Jansenism 
Jansenism (jan'sen-izm), n. [< Jansen (see 
def . ) + -ism. The Flemish surname Jansen = 
E. Johnson.] A system o evangelical doctrine 
deduced from the writings of Augustine by Cor- 
nelius Jansen, Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres 
(1585-1638), and maintained by his followers. 
It is described by Catholic authorities as " a heresy which 
consisted in denying the freedom of the will and the pos- 
sibility of resisting Divine grace," under "a professed at- 
tempt to restore the ancient doctrine and discipline of the 
Church." (Cath. Diet.) It is regarded by Protestant au- 
thorities as " a reaction within the Catholic Church against 
the theological casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit 
order," and "arevival of the Augustinian tenets upon the 
inability of the fallen will and upon efficacious grace." 
(0. P. Fisher, Hist. Reformation, p. 451.) 
Jansenist (jan'sen-ist), n. [< Jansen (see def.) 
+ -ist.] 1. One of a body or school in the Ro- 
man Catholic Church, prominent in the seven- 
teenth and eighteenth centuries, holding the 
doctrines of Cornelius Jansen. See also Old 
Catholics (a), under catholic. 2. In the eigh- 
teenth century, a garment, part of a garment, 
or a fashion, supposed to be expressive of se- 
verity of manners : in allusion to the Jansen- 
ists of Port Royal. Thus, a sleeve covering 
the whole arm was called a Jansenist. Jansen- 
ist crucifix. See crucifix. 
jant (jant), a. [A dial. var. of genfl. Cf.janty, 
jaunty.] Cheerful; merry. [Prov. Eng.] 
Where were dainty ducks and jant ones, 
Wenches that could play the wantons. 
Barnaby's Journal. (UaUiwell.) 
jantt, v. and n. Bee jaunt 1 . 
qantily, adv. See jauntily. 
jailtiliess, n. See jauntiness. 
qanty, a. See jaunty. 
janty-car, n. Same as jaunting-car. 
January (jan'u-a-ri), n. [< ME. January (also 
Janivere, Janyvere, etc., after OF.: see Janivere) 
= OF. and F. Janvier = Pr. Januer, Januier, Ge- 
novier, Genoyer = Sp. Enero = Pg. Janeiro = It. 
Gennajo. Gennaro = D. January = G. Dan. Ja- 
nuar = Sw. Januari, < L. Januarius (sc. mensis), 
the month of Janus, < Janus, Janus : see Janus.] 
The first month of the year, according to pres- 
ent and the later Roman reckoning, consisting 
of thirty-one days. Abbreviated Jan. 
Januayst, a. and n. An obsolete form 
3218 
Japalura (jap-a-lu'rii), n. [NL.] A genus of 
lizards of the family Agamida;. There are sev- 
eral species, found in Sikhim, Formosa, and the 
Loochoo islands. 
japalure (jap'a-lur), n. An agamoid lizard of 
the genus Japalura : as, the variegated japa- 
lure, J. variegata. 
Japan (ja-pan'), a. and n. [Prop., as an adj., 
attrib. use (Japan varnish, work, etc.) of the 
name of the country called Japan (D. Dan. Sw. 
G. Japan = F. Sp. Japan = Pg. Japao = It. 
Giappone = Russ. Yaponiya), < Chin. Jih-pun 
(Jap. Nihon or Nippon), lit. 'sunrise' (that is, 
the East, the Japanese archipelago lying to the 
east of China), < jih (Jap. ui), the sun, + pun 
(J&p.pon or lion), root, foundation, origin. The 
name was introduced into Europe by the Dutch 
or Portuguese.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Ja- 
pan: as, Japan varnish (now written "japan 
varnish," without reference to the country); 
Japan work, etc Japan allspice, anemone, cam- 
phor, etc. See the nouns. Japan clover, the legumi- 
form of Getio- 
Januform (ja'nu-form), a. [< L. Janus, Janus, 
+ forma, form.] Having the form of Janus 
that is, two-faced. [Rare.] 
The supposition was that the statue was to be Janujorm, 
with Playfair's face on one side and Stewart's on the 
other ; and it certainly would effect a reduction in price, 
though it would be somewhat singular. 
Sydney Smith, To Francis Jeffrey. 
JanUS (ja'nus), n. [L., prob. orig. "Dianus, 
like fern. Jana for Diana, being thus etymologi- 
cally = Gr. Z^v, a form of Zcvf, L. Jovis, Jupi- 
ter (cf. LL. Januspater) : see deity, Diana, Jove, 
Jupiter. The assumed connection with^'a 
a door, is prob. due to popular etymolo 
1. A primitive Italic solar divinity regarde 
among the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven 
and the especial patron of the beginning and 
ending of all undertakings. As the protector of 
doors and gateways, he was represented as holding a staff 
or scepter in the right hand and a key in the left ; and, as 
the god of the sun's rising and setting, he had two faces, 
one looking to the east, the other to the west. His temple 
at Rome was kept open in time of war, and was closed 
only in the rare event of universal peace. 
Your faction then belike is a subtile Janus, and has 
two faces. Milton, On Def. of Humb. Remonst. 
Hence 2. A doorkeeper. [Rare.] 
They differ herein from the Turkish Religion, that they 
haue certaine idoll puppets made of silke or like stuffe, 
oi the fashion of a man, which they fasten to the doore of 
their walking houses, to be as lanusses or keepers of their 
house. Purehas, Pilgrimage, p. 421. 
3. [NL.] A genus of hymenopterous insects 
of the family Vroceridai, resembling Cephus, 
but distinguished from it by the filiform an- 
tennffl. There is one European species, J. con- 
nectus, and one North American, J. flaviven- 
tris. 
Janus-cloth (ja'nus-kldth), n. A textile fabric, 
the color of one face of which is different from 
that of the other: used for reversible garments. 
Janus-cord (ja'nus-k6rd), n. A kind of rep 
made of woolen and cotton, the cord or rib 
showing on both sides alike. 
Janus-faced < ja'nus-fast), a. Having two faces ; 
two-faced; hence, double-dealing; deceitful. 
Janus-headed (ja'nus- hedged), a. Double- 
headed. 
Janvert, n. See Janivere. 
Jap (jap), n. [Short for Japanese.] A Japa- 
nese. [Colloq., U. S.] 
Jap. A common abbreviation of Japanese. 
part of the United States about the y 
time it has spread throughout the Southern States. Its pur- 
plish flowers are minute and axillary, the pod one-seeded. 
The leaves are trifoliate, very small, but numerous. The 
root is perennial, strikes deep, and resists drought. It 
thrives in good soil or poor, in the former growing erect 
and bushy, sometimes two feet high. It is highly valued 
for pasturage and for hay. Japan colors. See color. 
Japan earth. Same as Terra Japonica (which see, un- 
der terra). Japan globe-flower. See Kerria. Japan 
wax. See wax. 
II. n. II. c.] 1. Work varnished and figured in 
the manner practised by the natives of Japan. 
On shining altars of Japan they raise 
The silver lamp ; the fiery spirits blaze. 
Pope, R. of the L., iii. 107. 
2. A liquid having somewhat the nature of a 
varnish, made by cooking gum shellac with lin- 
seed-oil in a varnish-kettle. Litharge or some sim- 
ilar material is also usually added to quicken the drying 
of the resulting japan. When it has been cooked down 
to a very thick mass termed a "pill," it is allowed to cool, 
and is then thinned down with turpentine. Japan is a 
light-colored brownish-yellow liquid, of about the consis- 
tency of varnish. A thin surface of it dries in from fifteen 
to thirty minutes. It is used principally as a medium in 
grinding japan colors. A small portion added to ordinary 
ouse-paints makes them dry more rapidly, hence it is 
sometimes called japan drier. 
They were stained ... in imitation of maple, but far 
less skilfully. Sometimes they were a black Japan. 
Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, I. 330. 
3. ATI asphaltum varnish. 4f. A black cane. 
Davies. 
Like Mercury, you must always carry a caduceus or con- 
juring japan in your hand, capped with a civet-box. 
The Quack's Academy, 1678 (Hart. Misc., II. 33). 
Black japan, or japan lacquer, a varnish of a jet-black 
color ; a hard black varnish used for producing a glossy- 
black and enamel-like surface on iron, tin, and other mate- 
rials. It is made by cooking asphaltum with linseed-oil, 
and thinning the resulting thick mass with turpentine. 
Also called japan black, black asphaltum, Brunswick black. 
Old Japan, Japanese porcelain which has a white 
ground decorated with dark blue under the glaze, and 
with red, green, and occasionally other enamels, with some 
gold. This porcelain, which is the best-known of all the 
Japanese decorative porcelains, is now known as Hizen or 
/man. 
japan (ja-pan'), v. t.; pret. and pp. japanned, 
ppr. japanning. [< japan, n.] To varnish with 
japan; cover with any material which gives a 
hard black gloss. 
Two huge, black, japanned cabinets . . . reflecting from 
then: polished surfaces the effulgence of the flame. 
Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 195. 
Japanese (jap-a-nes' or -nez'), a. and n. [< F. 
Japonais = It. Giapponese, etc. ; as Japan + 
-ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Japan or its inhabi- 
tants Japanese art, the art of Japan, an original, con- 
sistent, and strictly national development, noteworthy 
chiefly in the departments of industrial and of decorative 
art. The productions of this art are characterized by fit- 
ness for their purpose and constructive soundness, and 
exhibit at once delicacy of touch and freedom of hand. 
In architecture the groundwork is plain and simple, the 
Japanese Art. Example from a native Japanese book. 
jape 
models not differing greatly from those of neighboring 
Asiatic countries. But the decoration shows the true 
artistic spirit ; there is richness of curving, inlaying of 
bronze, gold, and precious woods, and brilliant color, but 
no excess or heaviness, and no masking of structural ele- 
ments. In paintiny and the kindred arts the highest 
study, that ol the human figure, has not been mastered ; 
but the refined and true drawing of animals and plants, 
with accurate representation of swift motion, and the har- 
monious use of color, are alike remarkable. In sculpture, 
especially in bronze and wood, the same subjects are treat- 
ed with the same qualities and the same success. 1'he 
technic of the Japanese bronzes especially has never been 
attained by other peoples. Lacquered ware, embossed in 
gold and colors, represents another industry in which 
the Japanese are unrivaled. Their pottery and porcelain, 
though ol great beauty, is perhaps excelled by that of the 
Chinese. In textile fabrics, embroidery, wall-papers, etc., 
the exactness of observation and mastery 01 technical 
rendering alike of Japanese artist and workman produce 
admirable results. Japanese bantam, a quaint orna- 
mental variety of bantam with short yellow legs, and plu- 
mage white with the exception of the tail, which is black. 
The tail is very large, and is earned so upright that in the 
cock it almost touches the head ; and the wings droop so 
as nearly to reach the ground. Japanese box. Ssme as 
Chinese box. See Euanymw. Japanese cypress, one 
of various species of Cham&cyparis. Japanese deer, 
Cervus sika. Japanese elm. Same as Iteald. Japanese 
ivy. See ivy 1 - Japanese long-tailed fowls, a breed of 
the domestic hen developed in Japan, similar in form to a 
game or a small Malay, but characterized by the remarkable 
length of the trailing sickle- feathers of the cock, which fre- 
quently attain six or seven feet, and sometimes much more. 
Also known saPhenix. Shinotauaro,or Yokohama j'wcls. 
Japanese pasque-flower, persimmon, quince, silk, 
yam, etc. See the nouns. 
II. n. 1. sing. and/)?. A native or natives of 
Japan, an island empire in the Pacific ocean, 
lying to the east of Corea, consisting of four 
large islands and from three to four thousand 
smaller ones. The Japanese style their own country 
jfihon (or Nippon) (see Japan, etymology), or Dai Kihon 
(or Nippon), 'Great Nihon,' and sometimes Yamato, from 
the name of the region in which the old capital was situ- 
ated. 
2. The language of the inhabitants of Japan. 
It is an agglutinative language, and often claimed, on 
doubtful grounds, to belong to the Ural-Altaic family, as 
related especially with Mongol and Mauchu. 
Japanesque (jap-a-nesk'), [< Japan + 
-esque.] Resembling the Japanese, or what is 
Japanese; akiu to Japanese ; imitating the Jap- 
anese art. 
Japanism (ja-pan'izm), n. [= F. Japonisme; 
as Japan + -ism.'} Japanese art, customs, etc.; 
also, the study of things peculiar to Japan. 
Japantem a new word coined to designate a new field 
of study, artistic, historic, and ethnographic. 
Harper's May., LXXVI. 334. 
Japanization (ja-pan-i-za'shon), n. The act or 
process of conforming, orthe state of being con- 
formed, to Japanese ideas, as of art or civiliza- 
tion. 
japanned (ja-pand'),7>.. 1. Covered with ja- 
pan, or with something resembling it in effect. 
2. Appearing as if varnished with japan : as, 
the japanned peacock, Pavo iiigripennis. 
There is one strange fact with respect to the peacock, 
namely the occasional appearance in England of the ja- 
panned or "black-shouldered" kind. 
Darwin, Var. of Animals and Plants, p. 305. 
Japanned leather. Same as patent leather (which see, 
under leather). 
japanner (ja-pan'6r), n, 1. One who applies 
japan varnish, or produces japan gloss. 2. A 
shoe-black. 
Well, but the poor the poor have the same itch ; 
They change their weekly barber, weekly news, 
Prefer a new japanner to their shoes. 
Pope, Imit. of Horace, I. i. 166. 
Japanners' gliding. See gilding. 
japanning (ja-pan'ing), n. [Verbal n. of japan, 
v.] The art of coating surfaces of metal, wood, 
etc., with japan or varnish, which is dried and 
hardened by means of a high temperature in 
stoves or hot chambers. 
Japannlsh (ja-pan'ish), a. [< Japan + -ishl.] 
Of or pertaining to Japan or the Japanese ; of 
Japanese character. [Rare.] 
In some of the Greek delineations (the lycian painter, 
for example) we have already noticed a strange opulence 
of splendour, characterisable as half-legitimate, half-mere- 
tricious, a splendour hovering between the Kaffaelesque 
and the Japannish. Carlyle, Sterling, vi. 
jape (jap), v, [< ME. japen, < OF. japer, japper, 
F. japper = Pr. japar, trifle, jest, play a trick, 
tr. trick, impose upon; origin uncertain.] I. 
intrans. To jest; joke. [Obsolete or archaic.] 
In his pley Tarquynyus the yonge 
Gan for to jape, for he was lyght of tonge. 
Chaucer, Good Women,!. 1699. 
My boon companion tavern-fellow him 
Who gibed and japed in many a merry tale 
That shook our sides at Pardoners, Summoners, 
Friars, absolution -sellers, monkeries, 
And nunneries. 
Tennyson, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham. 
II. trans. To deride ; gibe ; mock ; befool. 
