hypognathous 
under mandible longer than the upper, as the 
black skimmer, Rliynchopsnigra: applied either 
to the bird or to its beak. Cones. See cut 
under Rhynchops. 
hypogonation (hl"po-go-nat'i-on), n. (X MGr. 
viroyovariov, a kneeli'ng-'cushion, < Gr. vx6, un- 
der, + y6w = E. kneeT] Same as epigonatioit. 
hypogyn (hi'po-jin), n. [As hypoffyn-ous.] A 
hypogynous plant. 
Hypogynae (hi-poj'i-ne), n. pi. [NL. (Sachs) : 
see hypogynous.} A division of gamopetalous 
plants in which the corolla is hypogynous. it 
includes the Tubtilijkrrce with 5 orders, the Labiatiflorce 
with 11 orders, the Diandrce with 2 orders, and the Con- 
tortece with 5 orders. 
hypqgynic (hi-po-jin'ik), a. [As hypogyn-oits 
+ -ic.] Inserted in a hypogynous manner: 
said of parts of a flower. 
hypogynous (hi-poj'i-nus), a. [< T$L.*hypogy- 
nus, < Gr. vir6, under, + ywi], female (mod. bot. 
pistil, ovary).] In bot., situated beneath the 
pistil: applied to parts which, as in the Banun- 
culacece, are inserted or borne on the receptacle 
of the flower, which has the sepals, petals, nu- 
merous stamens, and many or few pistils, all 
distinct and unconnected and inserted upon the 
torus or axis, with the pistils at the summit. 
HypogynouB insertion. See insertion. 
hypogyny (hi-poj'i-ni), n. [As hypogyn-ous + 
-y.~\ In bot., the condition or state of being 
hypogynous. 
Hypohippus (hi-po-hip'us), . [NL., prop. 
*hyphip2>ns, < Gr. vx6, under, + T7rof , horse.] A 
genus of extinct perissodactyl ungulate mam- 
mals, of the family Anchitheriidai. J. Leidy, 
1858. 
hypoiastian, hypoiastianic (hi'po-I-as'ti-an, 
-an'ik),a. [< hypo-+Ia$tian.~\ See under mode. 
hypoionian, hypoionianic (hi"po-i-6'ni-an, 
-an'ik),o. [< hypo- + Ionian."] See under mode. 
hypojacobian (hi-po-ja-ko'bi-an), a. [< hypo- 
+ Jacobian.] In math.., Jacobian : so called in 
contradistinction to hyperjacobian. 
hypokinetic (hl-po-ki-net'ik), a. [< Gr. vn-6, 
under, + Kivr/riKof, moving : see kinetic.} Ex- 
hibiting less than the normal amount of action. 
hypolais (hl-po-la'is), . [NL., < Gr. imohait;, 
some small bird.] 1. In ornith., an old (Aris- 
totelian) name of some small European bird, 
perhaps a warbler, sylvia, or beccafico, made by 
Aldrovandi the same as curruca. Hence (o) In 
the form hippolais, the Linnean specific name of the icte- 
rine warbler, Motacilla hippolais, the Sylvia hypotai* of 
other writers, (ft) [cop.] A genus of small sylviine war- 
blers of Europe, etc., of which the icterine warbler, Hypo, 
lain icterina, is the type : synonymous with Asit us, Cur- 
ruca, Ficedula, etc. J. J. Kaup, 1829; Cabaniti, 1880. Also 
written Hippolait. C. L. Brehm, 1828. 
2. [cop.] In entom., a genus of pyralid moths. 
Guenee, 1854. 
Hypolepideae (hi-pol-e-pid'e-e), n. pi. [NL. 
(F6e), < Hypolepis (-id-) + -cce.~\ A tribe of poly- 
podiaceous ferns, typified by the genus Hypole- 
pis, now referred to the tribe Pteridete. 
Hypolepis (hi-pol'e-pis), n. [NL. (Bernhardi), < 
Gr. in-<i, under, + /Urnf, a scale, husk.] A genus 
of polypodiaceous ferns, of the tribe Pteridece, 
the type of the old tribe Hypolepidece. The sori are 
marginal, placed usually in the sinuses of the frond, small, 
subglobose, uniform, and distinct. The fronds are from 
twice to four times pinnate, with free veins. Al>out a 
dozen species are known, widely distributed in tropical 
countries. 
hypolydian (hi-po-lid'i-an), a. [< hypo- + Ly- 
dian.] See under mode". 
Hypolytreae (hi-po-lit're-e), n. pi. [NL. (Nees, 
1834), < Hypolytrum + -eai.] A tribe of plants 
of the natural order Cyperacece, typified by the 
genus Hypolytrum. 
Hypolytrum (hi-pol'i-trum), n. [NL. (Richard, 
1805), < Gr. VKO, under, + Zvrpov, a plant, loose- 
strife.] A genus of monocotyledonous rush- 
like plants, of the order Cyperacea, the type of 
the tribe Hypolytreie. The inflorescence is in fasci- 
cled or corymbose roundish panicles, which are many -flow- 
ered; there are 2 hypogynous, keeled, and compressed 
scales, the exterior one being the largest ; there is no ca- 
lyx ; and the stamens are 2 or 3 in number. About 25 spe- 
cies are known, widely dispersed in tropical and subtropi- 
cal countries. 
hypomanikion (hi"po-ma-nik'i-on), n. [< MGr. 
vaofiaviiuav, also inro/idvucov, < Gr. i>jr<5, under, + 
fiaviiaov, sleeve : see epimanikion.] Same as epi- 
manikion. 
hypomanikon (hl-po-man'i-kon), . Same as 
epimanikion. 
hypomenOUS (hi-pom'e-nus), a. [Irreg. < Gr. 
inro/jtveiv, stay behind, remain, < wro, under, + 
piveiv, remain : see remain."] Same as hypo- 
genous, 2. Lindley. 
2956 
hypomeral (hl-pom'e-ral), a. [< hypomere + 
-al.] Inferior or lower, as a part of a sponge; 
of or pertaining to a hypomere. 
hypomere (hi'po-mer), . [< Gr. vir6, under, 
t- pepof, a part.] That lower part of some 
sponges which has all three fundamental lay- 
ers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, but 
develops no flagellated chambers or choano- 
some : distinguished from spongomere. 
The lower half [of a Rhagon], which consists of all three 
fundamental layers, may be called the hypomere. 
Eneyc. Brit., XXII. 415. 
hypomixolydian (hi-po-mik-so-lid'i-an), a. [< 
hypo- + mixolydian.] 'See under mode. 
hyponastic (hl-po-nas'tik), a. [As hynonasty 
T -ic.] Pertaining to or characterized by hy- 
ponasty. Darwin. 
When the upper surface of the organ [a leaf] is growing 
the more rapidly the growth is said to be epinastic, when 
the lower, hyponattu:. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 58. 
hyponasty (hi'po-nas-ti), n. [< Gr. innS, under, 
+ vaarof, close-pressed, solid, < vdaactv, press 
close.] In bot., increased growth along the low- 
er surface of an organ or part of a plant, caus- 
ing the part to bend upward. Compare epinasty. 
hyponeuria (hl-po-nu'ri-S), . [NL., < Gr. m6, 
under, + vtvpov, nerve.] In pathol., morbidly 
diminished nervous energy. Dunglison. 
hyponitrite (hi-po-m'trit), n. [< hyponitr-ous 
T -ite 2 .] A salt of hyponitrous acid. 
hyponitrous (hi-po-ni'trus), a. [< hypo- + ni- 
trous.] Used only in the following name: 
Hyponitrous add, an unstable acid (HNO) which can- 
not be isolated, but is obtained in combination as a po- 
tassium salt by the reduction of potassium nitrite. 
hyponoia (hl-po-noi'8), . [< Gr. vn-Avoia, hid- 
den thought, deeper meaning, < bxavoelv, think 
secretly, suspect, < inr6, under, + voetv, think, < 
voof, mind.] In theol., a supposed hidden mean- 
ing or double sense underlying the language of 
the Bible. 
hyponome (hi'po-nom), . [< Gr. imam/iii, an 
underground passage, < iirovouof, going under- 
ground, < t'iro, under, + vefieiv, dwell in, inhabit.] 
The ambulatory pipe or so-called fleshy funnel 
of a eephalopod. A. Hyatt, Science, III. 123. 
hypopharyngeal (hipo-fa-rin'je-al), o. and n. 
f< Gr. t'Tro, under, + ^apfjf, throat (pharynx).] 
I. a. 1 . Situated beneath the pharynx. 2. Sit- 
uated at the lower part of the pharynx. 3. 
In entom., pertaining to the hypopharynx. 
4. In ichth., specifically applied to the lower 
pharyngeal bones : opposed to epipharyngeal. 
See the extract. 
There are [in osseous fishes] usually five pair of bran- 
chial arches connected by median ventral ossifications. 
The posterior pair are single bones, which underlie the 
floor of the pharynx, bear no branchial filaments, but 
commonly support teeth, and are called hypopharyngeal 
bones. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 136. 
Hypopharyngeal band, in ascidians, a ciliated tract 
continued backward from the peripharyngeal band along 
the middle of the neural surface of the pharynx to or 
toward the esophageal opening. See cut under Salpa. 
Hypopharyngeal fold, either of a pair of longitudinal 
lamellee on the middle line of the branchial sac or pha- 
ryngeal cavity of an ascidian. 
II. n. One of the lower pharyngeal bones: 
generally used in the plural. 
hypopharynx (hl-po-far'ingks), n. ; pi. hypo- 
pharynges (-fa-rin'jez). [< Gr. vir6, under, + 
fapvyt;, throat (pharynx).] In entom., a fleshy 
organ, generally strengthened with chitinous 
sclerites, projecting from the floor of the mouth 
at the opening of the pharynx or gullet. It some- 
times has a tongue-like prolongation called the lingua, or 
that name may be given to the whole hypopharynx. See 
cut under Hymenoptera. 
The anterior surface of the lingua and hypopharynx is 
beset with fine hairs. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 353. 
hypopodium 
anthypophora. Hypophora and anthypophora frequently 
take the form of a series of questions and answers. The 
word hypophora has accordingly been used sometimes as 
equivalent to epfrotetns. 
hypophosphate (ki-po-fos'fat), n. [< Jiypo- 
lihiisjth(oroHS) + -flfci.] Same as liypoplios- 
pltitc. 
hypophosphite (hl-po-fos'flt), n. [< Jiypo- 
plioaph(oroiis) + -ite 2 .] In chem., a salt obtain- 
ed by the union of hypophosphorous acid with 
a salifiable base. 
hypophosphoric (hi*po-fos-for'ik), a. Same as 
hupophospnOT 
hypophet (hl'po-fet), n. [< Gr. in-o^r^f, a sug- 
g ester, interpreter, < into, under, + </>ai>ai, speak. 
f. prophet.] An expounder or interpreter. 
Bunsen. [Rare.] 
hypophlffiodal (hi-po-fle'o-dal), a. Same as hy- 
pophleeodic. 
hypophloeodic (hl'po-fle-od'ik), a. [As hypo- 
Mom + -ode + -ic.] ' In lichenol, living in hypoplastral (hi-po-plas'tral), a. Of or per- 
.... taming to the hypoplastron of a turtle. 
hypoplastron (m-po-plas'tron), n.; pi. hypo- 
hypophosphorous (hi-po-fos'fo-rus), a. [< 
hypo- + phosphorous. ] In chem . , containing less 
oxygen than phosphorous acid contains. Hy- 
pOphOBphorouB acid. H :t PO 2 , an acid formed by decom- 
posing phosphides with water. It may be obtained as a 
syrupy acid liquid or a white crystalline solid. Its salts 
are used to some extent as medicine. 
hypophrygian (hi-po-frij'i-an), a. [< Gr. imo- 
typvyux;, * vrr6, under, + topvyutf, Phrygian.] See 
under mode. 
Hypophthalma (hi-pof-thal'ma), n. [NL., < 
Gr. f'jro, under, + o^ftj/l/ioV, eye.] 1. pi. In La- 
treille's system of classification (1831), the ninth 
tribe of crabs of the division Heterochelte, hav- 
ing the hind pair of legs very small and either 
dorsal or abortive. 2. sing. A genus of 
arachnids. Taczanowsky, 1873. 
hypophyge (hi-pof'i-je), . [< Gr. i'Tro^uy//, a 
refuge (a recess), < mo^eiryeiv, flee from under, 
retire a little, < vx6, under, + faiyeiv, flee.] In 
arch., a depression of curved profile beneath 
some feature, as the hollow molding beneath 
some archaic Doric capitals, as at Psestum and 
Selinus; an apophyge; a scotia. See cut un- 
der column. 
hypophyllium (hi-po-nl'i-um), n. ; pi. hypo- 
pnyllia (-&). [NL., < Gr. wr<5, under, -I- QvMov 
= L. folium, leaf.] In bot., a petiole that has 
the form of a small sheath, is destitute of la- 
minae, and surrounds the base of certain small 
branches, having the appearance of leaves, as 
in asparagus. 
ophyllous (lii-po-fil'us), . [< Gr. wrd, un- 
ler, + 0iviAov SB L. folium, leaf, + -ous.] In bot., 
same as nypogenous, 1. 
hypophyses, n. Plural of hypophysis. 
hypophysial (hl-po-fiz'i-al), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the hypophysis. See conario-hypophyfial. 
hypophysical (hi-po-fiz'i-kal), a. [< Gr. into, 
under, + QvaiKof, physical.] Inferior to the 
physical ; beneath or below the physical. 
All kinds of knowledge were entirely familiar to him 
[Jesus]: as the narrative expresses it, the physical and the 
metaphysical, the hyperphysical and [the] hypophyeical. 
Stowe, Origin of Books of the Bible, p. 229. 
hypophysis (hi-pof'i-sis), .; pi. hypophyses 
(-sez). [NL., < Gr. vir6ipvai(;, an undergrowth, 
a process, < inrofyveiv, make to grow from below, 
pass, grow from below, grow up, < in6, under, 
+ 0i'f(v, make to grow, pass. Qrecfiat, grow. Cf . 
epiphysis."] 1. The pituitary body of the brain, 
which is lodged in the sella turcica of the sphe- 
noid bone, and attached to the tuber cinereum 
of the brain by the infundibulum. it occurs in 
all vertebrates except Amphioxvs. It does not appear to 
be of true nervous tissue, and its function, if any, is un- 
known. The name is correlated with epiphysu as a name 
of the conarium. More fully called hypophysis cerebri. See 
second cut under brain. 
2. In bot. : (a) In angiosperms, the layer of 
cells in the embryo resulting from the succes- 
sive fission of the penultimate cell of the sus- 
pensor, which gives rise to the primary root 
and root-cap. (6) In mosses, an enlargement 
of the pedicel at the base of the capsule. Also 
called, less correctly, apophysis. See cut under 
Andrecea. 
hypopial (M-po'pi-al), a. [< hypopus + -ial."] 
Relating to the hypopus stage of certain aca- 
roids. See hypopus, 2. 
The hypopial period takes the place of that between 
two ecdyses in the ordinary life-history. 
Hichael, Jour. Linn. Soc. (1884), XVII. S89. 
the peridium of a plant ; situated beneath the 
outer layers of the bark. Compare einphlaeodic. 
hypophlffious (hl-po-fle'us), a. [< Gr. into, un- 
der, + 0/to<of, bark.] Same as hypo/Moeodic. 
hypophora (hl-pof'o-ra), . [LL., < Gr. vvotyopd, 
a putting under, subjoining, hypophora, < inro- 
<j>(pciv, carry away under, put under, subjoin, < 
ix6, under, + Qepctv = E. bear 1 .] In rhet., the 
statement of an opponent's objection or of an 
argument which might be urged against the 
speaker's or writer's position. The hypophora is 
followed by the answer or counter-argument, called the 
ptastra (-tra). [< Gr. tiro, under, + NL. plas- 
tron, q. v.] The third lateral piece of the plas- 
tron of a turtle: applied by Huxley ("Anat. 
Vert.," p. 174) to what others call hijpostennun. 
See second cut under Chelonia. 
hypopodium (hi-po-po'di-um), w. ; pi. hypopo- 
aia (-a). [NL. (cf. LL. hypopodiiiiu, < Gr. vxo- 
noiiov, a foot-stove), < Gr. into, under, + irot'f 
(Trod-) = "E.foot.] In lot., the stalk or foot of 
the carpels. Lindley. [Rare.] 
