juchten 
hem.juchta = Po\.juc1it,juchta, Russia leather.] 
Russia leather: a German form of the Russian 
name, sometimes used in English. Also juft. 
The Russians have long been possessed of a method of 
making a peculiar leather, called by them Jucten, dyed 
red with the aromatic saunders wood, ure, Wet., ill. . 
juck (juk), v. i. [Imitative ; cf. jug*.] To make 
a peculiar sound resembling this word, as a 
partridge. 
iucundt (juk'und), a. [< L.jucundus, pleasant : 
see jocund.'] An obsolete form of jocund. Bailey. 
jucundityt (ji?-knn'di-ti), . [< L. jucundi- 
ta(t-)s, pleasantness/ jucundus, pleasant, joc- 
und : see jocund, and cf . jocundity. ] Pleasant- 
ness; agreeableness. 
The new unusual, or unexpected jocundities, which pre- 
sent themselves to any man in his life, at some time or 
other will have activity enough to excitate the earthiest 
soul and raise a smile from moat composed tempers. 
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 16. 
jud (jud), . [Cf. jad.~\ 1. In Eng. coal-mining, 
a block of coal, about four yards square, holed, 
kirved, or undercut, and nicked, ready to be 
thrown down. 2. In Eng. quarrying, same as 
3. U. D. An abbreviation of the Latin (Middle 
and New Latin) titular degree Juris utriusque 
Doctor (doctor of both laws) that is, Doctor 
of both Civil and Canon Law. 
Judaean, a. and n. See Judean. 
Judsophobe (jo-de'o-fob), n. [< Gr. 'lovdalof, a 
Jew, -f -^o,3of, fearing, < $ofcw6ai, fear.] One 
who has a strong dislike or fear of the Jews; 
a Jew-hater. 
Judseophobia (jS-de-o-fo'bi-ft), n. [NL., < L. 
Judteus, Gr. 'lowSaiof, Jew, + -Qofita, fear, < ?o- 
/jeiaBai, fear.] Fear or hatred of the Jews, or 
of their influence ; dread of Jews and opposi- 
tion to their admission to full citizenship: a 
sentiment still prevalent in some countries. 
Judaic (JQ-da'ik), a. [= P. judatque = Sp. Pg. 
judaico = It. gludaico, < L. Judaicus, < Gr. 'lou- 
dawcdf, of or pertaining to Judea, < 'lovSaia (L. 
Judwa), Judea: see Judean.] Pertaining or re- 
lating to the Jews ; Jewish in condition or ten- 
dencv. 
Judaical (jij-da'i-kal), a. [< Judaic + -al.\ 
Same as Judaic. 
Judaically (ji?-da'i-kal-i), adv. After the Jew- 
ish manner. 
Judaisation, Judaise, etc. See Judaization, 
etc. 
Judaism (jo'da-izm), n. [= F. judaisme = Sp. 
judaismo = Pg. judaismo = It. giudaismo, < 
LL. Judaismus, < Gr. 'lavoaio/tfy, Judaism, < 'lav- 
oai&iv, Judaize: see Judaize.] 1. The reli- 
gious system and polity of the Jews, as en- 
joined in the laws of Moses. 
But we are told, we embrace Paganism and Judaism iu 
the arms of toleration. A most audacious calumny ! 
Milton, Articles of Peace with the Irish. 
Judaism alone, of all the ancient religions, went at least 
so far as to lay the basis of a spiritual or universal reli- 
gion. Faith* of the World, p. 300. 
2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremo- 
nies. 3. A Jewish quarter or Jewry. [Rare.] 
The Jews had also their Jewerie, or Judaimie, not for 
a "corporation " merely, but also for the requirements of 
their faith and worship, and for their living together. 
Mayhem, London Labour and London Poor, II. 128. 
The Judaism, in Eng. Met., a term used to designate reve- 
nues arising from exactions imposed on Jews. 
The revenue of the Judaism, as it was termed, was man- 
aged by a separate branch of the exchequer, termed the 
exchequer of the Jews. S. Dowell, Taxes in England, 1. 90. 
Judaist ( jii'da-ist), n. [< Juda(ism) + -is*.] An 
adherent of Judaism ; a Judaizer. 
Judaistic (jo-da-is'tik), a. [< Judaist + -ic.] 
Relating or pertaining to Judaism. 
Judaistically (jo-da-is'ti-kal-i), adv. In a Ju- 
daistic manner ; with a tendency to Judaism. 
It can have been designed only for Judaistically-Ais- 
posed readers. Encyc. Brit., XX. 729. 
Judaization (jo"da-i-za'shqn), n. [< Judaize 
+ -a Hon.] The act of Judaizing; a conform- 
ing to the Jewish religion or ritual. Also 
spelled Judaisation. 
Judaize (jo'da-iz), v.i pret. and pp. Judaized, 
ppr. Judaizing. [< F. juAdiser = Sp. judaizar 
= Pg. judaisar = It. giudaizzare, < LL. Judai- 
zare, < Gr. 'lovda&iv, live or act in the manner 
of the Jews, < 'lovSaloc, a Jew: see Judean.] 
I. intrans. 1. To conform to Judaism in any 
respect ; adopt or affect the manners or customs 
of the Jews. 
3246 
They prevailed on the Galatians to judaize so far 
as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances. 
Milner. 
2. To reason or interpret like a Jew. 
By their sorcerous doctrine of formalities they take the 
way to transforme them out of Christian men into Judaa- 
-'- Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. 
II. trans. To bring into conformity with Ju- 
daism: as, to Judaize the Christian sabbath. 
Error by that time had brought back again Priests, Al- 
tars and Oblations ; and in many other Points of Religion 
had miserably judaiz'd the Church. 
Milton, Touching Hirelings. 
The English translation of the Bible had to a very great 
degree Judaized, not the English mind, but the Puritan 
temper. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser., p. 273. 
Also spelled Judaise. 
Judaizer (jo'da-I-zer), n. 1. One who conforms 
to Judaism in any respect; one who reasons or 
interprets according to Jewish ideas or teach- 
ings. 
The Judaizers clamored for other criterions ; not so 
"James, Cephas, and John." The Century, XXXII. 487. 
Specifically 2. One of a class of persons in 
the early church who, though converted from 
Judaism to Christianity, still insisted on obe- 
dience to the Mosaic law. Also called Jewish 
Christian. 
Also spelled Judaiser. 
Judas (jo'das), n. [= F. Judas, a treacherous 
person, a peephole (so called with reference to 
the treachery of Judas Iscariot, one of the 
apostles), < LL. Judas, < Gr. 'loMof, Judas, 
Judah, Jude, a Grecized form of Judan, < Heb. 
Yehudah, Judah, a name first known as that of 
one of the sons of Jacob: see Judean, Jew.] 
1. A treacherous person; one who betrays un- 
der the semblance of friendship. 2. [I. c.] In 
some old houses, a lattice with small openings 
in a door, through which those inside could 
look without being seen: designed to prevent 
the admission of objectionable persons. 
A. judos I in certain old Parisian houses) is a square iron 
lattice, with such small spaces in the metal that no wea- 
pon could be thrust through them while the warder was 
reconnoitering the visitor. Some judases have a double 
lattice ; all have an iron flap inside to keep Inquisitive 
eyes from prying into the house and yard. 
The Century, XXVII. 70. 
Hence 3. [I. c.] In a prison, a small opening 
in the door or wall of a cell to enable the guards 
to watch the prisoners ; a judas-hole. 
judge 
Judas-tree (jo'das-tre), n. [NL. arbor Judce: 
so called because, according to tradition, Judas 
hanged himsell 
on a tree of this 
kind. Cf. Jew's- 
ear.~\ 1. Origi- 
nally, the Certis 
Siliquastrum of 
southern Europe, 
a small legumi- 
nous tree with 
handsome purple 
flowers. 2. The 
similar American 
tree, Cercis Cana- 
densis, the red- 
bud. 3. The el- 
der-tree of the 
old world, Sambu- 
cus nigra, which 
grows to a height 
of 25 feet. [Prov. 
Eng,] - California 
Judas-tree, Cerds 
renifonnis(C. occiden- 
talis). 
judcock (jud'kok), 
TO. [Also juddocJc, jeacocK.] 
snipe, 1. 
iuddock (iud'ok), n. Same as judcock. 
Judean, Judaean (jij-de'au), a. and n. [< L. 
Judafus,< Gr. 'lowSoioc, Jewish, a Jew, < lavoaui, 
Judea, Palestine, < Heb. YeMdah, Judah, son 
of Jacob, whose name was also given to the 
kingdom so called: see Judas, Jew.'} L 
Relating to Judea, the southernmost division 
of Palestine in the time of Christ, lying south 
of Samaria. 
II. . A native or an inhabitant of Judea; 
a Jew. 
judge (juj), n. [< ME. jiigge, juge, < OF. juge, 
F. juge = Pr. jutge = Sp. juez = Pg. juiz = It. 
giudice, < L. judex (judic-), one who declares 
the law, a judge, < jus, the law, + dicere, say, 
declare: see jits 2 and diction. Cf. judge, v.~\ 1. 
A public officer invested with authority to hear 
and determine causes, civil or criminal, and to 
administer justice between parties in courts 
held for the purpose ; a public officer appointed 
to exercise the judicial power; a justice; a 
magistrate. 
Judas-tree or Redbud (Cercis Cana- 
densis). 
j, branch with flowers; a, branch with 
leaves and fruit ; a, flower. 
Same as jack- 
Jews. 
They say ... that usurers should have orange-tawny 
bonnets, because they do judaize. 
Bacon, Usury (ed. 1887). 
Immediately over it [a door] is a narrow horizontal slit 
about as large as the opening for letters in a street letter- 
box covered by a pivoted strip of wood which can be 
raised and lowered like the blade of a jack-knife so as to 
open or close the aperture. This contrivance, which IB 
known to the political prisoners as the Judos, enables 
the guard to look into the cell at any time without attract- 
ing the attention of the occupant , 
The Century, XXXV. 622. 
Judas of the paschal See the extract. 
This wooden imitation of a candle, which rested on the 
socket of the middle branch [of the seven-branched can- 
dlestick] was called it is not known why the Judas of 
the paschal, at the top of which was let in the true wax 
candle. Hock, Church of our Fathers, III. li. 244. 
Judas-colored (jo'das-kul"ord), a. Red: ap- 
plied to hair, from the notion that Judas had 
red hair. 
I do not like his oath, there's treachery in that Judas- 
cdour'd beard. Dryden, Amboyna. 
With leering Looks, Bullfac'd and Freckled fair, 
With two left Legs, and Judas-colour' d Hair. 
Dryden, On Jacob Tonson. 
Judas-cup (jo'das-kup), . A wooden bowl 
used in medieval times at monastic and domes- 
tic refections on Maundy Thursday evenings. 
Judas-ear (jo'das-er), n. Same as Jeic's-ear. 
Judas-hole (jo ''das -hoi), n. A small trap or 
hole in a door made for peering or watching, 
either from within or from without. Also 
judas. See judos, 3. 
He knew the world as he had seen it through judos- 
holes, chiefly in its foulness and impurity. 
C. Beade, Never too Late to Mend. 
Judas-light (jo'das-lit), n. A wooden imitation 
of the paschal candle. See paschal. 
Judaslyt (jo'das-li), a. [< Judas (see Judas) 
+ -/J/ 1 .] Like Judas; treacherous. 
Shall any of them prove a devil as Christ said of Judas? 
or ever as these with us of late, have to do with any 
devilish or Judttsly fact? Bp. Andrews, Works, 1. 15. 
Judaslyt (jo'das-li), adv. [< Judas (see Judas) 
+ -ty 2 .] Like Judas; treacherously. 
Thou shalt vnderstand, most deare reader, that William 
Tyndall was Judasly betrayed by an Engllsheman. 
Tyndale, Works, p. 429. 
Jonas . . . hyred a shyppe to thentent he myght Ju- 
dasly flee from the face of our lorde God. 
Bp. Fisher, Works, p. 203. 
But seldome sitts the fudge that may not erre. 
Puttenham, Partheniades, v. 
The charge is prepared, the lawyers are met, 
The judges all ranged : a terrible show ! 
Gay, Beggar's Opera, in. 2. 
2. [cap.] A title of God as supreme arbiter of 
all things. 
The Lord the Judge be judge this day between the chil- 
dren of Israel and the children of Ammon. Judges xi. 27. 
3. In a more general sense, any one intrusted 
with authority to arbitrate on the rights of 
others : as, no man ought to be a judge in his 
own cause. 4. A person appointed to decide 
in any competition or contest; an authorized 
arbiter: as, to make one a judge in a dispute; 
the judges of a competitive exhibition. 
The controverse of beauties soveraine grace; 
In which, to her that doth the most excell, 
Shall fall the girdle of falre Florimell. . . . 
The judges, which thereto selected were, 
Into the Martian field adowne descended. 
Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 6. 
0, Heaven be judge how I love Valentine. 
Shak., T. O. ofV.,v. 4, 38. 
5. A person skilled in determining the true 
nature or quality of anything; one qualified or 
able to discriminate, as between good and bad, 
right and wrong, genuine and spurious, etc.; 
a connoisseur; an expert: as, & judge of wines 
or of paintings; a judge of character or of 
qualifications. 
Mr. Brisk, you're a Judge : was ever anything so well 
bred as my Lord? Congreve, Double-Dealer, 11. 2. 
A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of 
poetry or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting. 
6. In Jewish hist., an administrative officer who 
stood at the head of the Hebrew state in the 
intermediate period between the time of Mo- 
ses and Joshua and that of the kings. These 
officers were generally military leaders, without any regu- 
lar transmission of their authority, not supreme magis- 
trates succeeding to the rule of Moses and Joshua. None 
of the judges had authority over all the tribes, and some- 
times two or more were contemporaneous. 
And it came to pass, when Samuel was old, that he made 
his sons judges over Israel. 1 Sam. vui. 1. 
7 [cop.] pi. The seventh book of the Bible, 
properly the " Book of Judges" (Liber Judicum, 
Vulgate). It contains the history of the Israelites un- 
