judge 
der the administration of the judges from the death of 
Joshua to about the time of the birth of Samuel. The date 
and authorship arc unknown. Koine critics regard Sam- 
uel as the author; others llwl traces of srvcial authors 
or compilers, and place the final revision as late as the 
eighth century B. u. 
8. In coal-miniiii/, the measuring-rod with which 
the depth of a holing or jad is ascertained. 
[Eilg.j Associate judge, tho designation usually given 
to each of the judges of a court other than the chief orpre- 
siding Judge. Chief Judge, a Judge who presides over the 
sessions and deliberation.') <M a court. The office of chief 
judge is often a distinct otllce, having a slightly higher 
salary ; but in some eases the position belongs to the 
member of the court who may be chosen by his associates, 
or who is entitled to it by virtue of seniority In office. 
Circuit judge, (a) The judge of a circuit court ; specifi- 
cally, in the United States, the judge appointed to preside 
over one of the nine circuits into which the country is 
divided. A circuit court Is commonly held by him with 
the district judge, or with a justice of the Supreme Court; 
but it may be held by any one of the three alone, or by 
any two together. Formerly the justice of the Supreme 
Court allotted to a circuit was called the circuit judge, 
(b) The term has sometimes been employed to designate a 
special judge, or one of a class of special judges, added to 
a court for the purpose of holding trials, but without be- 
ing a member of a court In bane. City judge, the usual 
title in the United States of a local magistrate Having crim- 
inal or civil jurisdiction, or both, within the limits of a 
city. County Judge, a local magistrate having a limited 
jurisdiction within a county. District judge, a judge 
whose jurisdiction is confined to a particular district ; spe- 
cifically, In the United States, the judge of a district court 
in one of the numerous districts into which the country is 
divided for judicial purposes, there being usually two or 
more districts within each State. Judge ordinary, in 
England, formerly, the judge of the Court for Divorce and 
Matrimonial Causes. Judges' Chambers. See chnm- 
ber. Lay Judge, a judge who is not a lawyer. Muni- 
cipal judge. Same as city judge. Presiding Judge, 
(a) The judge for the time being holding a court or pre- 
siding in a court. (6) A chief judge. Probate Juage, 
or judge Of probate, a judge having jurisdiction of tes- 
tamentary causes ; a surrogate. Puisne judge, a junior 
judge : the title formerly used in tho English superior 
courts of common law for a judge other than the chief 
judge. Side judge, a designation sometimes given to a 
magistrate, or each of two magistrates, of inferior rank, 
associated with a magistrate of higher grade for the pur- 
pose of constituting a court Trial judge, the judge 
before whom a cause is tried: used particularly in ap- 
pellate courts to designate the judge whose rulings are 
brought under review. = Syn, 1 and 3. Judge, Umpire, 
Referee, Arbitrator; justice, arbiter. Judge is a technical 
word for a legal officer with duties clearly defined : as, 
a judge of probate ; or a general word for a person em- 
powered to arbitrate or award : as, to act AS judge at con- 
tests, an exhibition of paintings, a competitive exami- 
nation, etc. Umpire is a name applied to the person 
selected to decide all disputed point* connected with a 
public contest : as, the umpire In a game of base-ball. 
Referee is somewhat more loosely used. In legal usage 
referee means one to whom a pending cause or some 
branch of it is referred, with the sanction of the court, 
to act in place of the judge, or in aid of his determination, 
the result being a decision of the court ; while an arbi- 
trator is one to whom a question is referred simply by 
agreement of the parties, without sanction of the court. 
The reference of a pending cause to an arbitrator takes it 
out of court, and precludes further proceedings In court 
In a boxing-match, boat* race, foot- ball game, etc., the ref- 
eree is the same as an umpire. Sometimes an umpire 
is legally appointed to decide where arbitrators disagree. 
Thus all these words may have technical senses when used 
as legal terms. 
judge (juj), v. ; pret. and pp. judged, ppr. judg- 
ing. [< ME. juggen, jugen, < OF. jitger, F. ju- 
ger = Pr. jutjar, jutgar = Sp.juzgar = Pg. jtil- 
gar = It. giudicare, < L. judicarc, declare the 
law, judge, decide, (judex (judic-), one who de- 
clares the law, a judge : see judge, n. Cf . ad- 
jiiilije, adjudicate.} I. intrans. 1. To act as a 
judge ; pronounce upon the merits of a cause 
or controversy ; pass judgment. 
The Lord judge between me and thee. Oen. xvl. 5. 
Judge not, that ye be not judged. For with what judg- 
ment ye judge, ye shall be judged. Mat. vii. 1, 2. 
It is not ours to judge far less condemn. Byron. 
2. To form a judgment or mental assertion; 
say to one's self tnat so and so is or is not 
true; make up one's mind about the truth of 
a matter. 
When I shal conferre the thinges I see with those I 
haue read, I will iudye accordingly. 
Lyly, Euphues and his England, p. 247. 
We uniformly judge improperly when we assent to what 
we do not clearly perceive, although our judgment may 
chance to be true. 
Descartes, Prin. of Philos. (tr. by Veitch), i. 44. 
3. To make a critical determination; decide 
as to what is true or false, good or bad, genuine 
or spurious, etc. ; estimate the value or magni- 
tude of anything. 
They are employed to judge of commodities , such as raw 
silk, by handling than. 
//. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., 80. 
II. trans. 1. To hear and determine authori- 
tatively, as a cause or controversy; examine 
into and decide upon. 
Rewards and punishments are not received, but at the 
hands of such as, being above us, have power to examine 
imA judge our deeds. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. !*. 
3247 
2. To try at the bar of justice ; pass judgment 
upon. 
God shall judge the righteous and the wicked. 
Eccl. ill. 17. 
3. To pass sentence upon ; adjudge; sentence; 
condemn. [Rare.] 
And the barouns and alle tho peple selde she was no- 
thlnge trtwc, and thei luged |her| to be brent. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ia 430. 
Vpon the (Min of them our Savyor stode whanne he was 
jugede to Deth. TorHnyton, Dlarie of Eng. Travel!, p. ai 
4. To form a judgment or opinion of or upon ; 
decide upon critically ; estimate. 
Some censure this act as cruel and tyrannical ; but, con- 
sider'd well, it may be judg'd more favourably. 
Milton, Hist. Eng., T. 
We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, 
while others judge us by what we have already done. 
Longfellow, Kavanagh, I. 
5. To hold as an opinion ; esteem ; consider. 
If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord. 
Act* xvi. 15. 
If mm judge that learning should be referred to action, 
they judge well. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, U. 109. 
[Ee] judged it highly expedient to use despatch. 
Goldsmith, Vicar, xzL 
=8yn. B. To account, hold, believe, deem, consider, re- 
gard. 
judge-advocate (juj'ad'vo-kat), n. See advo- 
cate. 
judgemant, [< ME. juggeman; < judge + 
num.] A judge ; doomsman. 
Full arely Ihejuggemcn demed hym to dye, 
Both prestls and prelatis to Pilate made preysing, 
And alls cursid caytilfis and kene on criste gan tbel crle, 
And on that lele lorde made many a lesyng. 
York Plays, p. 427. 
judgement. . See judgment. 
judger (juj er), n. One who judges or forms a 
judicial or critical opinion ; a judge. 
Readle speakers generallle be not the best, playnest, 
and wisest writers, nor yet the deepest iudgers In welghtie 
affaires. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 115. 
That within her which a wanton fool 
Or hasty judger would have call'd her guilt 
Made her cheek burn. Tennyson, Geralut 
judgeship (juj'ship), H. {< judge + -ship.] The 
office of a judge ; authority to judge ; also, the 
period of incumbency of a judge. 
To pass over those concerning the Pope, his universal 
pastourship, judgshipia controversies, power local! coun- 
cils. Barrow, The Pope's Supremacy. 
judginglyt (juj'ing-li), adv. In the manner of a 
judge f as one qualified to judge ; judiciously. 
This work neither his own ministers nor any els can dis- 
cerningly anouBh or judgingly perform without his own 
Immediat direction, In his own fit season. 
Milton, Civil Power. 
judgmatical (juj-mat'i-kal), a. [Irreg. < judge 
+ -matical,B.sindogmatical.~] Judicious; skil- 
ful ; done with or manifesting good judgment. 
[Colloq.] 
So a judgmatical rap over the head stiffened the lying 
impostor for a time. J. F. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, xxv. 
The tone [of the book) U moderate and judgmatical 
throughout. Athenaum, No. 3186, p. 080. 
judgment, judgement (juj'ment), n. [< ME. 
juggementjugement, < OF.jugement, F.jugement 
= Pr. jufiamen = OSp. juzgamieto = Pg. julga- 
mento = It. giudicantento, < ML. judicamentum, 
a judgment, < Li.judicare, judge: see judge, v.\ 
1. The faculty of judging. 
When one goeth about to prove anything, he must firste 
Invente somewhat to prove his cause, the whlche when he 
hath dooen, he must use judgemente bothe In framyng tho 
same reason so Invented, and also to see whether it serveth 
for the purpose or not. 
Sir T. Wilson, Rule of Reason (1652). 
Specifically (o) The intellectual power of perceiving re- 
lations between ideas, as the relations of similarity, dif- 
ference, etc. 
When the notice touches upon two or more Ideas toge- 
ther, there generally arises another, not compounded or 
extracted from them, but generated by them to wit, an 
idea of comparison, resemblance, identity, difference, rela- 
tion, distance, number, situation, or other circumstance 
belonging to them : all which, in metaphysical language, 
are comprehended under the general term ot judgment. 
A. Tucker, Light of Nature, I. xt 
(ft) The power of recognizing the true or just relations be- 
tween Ideas; thepowerof judginfrwiselyand justly; cor- 
rect, sound, or acute intellectual perception ; understand- 
ing ; good sense. 
And hence perhaps may be given some reason for that 
common observation that men who have a great deal of 
wit and prompt memories have not always the clearest 
judgment or deepest reason ; for, wit lying most In the as- 
semblage of ideas and putting those together with quick- 
ness and variety wherein can be found any resemblance 
or congruity, thereby to make up pleasant pictures and 
agreeable visions in the fancy, judgment on the contrary 
lies quite on the other side, in separating carefully, one 
from another, ideas wherein can be found the least dif- 
ference, thereby to avoid being misled by similitude, and 
by affinity to take one thing for another. 
Locke, Human Understanding, II. xi. i i 
judgment 
To speak therefore of judgment u It U in the best poets ; 
they who have the greatest proportion of It want other 
helpsthan from It, within. An fur example, you would be 
loth to say that he who Is endued with a sound judgment 
has no need of history, geography, or monl philosophy, to 
write correctly. Judgment Is Indeed the muter workman 
In a play ; but he requires many subordinate hands, many 
tools to his assistance. Dryden, Dramatlck Poesy. 
2. The act of judging, (a) The act of affirming (or 
denying) a relation (as of similarity or difference) between 
two idea*. 
Judgment ... is the putting Ideas together, or sepa- 
rating them from one another In the mind, when their 
certain agreement or disagreement Is not perceived, but 
presumed to be so. s 
Locke, Human Understanding, IV. xiv. 4. 
(b) The process of arriving at a conclusion or decision ; the 
determination of a doubtful or debatable matter. 
Ye shall do no uurightcouane 
in judgment. 
Lev. xix. 16. 
A Daniel come to judgement ! yea, a Daniel ! 
O wise young judge, now I do honour thee ! 
Shot., M. of V., IT. 1, 228. 
3. The product of the mental act of judging; the 
recognition of a relation between objects; a 
mental affirmation or proposition; the thought 
that a given general representation is really 
applicable to a certain object; tho actual con- 
sciousness of belief. The Kantian logicians speak 
ot judgments where other logicians speak of propositions, 
in order to show that they study thought, and not merely 
Its expression in language. 
We find him (Kant) distinguishing two kinds of judg- 
ments; Judgments of perception, and judgments of experi- 
ence. The former are judgments which merely express a 
connection of individual experience, and which, therefore, 
give rise only to a subjective association of Ideas. The 
latter are judgments in which the connection is determined 
by one of the categories, and which therefore express an 
objective relation of things. 
. Caird, Fhilos. of Kant, p. 364. 
An accurate judgment Is onewhlch corresponds precise- 
ly to the realities represented, or which faithfully expresses 
the relations of things. 
J. Sully, Outlines of Psychol. , p. 408. 
4. The decision of a judge, or of one acting as a 
judge; an authoritative determination; specif- 
ically, the judicial decision of a cause in court ; 
adjudication; award; sentence. 
Than comaunded the kynge leodogan that lugement 
sholde be yoven be the rede of his barouns. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), ill. 49. 
Another Difference . . . was between the two Arch- 
bishops of England, about the Jurisdiction of Canterbury 
over York, which being referred to the Pope, he gave 
Judgment on Canterbury's Side. Baker, Chronicles, p. 58. 
The Lord and his Spirit puts into the preacher's month 
a judgment against oppression, against extortion, against 
usury, and he utters tn&t judgment. Donne, Sermons, x. 
Specifically (a) the determination of the rights of the 
parties in a common-law action, as distinguished from a 
decree in chancery ; (b) the determination of the rights 
of the parties in any action, legal or equitable, under the 
reformed procedure ; (c) the document embodying such 
determination. When those rights have been conceded, 
or established by evidence, and it only remains to compel 
compliance with the judgment, the judgment is called 
final If before enforcing the judgment it Is necessary to 
take proceedings to determine the application of those 
rights as, for instance, to take an accounting, or to turn 
lands or chattels Into money for the purpose of division 
the determination of the rights- of the parties first had is 
an Interlocutory judgment or decree ; and after such fur- 
ther proceedings have been bad the court gives a final 
judgment or decree, which can be immediately enforced. 
C. An opinion formed or put forth ; a conclu- 
sion drawn from premises; a decision based 
on observation or belief; an estimate; a view. 
By the judgment of the most authentlcal physicians. 
11. J onion. Every Man out of his Humour, iv. 4. 
Where blind and naked Ignorance 
Delivers brawling judgments, unashamed, 
On all things all day long. 
Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. 
6. A divine allotment or dispensation ; a decree 
or commandment of God; specifically, an event 
or experience regarded as a direct manifesta- 
tion of the divine will, especially of the divine 
displeasure. 
How unsearchable are bis judgments t Rom. xi. 33. 
You have more fearful Examples of miraculous Judge- 
ments In this particular [of swearing], than of any other 
Sin. Bmcell, Letters, I. T. 11. 
Through thorns ot judgment mercies bloom 
In sweet relief. Whittier, Anniversary Poem. 
7. The final trial of the human race in the fu- 
ture state ; the judgment-day. 
The angels which kept not their first estate ... he 
hath reserved . . . unto the judgment of the great day. 
Jndee. 
One that, before the judgement, carries poor souls to bell. 
Shot., C. of E., iv. 2, 40. 
Accumulative Judgment. s- nerumulatin. Alter- 
native judgment. See alternative. Arrest Of Judg- 
ment. See urreai. Breastplate of Judgment. See 
breastplate. 1. Confession of judgment. See confes- 
sion Constitutive, regulative judgment. Seepn'n- 
apfe. Critical suspension of Judgment. See critical. 
