jackstraw 
its nest. See strawsmall. [Local, Eng.] 6. 
The blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla. 7. The nar- 
row-leafed plantain, Plantago lanceolata. Also 
called rib-grass and English plantain. 
jacktan (jak'tan), n. [African.] A cloth-mea- 
sure of the Guinea coast, equal to twelve Eng- 
lish feet. 
jack-timber (jak'tim'ber), n. In arch., a tim- 
ber in a bay which, being intercepted by some 
other piece, is shorter than the rest. 
jack-towel (jak'tou"el), . A coarse towel for 
general use, hanging from a roller. 
Mr. George . . . comes back shining with yellow soap. 
. . . As he rubs himself upon a large jack-towel, Phil . . . 
looks round. Dickens, Bleak House, xxvi. 
jack-tree (jak'tre), n. [< jaca, the native 
name, Englished jack, + E. tree.} The Arto- 
carpus integrifolia, a native of the Indian ar- 
chipelago. See Artocarpits and breadfruit. The 
fruit, called jackfruU, is two to three times as large as the 
true breadfruit, weighing thirty or forty pounds, and is of 
much coarser quality. The wood, called jack-wood, is yel- 
low or brown, compact, and moderately hard. It takes a 
good polish, is largely used for general carpentry in In- 
dia, and is sent to Europe for use by cabinet-makers. Also 
jack, jak l jaca, and jak-tree, jaca-tree. 
jack weight (jak'wat), n. A fat man. Halli- 
well. [Prov. Eng.] 
jack-wood (jak'wud), n. [Alsojafc-teood; < jack^ 
+ woo<Ji.] The wood of the jack-tree. See jack- 
tree. 
jacky (jak'i), . [Also written jockey; appar. 
dim. of jack 1 .} English gin. Halliwell. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
Well, you parish bull prig, are you for lushing jockey or 
pattering in the hum-box? Bulwer, Pelham, Ixxx. 
jaco, n. Seejacko. 
Jacob (ja'kob), n. [A particular use of the per- 
sonal name Jacob, < LL. Jacobus, < Gr. 'Idxufiof, 
Jacob: see jack 1 .} The starling, Sturnus vul- 
garis. [Local, Eng.] 
jacobsea (jak-o-be'a), n. [NL., < LL. Jacobus, 
Jacob, James, with ref . to St. James, either be- 
cause the plant was used for the diseases of 
horses, of which the saint was the patron, or 
because it blossoms near his day.] A common 
name of Senecio Jacobtea, or ragwort. Purple 
Jacobsea, tin- Senecio elegans, or purple ragwort, from the 
Cape of Good Hone. 
jacobaea-lily (jak-o-be'a-lil'i), n. A plant of 
the order Amaryllidece (Sprekeliaformosissima). 
The leaves are 
fromthebulbonly, 
which sends up a 
scape bearing a 
single large blos- 
som, whose deep- 
red perianth is 
somewhat 2-lip- 
ped, its three up- 
per divisions being 
curved upward, 
while the three 
lower are twisted 
about the lower 
part of the sta- 
mens and style. It 
is native in Mexi- 
co, and cultivated 
elsewhere. 
Jacobean, Ja- 
cobsean (ja- 
ko'be-an, jak- 
6-be'aii), a. [< 
LL. J'acobceus,< 
Jacobus, Jacob, 
James: see ja- 
cobus, jack^.} 
Pertaining or 
relating to a 
person named 
Jacobus, Ja- 
cob, or James, 
specifically to 
James I., King 
of England, 
1603-25 (who 
was also James 
VI. of Scotland 
3212 
Jacobian 2 (ja-ko'bi-an), a. and n. [< Jaedbi 
(see def .) + -an.} I. n. Pertaining to or named 
after K. G. J. Jacobi (1804-51), professor of 
mathematics at Konigsberg in Prussia. Jaco- 
bian ellipsoid of equilibrium, a heavy rotating fluid 
ellipsoid in equilibrium although having three unequal 
axes. Jacobian function. See function. Jacobian 
system of differential equations, a complete system 
of the form 
** * 6 -^ - 
(h = 1, 2, . . . , m; k = m + 1, . . . , m + n). 
II. n. A functional determinant whose sev- 
eral constituents in any one line are first dif- 
ferential coefficients of one function, while its 
several constituents in any one column are first 
differential coefficients relatively to one varia- 
ble. The vanishing of the Jacobian signifies 
that the functions are not independent. It is 
indicated by the letter J. 
Such [functional] determinants are now more usually 
known as Jacobiatis, a designation introduced by Profes- 
sor Sylvester, who largely developed their properties, and 
gave numerous applications of them in higher algebra, as 
also in curves and surfaces. Encyc. Brit., XIII. 31. 
Jacobin (jak'6-bin), n. and a. [In first sense 
ME. Jacobin, ( OF. Jacobin ; in later senses < F. 
Jacobin = Sp. Pg. Jacobino, < ML. Jacobinus, 
< LL. Jacobus, Jacob, James: see jack 1 .'] I. 
n. 1. In France, a black or Dominican friar: 
so called from the church of St. Jacques (Ja- 
cobus), in which they were first established in 
Paris. See Dominican. 
Now frere menour, nowjacobyn. 
Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6838. 
2. A member of a club or society of French 
revolutionists organized in 1789 under the name 
of Society of Friends of the Constitution, and 
called Jacobins from the Jacobin convent in 
Paris in which they met. The club originally in- 
cluded many of the moderate leaders of the revolution, but 
the more violent members speedily gained the control. It 
had branches in all parts of France, and was all-powerful 
in determining the course of government, especially af- 
ter Robespierre became its leader, supporting him in the 
measures which led to the reign of terror. Many of its 
members were executed with Kobespierre in July, 1794, 
and the club was suppressed in November. 
Itinerant revolutionary tribunals, composed of trusty 
Jacobins, were to move from department to department ; 
and the guillotine was to travel in their train. 
Macaulay, Barere. 
Hence 3. A violently radical politician; one 
who favors extreme measures in behalf of pop- 
ular government ; a radical democrat : former- 
ly much used, often inappropriately, as a term 
of reproach in English and American politics. 
There are two varieties of Jacobin, the hysterical Jaco- 
bin and the pedantic Jacobin ; we possess both, and both 
are dangerous. M . Arnold, Nineteenth Century, XIX. 854. 
Jacobean Architecture. 
Bramshtll House, Hants, England. 
from 1567), or to his times; also, in occasional 
use, to James II., King of England (1685-88, 
died 1701): as (with reference to the former), 
Jacobean architecture or literature. Jacobean ar- 
chitecture differed from the Elizabethan chiefly in having 
a greater admixture of debased Italian forms. 
The Jacobean and Civil War poetry is prolific in love 
ditties, war songs, pastorals, allegories, religious poetry. 
Ediiiiniri/h Rev., CLXIII. 473. 
Their [Wykeham's and Waynflete's] successors have the 
sense to turn away from Ruskinesque and Jacobcean vaga- 
ries, and to build in plain English stilt. 
Contemporary Rev., LI. 610. 
Jacobian 1 (ja-ko'bi-an), a. [< LL. Jacobus, 
Jacob, James, + -t-an.] Same as Jacobean. 
4. [1. c.} An artificial variety of the domestic 
pigeon, whose neck-feathers form a hood. 
The jacobin is of continental origin, and has its name 
from the fancied resemblance in the hooded round white 
head to the cowl and shaven head of the friar. 
The Century, XXXII. 106. 
5. [(. c.] In ornith., a humming-bird of the ge- 
nus Heliothrix, as H. auritus. 
II. a. Same as Jacobinic. 
They must know that France is formidable, not only as 
she is France, but as she is Jacobin France. 
Burke, A Regicide Peace. 
Giles in return derided Harper as a turn-coat, who, though 
now so ready to fight France, was once a member of a 
Jacobin society, and in 1791 and 1792 a declaimer for the 
rights of man. Schouler, Hist. U. S., I. 385. 
Jacobinia (jak-o-bin'i-a), n. [NL. (Stefano 
Moricand, about 1846), < Jacobin. ] A genus con- 
taining about 30 species of shrubs and herbs of 
the natural order Acanthaceai, native in tropi- 
cal and subtropical America, frequently culti- 
vated for ornament. The corolla has an elongated 
tube, with the lips long and narrow, the lower S-cleft. 
The flowers are large, variously colored, yellow, red, or- 
ange, or rose-purple, and usually disposed in dense ter- 
Jacob's-ladder 
minal clusters or in axillary fascicles. The leaves are op- 
posite and entire. 
Jacobinic (jak-o-bin'ik), a. [= Sp. Jacobinico; 
< Jacobin + -ic.} Of, pertaining to, or resem- 
bling the Jacobins of France ; turbulent ; dis- 
contented with government ; radically demo- 
cratic; revolutionary. Also Jacobin, Jacobini- 
cal. 
Jacobinical (jak-o-bin'i-kal), a. [< Jacobinic + 
-al.} Same as Jacobinic. " 
They arose from her [Austria's] own ill policy, which 
dismantled all her towns, and discontented all hersubjects 
by Jacobinical innovations. Burke, Policy of the Allies. 
The triumph of Jacobinical principles was now complete. 
Scott, Napoleon. 
Jacobinically (jak-o-bin'i-kal-i), adv. As a 
Jacobin, or as the Jacobins. 
Jacobinism (jak'6-bin-izm), n. [< F. Jacobi- 
nisme = Sp. Jacobinismo ; as Jacobin + -ism.} 
The principles of the Jacobins ; unreasonable 
or violent opposition to orderly government. 
For my part, without doubt or hesitation, I look upon 
jacobinism as the most dreadful and most shameful evil 
which ever afflicted mankind. 
Burke, Conduct of the Minority. 
But it is precisely this idea of divinely-appointed, all- 
pervading obligation, as the paramount law of life, that 
contemporary Jacobinism holds in the greatest abhor- 
rence, and burns to destroy. 
Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. 47. 
Jacobinize (jak'o-bin-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
Jacobinized, ppr. Jacobinizinij. [< Jacobin + 
-ize.} To taint with Jacobinism. 
I think no country can be aggrandized whilst France is 
Jacobinized. Burke, Policy of the Allies. 
Jacobinly (jak'o-bin-li), adv. In the manner 
of Jacobins. Imp. Diet. 
Jacobi's equation, unit, etc. See equation, etc. 
Jacobite (jak'o-bit), . and a. [= F. Jacobite = 
Sp. Pg. Jacobita, < ML. Jacobita, < LL. Jacobus, 
< Gr. 'IaKu/3of, Jacob, James: see jack 1 .} I. . 
1. In Eng. hist., a partizan or adherent of 
James II. after he abdicated the throne, or of 
his descendants. The Jacobites engaged in fruitless 
rebellions in 1715 and 1745, in behalf of James Francis Ed- 
ward and of Charles Edward, son and grandson of James 
II., called the Old and the Young Pretender respectively. 
"An old Forty-five man, of course?" said Fairford. " Ye 
may swear that," replied the Provost "as black &Jaco 
bite as the auld leaven can make him." 
Scott, Redgauutlet, ch. ill. 
2. EccUs., one of a sect of Christians in Syria, 
Mesopotamia, etc., originally an offshoot of the 
Monophysites. The sect has its name from Jacobus 
Baradzeus, a Syrian, consecrated bishop of Edessa about 
541. The head of the church is called the patriarch of 
Antioch. 
The! maken here Confesmoun right as the Jacobytes don. 
Mandeville, Travels, p. 121. 
II. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the partizans of 
James II. or his descendants ; holding the prin- 
ciples of a Jacobite. 
The Jacobite enthusiasm of the eighteenth century, par- 
ticularly during the rebellion of 1745, afforded a theme, 
perhaps the finest that could be selected, for fictitious 
composition, founded upon real or probable incident. 
Scott, Redgauntlet, Int. 
2. Of or pertaining to the sect of Jacobites. 
In Abyssinia, Jacobite Christianity is still the prevailing 
religion. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 313. 
In the 6th century the Jacobite revival of the Eutychian 
heresy divided the Western Syriac alphabet into two 
branches, a northern and a southern. 
Isaac Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 294. 
Jacobitic (jak-o-bit'ik), a. [< Jacobite + -ic.} 
Relating to the British Jacobites. 
Jacobitical (jak-o-bit'i-kal), a. [< Jacobitic + 
-al.} Same as Jacobitic. 
Jacobitically ( jak-o-bit'i-kal-i), adv. In a man- 
ner or spirit resembling that of the Jacobites 
of Great Britain. 
Jacobitism (jak'o-bit-izm), n. [< Jacobite + 
-ism.} The principles of the British Jacobites, 
or of the sect of Jacobites. 
The spirit ot Jacobitism is not only gone, but it will ap- 
pear to be gone in such a manner as to leave no room to 
apprehend its return. 
Bolingbroke, Remarks on Hist. Eng. 
All fear of the Stuarts having vanished from men's minds, 
the Whigs no longer found it answer to accuse their op- 
ponents of Jacobitism. Quarterly Rev., CLXIII. 234. 
Jacob's-chariot (ja'kobz-char'i-ot), n. The com- 
mon monk's-hood, Aconitum Napellus. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
jacobsite (ja'kob-zit), n. [< Jakobs(berg) (see 
def.) + -Jte 2 .] An oxid of manganese and iron 
related to magnetite and belonging to the spinel 
group, found at Jakobsberg in Sweden. 
Jacob's-ladder (ja'kobz-lad'er),. [In allusion 
to the ladder seen by the patriarch Jacob in a 
dream (Gen. xxviii. 12).] 1. Naut., a rope lad- 
