inwreathe 
w>-c(itliiHu,cnicrcf<t)ihi<!. [<-!, e-l, + wreathe.] 
To surround with or as if with a wreath. 
And o'er the hero's head, 
Imoreath'd with olive, bears the laurel-crown, 
Blest emblem, peace and liberty restor'd ! 
Mattel, Amyntor and Theodora. 
10 1 (i'o), inter j. [L. to, = Gr. la, an exclamation 
of joy or pleased excitement: cf. 0, oh, etc.] 
A Latin interjection, or exclamation of joy or 
triumph : sometimes used as a noun in Eng- 
lish. 
Hark ! how around the hills rejoice, 
And rocks reflected ios sing. 
Congreve, Ode on Namur, St. 10. 
10 2 (i'o), n. [L. Io, < Gr. 'Li.] 1. In myth., 
a daughter of Inachus, metamorphosed into a 
heifer and caused to be tormented by a terrible 
gadfly by Hera, in jealous revenge for the favors 
of Zeus. See Argus,!. 2. The innermost of the 
four satellites of Jupiter. 3. Inentom. : (a) A 
genus of vanessoid butterflies. (6) [i.e.] The 
peacock butterfly, Vanessa io: used both as the 
technical specific name and as an English word, 
(c) [I. c.] A showy and beautiful moth of North 
America, Hyperckiria io, or Saturnia io, of yel- 
Hyperchiria 10, natural size. 
low coloration, with prominent pink and bluish 
eyes on the hinder wings. The larva is covered with 
bunches of stinging spines, and feeds on many plants 
and trees, as Indian corn, cotton, hops, clover, elm, and 
cherry. The eggs are laid in clusters on the under side of 
the leaf. 
iodal (I'o-dal), n. [< iod(ine) + al(cokol)."] An 
oleaginous liquid (CLjCHO) obtained by the 
action of alcohol and nitric acid on iodine. Its 
effects are said to be similar to those of chloral. 
iodargyrite (I-o-dar' ji-rit), . Same as iodyritc. 
iodate* (i'o-dat), u. [< iod(ine) + -ate 1 .'] Any 
compound of iodic acid with a base. The iodates 
form deflagrating mixtures with combustibles, and when 
they are heated to low redness oxygen gas is disengaged, 
and a metallic iodide remains. None of them have been 
found native. They are all of very sparing solubility, ex- 
cepting the iodates of the alkalis. See iodic. 
iodate- (i'o-dat), v. t.; pret. and pp. ioilatcd, 
ppr. iodatfag. [< iod(inc) + -ate 2 .] To com- 
bine, impregnate, or treat with iodine. 
One variety of iodated paper. Ure, Diet., III. 6C7. 
iodic (I-od'ik), a. [< iod(ine) + -ic.] Contain- 
ing iodine: as, iodic silver Iodic acid, HIO ;! , an 
acid formed by the action of oxidizing agents on iodine in 
presence of water or alkalis. Iodic acid is a white semi- 
transparent solid substance, which is inodorous, but has 
an astringent, sour taste. It is very soluble in water, and 
detonates when heated with charcoal, sugar, and sulphur. 
Deoxidizing agents reduce it partly to hydriodic acid, 
which then reacts upon the remaining iodie acid to form 
iodine and water. It combines with metallic oxids, form- 
ing salts, which are named iodates, and these, like the 
chlorates, yield oxygen when heated, and an iodide re- 
mains. 
iodide (I'o-did or -did), n. [< iod(ine) + -idel.] 
A compound of iodine with an element more 
electropositive than itself : thus, sodium iodide, 
etc. Iodide of ethyl, ethyl iodide (C 2 H 5 I), a colorless 
liquid insoluble in water, having a penetrating ethereal 
odor and taste, used in medicine, by inhalation, to intro- 
duce iodine rapidly into the system. 
iodiferous (I-o-dif'e-rus), a. [< iod(ine) + L. 
ferre = E. Mat*.] Yielding iodine : as, iodif- 
erous plants. 
iodine (i'o-din or -din), . [= F. iodine, < Gr. lu- 
>K, like a violet (< lov, a violet, = L. viola, > ult. 
E. violet), + -ine 2 .] Chemical symbol, I ; atomic 
weight, 126.9. In chem., a peculiar non-metallic 
elementary solid substance, forming one of the 
group of halogens. It exists in the water of the ocean 
and mineral springs, in marine molluscous animals, and in 
seaweeds, from the ashes of which it is chiefly procured. 
At ordinary temperatures it is a solid crystalline body. Its 
color is bluish-black or grayish-black, with a metallic lus- 
ter. It is often in scales, resembling those of micaceous 
iron ore ; sometimes in brilliant rhomboidal plates or in 
elongated octahedrons. The specific gravity of solid iodine 
is 4.B47. It fuses at 225 F., and boils at?S47. Its vapor, 
which is very dense, is of an exceedingly rich violet color, 
a character to which it owes the name of iodine. It is a 
non-conductor of electricity, and, like oxygen and chlorin, 
3178 
is electronegative. It is very sparingly soluble in water, 
but dissolves copiously in alcohol and in ether, forming 
dark-brown liquids. It possesses strong powers of com- 
bination, and forms with the pure metals and most of the 
simple non-metallic substances compounds which are 
named iodides. With hydrogen and oxygen it forms iodic 
acid ; combined with hydrogen it forms hydriodic acid. 
Like chlorin, it destroys vegetable colors, but with less 
energy. Iodine has a very acrid taste, and its odor some- 
what resembles that of chlorin. It is an irritant poison, 
and is of great service in medicine. It is used externally 
as a counter-irritant, the skin or mucous membrane being 
painted with the tincture ; and also internally, both as 
iodine and in combination, especially as iodide of potash. 
Starch is a characteristic test of iodine, forming with it a 
deep-blue compound. This test is so delicate that a so- 
lution of starch dropped into water containing less than 
a millionth part of iodine is tinged blue. Iodine green. 
See^reeni. Iodine scarlet. Same as pure scarfet (which 
see, under scarlet). 
iodism (i'o-dizm), n. [< iod(ine) + -ism."] In 
jiatl/ol., a peculiar derangement of the system 
produced by the excessive use of iodine or its 
salts. 
iodize (i'o-dlz), v, t. ; pret. and pp. iodized, ppr. 
iodising. ' [< iod(ine) + -ize.~] 1. In med., to 
treat with iodine; affect with iodine. 2. In 
pliotog., to impregnate, as collodion, with io- 
dine; add iodine or an iodide to. 
iodizer (i'o-dl-zer), n. [< iodize + -er 1 .] 
One who or that which iodizes, 
iodobromite (i"o-do-br6'mit), . \<,iod(ine) 
+ brom(ide) + -iie 2 .~] A sulphur-yellow 
El mineral, occurring in isometric crystals at 
Dernbach, Nassau, consisting of the io- 
dide, bromide, and chlorid of lead. 
' iodoform (I'o-do-form), . [< iod(ine) + 
(cMoro)form.'] A solid compound (CHI 3 ) 
analogous to chloroform, produced by the 
action of iodine with alkalis or alkali car- 
bonates on alcohol. It forms lemon-yellow 
crystals, with an odor like that of saffron, which are 
somewhat volatile at the ordinary temperature, in- 
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and 
ether. It is an anesthetic and antiseptic, and has 
been considerably used in surgical dressings. 
iodoform (i'o-do-forrn), v. t. [< iodoform, n.] 
To apply iodoform to; impregnate with iodo- 
form. 
iodoformize (i'o-do-f6r"mlz),t>. t. ; pret. and pp. 
iodoformized, ppr. iodoformizing. [< iodoform 
H ize.~\ To iodoform. 
iodohydric (i"o-do-hl'drik), a. [< iod(ine) + 
hydr(ogen) + -ic.] Same as hydriodic. 
iodol (i'o-dol). n. [< iod(ine) + -ol.~] A yellow- 
ish-brown substance (6414X1!) composed of 
long prismatic crystals, used in medicine as an 
antiseptic. 
iodometric (i"o-do-met'rik), a. [< iod(ine) + 
metric.] In diem., measured by iodine: used 
of analytical operations in which the quantity 
of a substance is determined by its reaction with 
a standard solution of iodine. 
iodyrite (I-od'i-rit), n. [< iod(ine) + Gr. dp}f- 
l>6f, silver, + -ifc 2 (cf. argi/rite)."] Native sil- 
ver iodide, a sectile mineral of a bright-yellow 
color and resinous or adamantine luster, occur- 
ring sparingly in Chili and elsewhere. 
iolite (I'o-lit), n. [< Gr. lov, a violet, + ^.!6of, 
stone.] A silicate of magnesium, aluminium, 
and iron, a mineral of a violet-blue color with 
a shade of purple or black. It often occurs in six- 
sided rhombic prisms. The smoky-blue peliom and stein- 
heilite are varieties. Iolite is veiy subject to chemical al- 
teration, and many names have been given to the more or 
less distinct compounds so formed, as pinite, fafilunite, gi- 
ijantolite, etc. Also called dichroite (because the tints along 
the two axes are unlike) and cordierite. 
ion (i'on), . [< Gr. luv, neut. I6v, ppr. of ifvai, 
L. ire, go: see iter.~\ One of the elements of 
an electrolyte, or compound body undergoing 
electrolyzation. Those elements of an electrolyte 
which are evolved at the anode are termed unions, and 
those which are evolved at the cathode cations, and when 
these are spoken of together they are called ions. Thus 
water when electrolyzed evolves two ions, oxygen and 
hydrogen, the former being an anion, the hitter a cation. 
-ion. [ME. -ion, -ioun, -iun (-on, -un), < OF. -ion, 
-inn (-on, -un), F. -ion (-on) = Pr. -ion, -io = Sp. 
-ion = Pg. -So = It. -ione, < L. -io(n-), a common 
suffix forming (a) abstract (fern.) nouns from 
verbs, either from the inf., as legio(n-), a legion, 
< legcre, collect, optio(n-), a choice, < optare, 
choose, su3picio(n-), suspicion, < suspicere, sus- 
pect, etc., or from adjectives, as communio(n-), 
communion, < communis, common, unio(n-), 
union,< tmtis, one, etc.; or (b) appellative (masc.) 
nouns, of various origin, as centurio(n-),& centu- 
rion, histrio(n-), an actor, etc. See -tion, -ation, 
etc.] 1. A sxiffix in abstract nouns (many also 
used as concrete) of Latin origin, as in legion, 
opinion, option, region, religion, suspicion, com- 
munion, union, etc. 2. A similar suffix occur- 
ring in a few concrete nouns designating per- 
lonic 
sons or things, as in centurion. Itixtrion, union (a 
pearl), onion, parilimi, etc. 
Ionian (i-6'ni-an), fl. and n. [< L. lonius, < Gr. 
'luvtof, < 'luvla, Ionia, "luwf, the lonians.] I. 
a. Relating to Ionia or to the lonians ; Ionic. 
Ionian chiton, mode, etc. See the nouns. Ionian 
school. Same as Ionic school (which see, under Ionic). 
Ionian sea, that part of the Mediterranean which lies 
between Greece and Sicily. 
II. n. A member of one of the three or (as 
some count) four great divisions of the ancient 
Greek race, the others being the Dorians and 
^Eolians, or the Dorians, ^lolians, and Ache- 
ans. Originally they inhabited Attica, Eubcea, and the 
district in the Peloponnesus afterward known as Achtoa. 
From Attica they spread over most of the islands (the 
Ionian Islands) of the /Egean sea, and settled in Ionia on 
the coast of Asia Minor. They founded various colonies 
on the shores of the Euxine, Propontis, and the ^gean, and 
in the west they planted Catana and other colonies in 
Sicily ; Rhegium, Cumte, etc., in Italy ; and Marseilles and 
others in Gaul. The Asiatic lonians especially did much 
to introduce Asiatic civilization and luxury into Greece, 
and were often reproached by the other Greeks with ef- 
feminacy. Also (rarely) called laetian, and in the plural 
Tones. 
Ionic (i-on'ik), a. and n. [< L. lonicits, < Gr. Iw- 
viKOf , < 'luvia, Ionia: see Ionian."] I. a. 1. Of, 
pertaining, or relating to the lones or lonians as 
a race, or to one of the regions named from them, 
Ionia or the Ionian Islands : as, the Ionic dialect 
or school; the Ionic order. 2. In anc. pros., 
constituting a foot of two long syllables fol- 
lowed by two shorts, or vice versa; pertaining 
to or consisting of such feet: as, an Ionic foot, 
colon, verse, or system ; Ionic rhythm Axis of 
the Ionic capital. See axis*. Ionic dialect, the most 
important of the three main branches of the ancient Greek 
language (the other two being the Doric and JEolic), includ- 
ing the Attic. Homer's Iliad was written in Old Ionic, the 
works of Herodotus in New Ionic, and nearly all the great 
Greek works in its later form, the Attic. Ionic foot, in 
pros., a foot consisting of four syllables, either two short 
and two long or two long and two short. Ionic meter, a 
meter consisting of Ionic feet. Ionic mode. See mode. 
Ionic order, in arch., one of the three Greek orders, so 
named from the Ionic race, by whom it was held to have 
been developed and perfected. The distinguishing char- 
acteristic of this order is the volute of its capital. In the 
true Ionic the volutes have the same form on the front and 
rear, and are connected on the flanks by an ornamented 
roll or scroll, except in the case of the corner capitals, 
which have three volutes on their two outer faces, that on 
the external angle projecting diagonally. The debased 
Roman form of Ionic gave the capital four diagonal vo- 
lutes, and curved the sides of the abacus. The spiral fll- 
lets of the Greek volute are continued along the face of 
the capita], beneath the abacus, whereas in the Roman 
Ionic Architecture. Temple of Wingless Victory, on the 
Acropolis of Athens. 
imitation the origin of the fillet is behind the echinus. 
The shaft, including the base and the capital to the bot- 
tom of the volute, is normally about 9 diameters high, 
and is generally fluted in 24 flutes, separated by fillets. 
The bases used with this order are various. The Attic 
base often occurs, and is the most beautiful and appropri- 
ate. The architrave is normally formed in three bands, 
each projecting slightly beyond that below i^ the whole 
crowned by a rich molding. The frieze frequently bears 
figures in relief. The cornices fall under three classes : 
the simple butrichly molded and strongly projecting Greek 
cornice, and the less refined dentil and modillion (Koman) 
cornices. The best examples of the Ionic order are the 
temple on the Ilissus, and the Erechtheum and the tem- 
ple of Wingless Victory on the Acropolis of Athens. The 
details of the Erechtheum are notable for the delicate 
elaboration of their ornament: but the interior capitals of 
the Propylffia are, in their simple purity of line, perhaps the 
noblest remains of the Greek Ionic. The order was prob- 
ably evolved by the Ionian Greeks from forms found in 
Assyrian architecture. See also cut under Erechtheum. 
Ionic sect or school, the earliest series of Greek philoso- 
phers, Thales (who is said to have predicted an eclipse 5S5 
B. c.), Anaximander, Anaximenes!(in the sixth century n. 
o.), all of Miletus, and their later adherents. They are called 
the early physicists, because they mainly studied the mate- 
rial universe, ami that in a rudely observational manner. 
The characteristic of the school is the prominence they 
gave to the question out of what the world is made (Thales 
s:iid water, Anaximenes air), believing apparently that, this 
answered, the secret of the universe was solved. They made 
little of efficient causes, and, as distinct from living agents, 
