Invertebrata 
significance, being simply used to designate those animals 
collectively which are not vertebrate!. The primary di- 
vision of the animal kingdom now made is into Protozoa 
and Metazoa, and the Vertebrata form one of the divisions 
of the latter, to be contrasted with any one of the prime di- 
visions of the metazoie Invertebrata, not with the Inver- 
tebrata collectively. Both terms (Vertebrata and Inverte- 
Itrata) originated with Lamarck, about the beginning of the 
nineteenth century. Also called Evertebrata. 
invertebrate (iu-ver'te-brat), a. and M. [< NL. 
invertebratus, < L. in- priv'. -f vertebratus, ver- 
tebrate: see vertebrate.] I. a. 1. Not verte- 
brate ; having no backbone ; specifically, of or 
pertaining to the Invertebrata. Also inverte- 
bral, invertebrated. 2. Figuratively, flaccid, as 
if from lack of a backbone ; wanting strength, 
firmness, or consistency; weak; nerveless In- 
vertebrate matrix. See matrix. 
II. n. An invertebrated animal ; any one of 
the Invertebrata. 
invertebrated (in-ver'te-bra-ted), a. Same as 
invertebrate, 1. 
inverted (in-ver'ted), p. a. [Pp. of invert, r."] 
Turned in a contrary direction ; turned upside 
down; reversed in order; hence, opposite ; con- 
trary. 
Such forms have left only their written representatives 
"Your obedient servant," "Your humble servant;" re- 
served for occasions when distance is to be maintained, 
and for this reason often having inverted meanings. 
U. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., 394. 
Specifically (a) In her., turned in the 
other way from what is usual: as, the 
hands inverted when the fingers point 
downward. Also invertant. (b)Inbot., 
opposed to the normal or usual position, 
as ovules attached to the apex of the 
ovary or its cells, or as flowers with the 
normally dorsal side ventral, (c) In geol., 
lying apparently in inverse or reverse 
order, as strata which have been folded 
back on each other by the intrusion of 
igneous rocks or by crust movements. 
Inverted arch, in arch., an arch with its intrados be- 
low the axis or springing line. Inverted arches are used 
in foundations to 
connect particu- 
lar points, and 
distribute their 
weight or pres- 
sure over a great- 
er extent of sur- 
face, as in piers 
and the like. 
inverted Arches. Inverted chord. 
See inversion (c) 
(IX and chord, 4. Inverted comma, in printing, a comma 
turned upside down so as to bring it into a superior posi- 
tion. The beginning of a quotation is marked by a pair 
of inverted commas or by one alone, as the end is by a 
pair of apostrophes or by a single apostrophe. (See quo- 
tation.) A pair of inverted commas is also often used to 
signify ditto, being placed directly under the word to be 
repeated. Inverted counterpoint. See inversion (c) (3), 
imitation, 3, and counterpoint, 3. Inverted-flower, the 
name of several little South African plants of the former 
genus Parastranthw, which is now regarded as a section 
of the genus Lobelia. They differ from typical Lobelia by 
having the flowers inverted, whence the name. Invert- 
ed image. See lens. Inverted interval. See inversion 
(c)(i),and interval, 6. Inverted organ-point or pedal- 
point. See organ-point. Inverted oscillating engine. 
See pendulous engine, under engine. Inverted position, 
turn, etc. See the nouns. 
invertedly (in-ver'ted-li), adv. In a contrary 
or inverted order. 
Placing the fore part of the eye to the hole of the win- 
dow of a darkened room, we have a pretty landskip of the 
objects abroad, invertedly painted on the paper, on the back 
of the eye. Derham, Physico- Theology, iv. 2, note 38. 
invertible 1 (in-ver'ti-bl), a. [< invert + -ible.~] 
Capable of inversion ; susceptible of being in- 
verted. [Rare.] 
invertible 2 t (in-ver'ti-bl), a. [< L. in- priv. 
+ vertere, turn, + -ible.] Incapable of being 
turned; inflexible. 
Eagle displayed ; 
wings inverted. 
An indurate and invertible conscience. 
Cranmer. 
invertin (in'ver-tin), n. [< invert + -i 2 .] A 
chemical ferment produced by several species 
of yeast-plants, which converts cane-sugar in 
solution into invert-sugar. 
invertqr (in-ver'tor), n. [< invert + -or.'} That 
which inverts or changes the direction, as of an 
electric current; in elect., a commutator. 
invert-sugar (in'vert-shug"ar), n. An amor- 
phous saccharine substance" the chief constit- 
uent of honey, and produced by the action of 
ferments or dilute acids on cane-sugar. It is re- 
garded as a mixture of equal parts of dextrose and levu- 
Ipse. A solution of cane-sugar turns the polarized ray of 
light to the right, while invert-sugar turns it to the left. 
From this inversion of the action on polarized light the 
process is called inversion, and the product invert-sugar. 
invest (in- vest'), v. [< F. investir = Pr. en- 
vestir = Sp. Pg. investir = It. investire, < L. in- 
vestirc, clothe, cover, < in, in, on, + vestire, 
clothe, < vestis, clothing: see vest. Cf. divest, 
devest.~\ I. trans. 1. To cover with or as if 
with a garment or vesture ; clothe ; indue : f ol- 
3172 
lowed by with, and sometimes in, before the 
thing covering : opposed to divest. 
He commaunded vs to invest our selues in the saide gar- 
ments. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 105. 
Invest me in my motley. Shale., As you Like it, ii. 7, 58. 
In the gardens are many fine fountaines, the walls cov- 
er'd w th citron trees, which being rarely spread, invest the 
stone-works intirely. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 28, 1644. 
In dim cathedrals, dark with vaulted gloom, 
What holy awe invests the saintly tomb ! 
0. W. Holmes, A Rhymed Lesson. 
2f. To clothe or attire with ; pnt on. 
Alas ! for pittie, that so f aire a crew, 
As like can not be scene from East to West, 
Cannot find one this girdle to invest. 
Spenser, . Q., IV. v. 18. 
3. To clothe or indue, as with office or author- 
ity; hence, to accredit with some quality or 
attribute; indue by attribution: followed by 
with: as, to invest a narrative with the charm of 
romance ; to invest a friend with every virtue. 
Beatrice, the unforgotten object of his early tenderness, 
was invested by his imagination with glorious and myste- 
rious attributes. Macaulay, Dante. 
4. In law, to put in possession of something to 
be held as a matter of right ; instate or install : 
as, to invest a man with rank, dignity, etc. 
The Queen in requital invested him with the Honour of 
Earl of Glenkare and Baron of Valence. 
Baiter, Chronicles, p. 335. 
Mary of Orleans . . . had been invested in this princi- 
pality by the three estates in 1694. 
J. Adams, Works, IV. 375. 
5f. To confer ; give ; vest. 
It investeth a right of government. Bacon. 
6. To surround; hem in or about; especial- 
ly, to surround with hostile intent, or in such 
a way as to prevent approach or escape ; sur- 
round with troops, military works, or other bar- 
riers; beleaguer. 
I saw a town of this island, which shall be nameless, 
invested on every side, and the inhabitants of it so strait- 
ened as to cry for quarter. Addison, Husbands and Wives. 
Leyden was thoroughly invested, no less than sixty-two 
redoubts . . . now girding the city. 
Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 553. 
A person trying to steal into an invested town with pro- 
visions would be summarily dealt with. 
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, App. iii., p. 464. 
7. To employ for some profitable use ; convert 
into some other form of wealth, usually of a 
more or less permanent nature, as in the pur- 
chase of property or shares, or in loans se- 
cured by mortgage, etc. : said of money or capi- 
tal: followed by in: as, to invest one's means 
in lands or houses, or in bank-stock, govern- 
ment bonds, etc.; to invest large sums in books. 
Investing membrane. See membrane. 
II. intrans. To make an investment: as, to 
invest in railway shares. 
investientt (in-ves'tient), a. [< L. investien(t-)s, 
ppr. of investire, cloth'e : see invest."] Investing ; 
covering; clothing. 
This sand, when consolidated and freed from its inves- 
tient shells, is of the same shape as the cavity of the shell. 
Woodward. 
investigable 1 (in-ves'ti-ga-bl), . [< LL. in- 
vestigaoilis, that can be searched into, < L. in- 
vestigare, search into, investigate : see investi- 
gate.] Capable of being investigated or search- 
ed out ; open to investigation. 
In doing evil, we prefer a less good before a greater, 
the greatness whereof is by reason investigable and may 
be known. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 7. 
A few years since it would have been preposterous to 
speculate on the present chemical constitution of the 
sun's atmosphere ; it would have been one of the myste- 
ries which no astronomer would consider investigable. 
O. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. 21. 
investigable 2 t (in-ves'ti-ga-bl), a. [< LL. in- 
vestigabilis, that cannot be searched into, un- 
searchable, < in- priv. + *vestigabilis, that can 
be searched into, < L. vestigare, search into : 
see investigate.'] That cannot be investigated ; 
unsearchable. 
Woman, what tongue or pen is able 
To determine what thou art, 
A thing so moving and unstable, 
So sea-like, so investigable. Cotton, Woman. 
investigate (in-ves'ti-gat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
investigated, ppr. investigating. [< L. investi- 
gatus, pp. of investigare, track or trace out, 
search into, investigate, < in, in, on, + vesti- 
gare, follow a track, search, < vestigium, a 
track, foot-track : see vestige.'] To search into 
or search out ; inquire into ; search or examine 
into the particulars of; examine in detail: as, 
to investigate the forces of nature ; to investi- 
gate the causes of natural phenomena; to in- 
vestigate the conduct of an agent. 
investiture 
He went from one room to another with eyes that seemed 
to be investigating everything, though in reality they saw 
nothing. Mrs. Oliphant, Poor Gentleman, xxiv. 
The philosopher investigates truth independently; the 
sophist embellishes the truth, which he takes for granted. 
Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 797. 
= Syn. To scrutinize, overhaul, sift, probe into, explore, 
study. 
investigation (in-ves-ti-ga'shon), n. [= F. 
investigation = Sp. investigacion = Pg. investi- 
gaqao = It. investigazione, < L. investigatio(n-), 
a searching into,< investigare, search into: see 
investigate.'] The act of investigating; the 
making of a search or inquiry ; detailed or par- 
ticularized examination to ascertain the truth 
in regard to something ; careful research. 
Your travels I hear much of ; my own shall never more 
be in a strange land, but a diligent investigation of my 
own territories. Pope, To Swift. 
The intercourse of society its trade, its religion, its 
friendships, its quarrels is one wide judicial investiga- 
tion of character. Emerson, 1st ser., p. 259. 
=Syn. Inquisition, Inquiry, etc. (see examination)', over- 
hauling, probing. See inference. 
investigative (in-ves'ti-ga-tiy), a. [< investi- 
gate + -ive.~] Of or pertaining to investiga- 
tion; given to investigation; curious and de- 
liberate in research. 
We may work simply for the love of discovery that is, 
the exercise of the investigative instinct and the pleasure 
of overcoming difficulties ; or we'may work with the be- 
neficent idea of increasing the snm of human knowledge. 
Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 75. 
investigator (in-ves'ti-ga-tor), n. [= F. inves- 
tigateur = Sp. Pg. investiga'dor = It. investiga- 
tore, < L. investigator, one who searches, < in- 
vestigare, search: see investigate.'] One who in- 
vestigates or makes careful research. 
Not as an investigator of truth, but as an advocate la- 
bouring to prove his point. Whately, Rhetoric. 
Investigatores (in-ves // ti-ga-to'rez), n. pi. 
[NL., pi. of L. investigator, one who searches: 
see investigator."] An extensive heterogeneous 
group of birds proposed by Reichenbach and 
adopted by Brehm, having no characters by 
which'it can be defined; the searchers. 
investiont, [< ML. investio(n-), an invest- 
ing, < L. investire, invest : see invest.] The act 
of investing; investiture. 
We knew, my lord, before we brought the crown, 
Intending your invention so near 
The residence of your despised brother, 
The lords would not be too exasperate 
To injury or suppress your worthy title. 
Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I., i. 1. 
investitive (in-yes'ti-tiv), a. [< L. investitus, 
pp. of investire, invest, + -ive.~] Of or pertain- 
ing to investiture. See the quotation. 
The investitive event [is that] by which the title to the 
thing in question should have accrued to you, and for want 
of which such title is, through the delinquency of the 
offender, as it were intercepted. 
Bentham, Introd. to Prin. of Morals and Legisla- 
[tion, xvi. 35. 
Investitive fact. See fact. 
investiture (in-ves'ti-tur), . [< F. investiture 
= Pr. investitura = Sp. Pg. investidura = It. 
investitura, < ML. investitura, investing, < L. 
investire, invest : see invest."] 1. The act of in- 
vesting, as with possession or power; formal 
bestowal or presentation of a possessory or 
prescriptive right, as to a fief or to the rights 
and possessions pertaining to an ecclesiastical 
dignity: opposed to divestiture. 
The King claimed the Investiture of Bishops to be his 
Right, and forbad Appeals and Intercourse to Rome. 
Baker, Chronicles, p. 35. 
Charles had entirely failed in his application to Pope 
Alexander the Sixth for a recognition of his right to Na- 
ples by a formal act of investiture. 
Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 2. 
An excommunication was denounced against all church- 
men who should accept investiture of ecclesiastical bene- 
fices from lay hands. 
E. A. Freeman, Norman Conquest, V. 95. 
The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the cere- 
mony of corporal investiture or open delivery of possession. 
Blackstone. 
2. That which invests or clothes; covering; 
vestment. 
While we yet have on 
Our gross investiture of mortal weeds. Trench. 
Let him so wait until the bright investiture and sweet 
warmth of the sunset are withdrawn from the waters. 
liitsfdn. 
Ecclesiastical investiture, in the Rom. Cath. Ch., the 
ceremony of conferring possession of the temporalities 
and privileges of his office upon a bishop or an abbot, by 
delivering to him the pastoral staff and ring, the symbols 
of his office. To whom the light of investiture belonged 
was long a point of conflict between the papacy and the 
monarchs of Europe. About the tenth century the mon- 
archs controlled the bestowal of these symbols, but Hilde- 
brand (Gregory VII. )in 1075 published a decree forbidding 
clergymen to receive investiture from a layman under pain 
