ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., adj adjective. 
abbr. abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agri. agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
lg algebra. 
Amer. American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor aorist 
appar apparently. 
AT. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
archseol archaeology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr. contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Cora Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat. dative. 
def. definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East. 
E. English (usvaUymean- 
iny modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engin. engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
equiv equivalent. 
esp especially. 
Eth Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur. European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f., fem feminine. 
F French (usually mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Memish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries Friesic. 
fut future. 
G .QennaiQ(u8ually mean- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol. geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth. Gothic (Mo3sogothic). 
Gr. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (usually 
meaning Old Ice- 
l&ndlCfOtherwise call- 
ed Old Norse). 
ichth Ichthyology. 
I. e L.idest, that is. 
impure impersonal. , 
impf imperfect. 
impv Imperative. 
improp improperly. 
Ind Indian. 
ind indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
indef. indefinite. 
Inf. infinitive. 
instr instrumental. 
Inter] interjection. 
Intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg. . . ... irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
I . . Ttin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith Lithuanian. 
llthog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
in., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle English (other- 
wise called, Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensur mensuration. 
metal metallurgy, 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
Mex Mexican. 
MGr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHG Middle High German. 
milit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
n., neut. neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually simply G., 
German). 
HL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis numismatics. 
O Old. 
obs obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise called Cnurch 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF Old French. 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig. original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteol osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
part. participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathol pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Pers Persian. 
pers person. 
persp perspective. 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrog petrography. 
Pg Portuguese. 
phar pharmacy. 
Phen Phenician. 
philol. philology. 
philos philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical. 
physiol physiology. 
pl.,plur plural. 
poet poetical. 
polit political. 
Pol Polish. 
posa possessive. 
pp past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pres. present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
pros prosody. 
Prot. Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which see. 
refl. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr. representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Rom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
S South. 
S. Amer South American. 
sc L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv ...Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl superlative. 
surg surgery. 
snrv surveying. 
Sw Swedish. 
syn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
terul ol. teratology. 
term termination. 
Teut Teutonic. 
theat. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxicol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
v verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
v. 1 intransitive verb. 
v. t. transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
zoogeog zoogeography. 
zool zoology. 
zoot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as in fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
a as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
a as in fare, hair, bear. 
e aa in met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
i as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
p as in note, poke, floor. 
o as in move, spoon, room. 
o as in nor, song, off. 
n as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty : see Preface, pp. 
ix, x). 
11 us in pull, book, co lid. 
u German ii, French u. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. 
Tims: 
9 as in prelate, courage, captain, 
f as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-souml (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: 
a as in errant, republican, 
e. as in prudent, difference, 
j as in charity, density, 
o as in valor, actor, idiot. 
a as in Persia, peninsula, 
e as in the book. 
U as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonants t, d, 
i, z indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, sh, zA. Thus : 
( as in nature, adventure. 
4 as in arduous, education. 
g as in leisure, 
g as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
eli as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (mou- 
flW) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent is not marked if at its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read/rom; i. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
-r read and ; i. e., compounded with, or 
with sultlx. 
read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged ; i.e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obsolete. 
