ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a.,adj adjective. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abL ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agrl agriculture. 
AL. Anglo-Latin. 
alg. algebra. 
Amer American. 
aiiat anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antiq antiquity. 
aor mirist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch architecture. 
:t r r h; i-ol . archaeology. 
urith. arithmetic. 
art article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bar Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
blol biology. 
Bohem. Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg. Bulgarian. 
carp. carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf L. confer, compare. 
ch, church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
com par. comparative. 
conch. conchology. 
con] conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
cranlol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
del definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E. East 
B. English(ii<iiaUyniran- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
o. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. lud East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engln engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epli Episcopal. 
equlv equivalent. 
esp. especially. 
Eth Ethiopia. 
ethnog ethnography. 
i tin:' .1. ethnology. 
i-t j in. etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f. . fern feminine. 
F. French (ttfuaHv mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries. Friesic. 
tat future. 
aennan(u*ua22j/nwati- 
in'j New High Ger- 
man). 
Gad. Gaelic. 
galv. galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
gaol. geology. 
geom geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Miesogothic). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb. Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hlit history. 
horol. horology. 
hort hortloulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic hauatttj 
meaning Old Ice- 
landfc,oAen0isVMB 
rd Old Norse). 
ichth Ichthyology. 
i.e. \,.idfsl, that is. 
Impers Impersonal. 
i 1 1 1 1 1 f Imperfect. 
Iropv. imperative. 
in 1 1 imp improperly. 
Inil. Indian. 
iml. Indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
iinlrf. indefinite. 
inf. Infinitive. 
instr Instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr., intrans intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg irregular, I/regularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (utuattu mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol llchenology. 
Ut. literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Llth Lithuanian 
llthog lithography. 
lithol llthology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach .machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MI' Middle Dutch. 
If Middle English (other. 
true called Old Eng- 
lish). 
NHG. 
NL. 
mech. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
mensnr mensuration. 
metal. metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Mt-i. Mexican. 
MGr Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHU Middle High German. 
mllit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
mycol. mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
n., in-lit. neater. 
K New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nut. natural. 
naut nautical. 
nav navigation. 
NQr New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
New High German 
(vtually limply G., 
German). 
New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nominative. 
Norm. Norman. 
north. northern. 
Norw. Norwegian. 
numia. numismatics. 
O Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg. Old Bulgarian (other- 
trtw called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat. Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem. Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth .Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
O8p Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTent Old Teutonic. 
P.*. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
put participle. 
paaa. passive. 
pathol pathology. 
perf. perfect 
Pen. Persian. 
pen person. 
persp. perspective. 
PeruT Peruvian. 
f.'. petrography. 
Portuguese. 
pharmacy. 
Phenlcian. 
jiliilul. philology. 
philos. philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical 
physiol physiology. 
pi., plu r plural. 
poet poetical. 
political. 
Polish. 
pp. past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr. Provencal (uruofly 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencjd). 
pref. prefix. 
prep preposition. 
prea. present 
pret preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop properly. 
Pro t Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. qua) 
tide, which see. 
refl. reflexive. 
reg. regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Rom Romanic, Romance 
(kusfuflges). 
Rnss Russian. 
8. South. 
s. Amer South American. 
K L. Kilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing. singular. 
Skt Sanskrit 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
sub] subjunctive. 
snpei 1 superlative. 
snrv surveying. 
8w Swedish. 
syn synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratoL teratology. 
term. termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
tbeat. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxlcol toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk, Turkish. 
typog. typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
T. verb. 
var variant 
Tet veterinary. 
T. L intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach. Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
xobgeog zoogeography. 
root zoology. 
wot zootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
as In fat, roan, pang, 
a as in fate, mane, dale, 
a as In far, father, guard, 
a as in fall, talk, naught 
A as In ask, tost, ant 
a as in fare, hair, bear, 
e as In met, pen, bless, 
e as in mete, meet, meat 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
i as In pin, It. biscuit 
,1 as in pine, fight, file, 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
i> as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u as in tub, son, blood, 
u as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
n as In 'pull, book, could. 
u German u, French u. 
ol as In oil, Joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates Its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
1U distinctive quality. See Preface, p xi. 
Thus: 
4 as in prelate, courage, captain. 
'. as in ablegate, episcopal. 
Q as In abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
V as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
a as in errant, republican. 
as in prudent, difference. 
i as in charity, density, 
p. as in valor, actor. Idiot 
I Mli Persia, peninsula, 
e as In the- book. 
U as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonant* t, d, 
t, t indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to ch, j, ih, zA. Thus : 
( as in nature, adventure, 
d as In arduous, education. 
9 as in leisure. 
z as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TII as In then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (in French words) French liquid (moo- 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at ita 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; i. e., derived from. 
> read vhence ; i. e., from which is derived. 
+ read and ; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
read theoretical or alleged; t e., theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
t read obtolete. 
