyo-epiglottic (hl"d-ep-i-glot'ik), a. [< hyo(id) 
+ epiglottic.} Pertaining to the hyoid bone and 
the epiglottis Hyo-eplglottic ligament, an elastic 
band connecting the nyoia bone with the epiglottis. 
hyo-epiglottidean (hi"6-ep"i-glo-tid'f-an), . 
Same as hyo-epiglottic. 
hyoganoid (hi-o-gan'oid), a. and H. I. a. Per- 
taining to the Hyoganoidei, or having their 
characters. 
II. n. One of the Hyoganoidei. 
hyoganoidean (hi"o-ga-noi'de-an), a. and n. 
Same as iiyogiinoid. 
Hyoganoidei (hl // o-ga-noi'de-i), . pi. [NL., 
< hyo(id) + NL. Ganoidei, q. v.] A superor- 
der of true fishes, including the most teleoste- 
oid of the ganoid fishes, having the hyoid ap- 
