kiln 
and material being mingled together in one furnace ; and 
those for vitrifying, drying, and baking, in which the ma- 
terial is separated from the furnace proper. The lime-kiln 
represents the first class. It consists of an upright furnace 
resembling a blast-furnace, the limestone and fuel being 
fed into the top and the burned lime or quicklime being 
drawn below. (See limei.) To the second class belong the 
pottery-kilns, brick-kilns, and porcelain-kilns. The pot- 
tery- and porcelain-kilns, which include also terra-cotta, 
drain-pipe, and other similar kilns, consist of a structure, 
usually of brick, circular in section and cone-shaped, the 
furnaces being arranged around the edge below, and the 
hollow space within being filled with the materials to be 
burned or vitrified. In the common pottery-kiln the ma- 
terials are exposed directly to the flames from the fur- 
naces. In the kilns for finer ware the materials are pro- 
tected from direct contact with the fires. Drying-kilns 
for malt, hops, grain, lumber, etc., are strictly dry-houses 
or drying-rooms, though sometimes called kilns. Fruit- 
kilns are now superseded by evaporators. Brick-kilns are 
properly distinguished from brick-clamps by the fact that 
the furnace is a permanent structure. See brick?. 
Not farre from the Citie are twentie Lyme Mis, and as 
many Brick-iKfe, seruing for the reparations of the Tem- 
ple, and the houses thereto belonging. 
Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 16. 
To lie in kilns and barns at e'en . . . 
Is, doubtless, great distress ! 
Burns, First Epistle to Davie. 
kiln (kil), . *. [Also kill ; < kiln, n.] To dry or 
burn in a kiln. 
The dough [fire-clay] is compressed in a mould, dried 
and strongly kilned. Ure, Diet., III. 226. 
kiln-dried (kil'drid), a. Deprived of moisture 
by treatment in a furnace or kiln, 
kiln-hole (kil'hol), n. The opening of an oven. 
Schmidt. 
Fal. Ill creep up into the chimney. 
Mrs. Ford. . . . Creep into the Iain-hole. 
Shuk., M. W. of W., iv. 2, 69. 
kiln-house (kil'hous), . A house for baking 
and brewing. 
And he [a vicar] and his successors shall have a mes- 
suage, and two barns, and one horse-mill, and kilne-house, 
and one acre of land in Spillesby aforesaid. 
StryjK, Memorials, Edw. VI., an. 1550. 
kilo (kil'6), n. An abbreviated form of kilogram. 
kilpdyne (kil'o-dln), n. [Irreg. contr. < Or. 
xl'htoi, a thousand, + E. dyne."] In physics, an 
amount of force equal to 1,000 dynes. 
kilogram, kilogramme (kiro-gram), n. [< F. 
kilogramme, < Gr. xihni (irreg. reduced in the 
French metric system of nomenclature to 
kilo-), a thousand, + ypdfifia, a weight (a gram) : 
see gram' 2 .] The ultimate standard of mass in 
the French system of weights and measures, 
equal to 1,000 grams ; the mass of a certain cyl- 
inder of platinum deposited in the Archives of 
France on the 22d of June, 1799, and thence 
known as the Kilogramme des Archives. But in fu- 
ture the ultimate standard will be the international kilo- 
gram at the Pavilion de Breteuil near Sevres; this substi- 
tution will not alter the value of the kilogram. The kilo- 
gram was intended to be (and is, within one ten-thousandth 
part) the mass of a cubic decimeter of water at its maxi- 
mum density. It was ascertained by Miller to be equal to 
15432.34874 grains, or 2.20462125 imperial pounds, with a 
probable error of 3 in the last decimal place. An inde- 
pendent determination by Miller (made merely as a check 
upon the other) gave 2.20462116, with a probable error of 
5 in the last place. The real error, however, and indeed 
the variations of weight of this ill-constructed Kilogramme 
des Archives, may very likely be somewhat greater. See 
metric system, under metric. 
kilogr ammeter, kilogrammetre (kil-o-gram'- 
e-ter), n. [< F. kilogrammetre; as kilogram + 
meter 2 .'] A unit used in measuring mechanical 
work, equal to the work done against gravity in 
raising one kilogram a vertical distance of one 
meter : it is equivalent to about 7. 2 foot-pounds. 
kiloliter, kilolitre (kil'o-le-t6r), . [< F. kilo- 
litre, < Gr. %iKiai, a thousand, + \lrpa, a pound 
(taken as 'liter'): see liter.'] A unit of capa- 
city equal to 1,000 liters. 
kilometer, kilometre (kil'o-me-ter), , [< F. 
kilometre, < Gr. X&IOL, a thousand, + fihpov, a 
measure (taken as 'meter'): see meter 2 .] A 
length of 1,000 meters, or of a statute mile 
less 19 feet 2 inches. Abbreviated Tern. 
kilpstere (kil'o-ster), n. [< F. kilostere, < Gr. 
x'Atoi, a thousand, + orepedf, solid (taken as 
'store'): see stere.] A French solid measure, 
consisting of 1,000 steres or cubic meters, and 
equivalent to 35314.72 cubic feet. 
kilowatt (kil'o-wot), n. [< Gr. *ttw, a thou- 
sand, + E. watt.] A thousand watts. 
kilti (kilt), . t. [< ME. kylten, < Dan. kilte, kil- 
tre, truss, tuck up, = Sw. dial, kilta, swaddle ; 
appar. < Icel. kjalta, the lap, = Sw. dial, kilta, 
the lap, = Goth, kilthei, the womb.] 1. To 
tuck up; truss up (the clothes). [Scotch.] 
With wind waffing hir haris lowsit of trace, 
Hir skirt kiltit till hir bare knee. 
Qavin Douglas, .Eneid. i. 320. 
Janet has lolled her green kirtle 
A little abune her knee. 
The Young Tamlane (Child's Ballads, 1. 116). 
3286 
The wives maun kilt their coats and wade into the surf 
to tak' the fish ashore. Scott, Antiquary, xxvi. 
2. In dressmaking, to lay (a skirt or a flounce) 
in deep, flat, longitudinal plaits hanging free at 
the bottom, in the fashion of a Highland kilt. 
kilt 1 (kilt), . [Also kelt; < kil ft, v. Cf. Icel. 
kilting, a skirt. The Gael, word for 'kilt' is 
represented by fillibeg. The Ir. cealt, Olr. celt, 
clothes, is prob. unrelated.] In the original 
Highland dress, that part of the belted plaid 
which hung below the waist ; in modern times, 
a separate garment, a sort of petticoat reach- 
ing from the girdle nearly to the knees, com- 
posed of tartan and deeply plaited. The gar- 
ment is imitated in various fabrics for chil- 
dren's wear. See kilting 1 . 
Aft have I wid thro' glens with chorking feet, 
When neither plaid nor kelt cou'd fend the weet. 
Ramsay, Poems, II. 393. 
There arises in the mind of the present writer a comi- 
cal vision of the twirling plaid kilt worn by the very in- 
adequate representative of the historically kiltless thane. 
The Academy, Oct. 20, 1888, p. 252. 
Among the Highlanders, the kilt seems to have been 
originally formed by folding and girding up the lower part 
of the mantle or plaid. Jamieson. 
kilt 2 (kilt). An obsolete or dialectal preterit 
and past participle of kill 1 . 
kilt 3 (kilt), a. [Origin obscure.] Small ; lean ; 
slender. Halliwell. [Prov. Eng.] 
kilted (kil 'ted), a. [< Jcilft, n., + -ed 2 .] Wear- 
ing a kilt. 
Thus having said, the kilted goddess kissed 
Her son, and vanish'd in a Scottish mist. 
Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
kilter, kelter* (kil'ter, kel'ter), n. [Cf. kilt- 
ing' 2 ; origin uncertain.] Order; proper form, 
adaptation, or condition : only in the colloquial 
phrase out of kilter. 
Y" very sight of one [a gun] (though out of kilter) was a 
terrour unto them. 
Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, p. 235. 
If the organs of prayer be out of kelter, or out of tune, 
how can we pray? Barrow, Works, I. vi. 
"I'm a. failure because I always see double," pursued 
Hollis, "like a stereoscope out of kilter." 
C. F. Woolson, Jupiter Lights, xviii. 
kilting 1 (kil'ting),?!, [Verbal n. of fcittV-] An 
arrangement of flat plaits set close together, 
each one hiding about half of the last, so as 
generally to make three thicknesses of stuff. 
kilting 2 (kil'ting), n. [Cf.WZter.] 1. A tool; an 
instrument. 2. One of the component parts of 
a thing. 
kimbot, kimbollt, kimbowt, n. See akimbo. 
kimbot (kim'bo), a. [Also kembo; by aphere- 
sis from akimbo, akimbow, q. v.] Bent, as the 
arms when set akimbo. [Bare.] 
The Jimfto-handles seem with bears foot carv'd. 
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Eclogues, ill. 
kimbot (kim'bo), v. t. [Also kembo; < kimbo, 
a.] To set (the arms) akimbo ; crook; bend. 
"Oons, madam!" said he, and he kemboed his arms, and 
strutted up to me. . . . " Kemboed arms ! my lord, are you 
not sorry for such an air?" 
Richardson, Sir Charles Grandison, IV. 288. 
kimet, n. A Middle English form of come. 
kimelint, kimelingt, n. Same as kimnel. 
Anon go gete us faste into this in 
A knedyng trough or ellis a kymelyn. 
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 362. 
kim-kamt (kim'kam), . [A varied redupl. of 
kam' 2 , cam 2 .] Crooked; awry. 
The wavering commons in kym Team sectes are haled. 
Stanihurst, tr. of Virgil. 
True (quoth l\ common it is in some sort, and in some 
sort not : but first mark, I beseech you, the comparison, 
how they go clean kirn kam, and against the stream, as if 
rivers run up hills. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 959. 
kimmer (kim'er), . A variant of cummer. 
Kimmerian (ki-me'ri-an), a. and n. See Cim- 
merian. Gladstone. 
Kimmeridge clay, shale. See Kimmeridgian. 
Kinimericlge-coal money, ornament. See 
money, ornament, 
Kimmeridgian (kim-e-rij'i-an), a. and . [< 
Kimmeridge (see def.) + -Jan.] In geol., noting 
a division of the Jurassic series, forming the 
base of the upper or Portland Oolite group as 
used by English geologists, and named from 
Kimmeridge, on the coast of Dorsetshire. The 
rocks of this geological division are chiefly shales, cement- 
stones, and clays. In the lower division of the Kimme- 
ridgian fossils are abundant, and among them are bones 
of various saurians. Portions of the Kimmeridge shale are 
so bituminous that they have been, and still are, burned 
by the cottagers as fuel in districts where they occur. 
The shale has also been employed at various times for 
making naphtha, candles, and even gas. This is the ma- 
terial from which the so-called "coal money " was made in 
prehistoric times. The cement-stones of the Kimmerid- 
gian have been used for cement. 
kin 
kimnelt (kim'nel), n. [() Early mod. E. also 
kymnel, kemnel, Sc. kimmen, kymmond, ME. him- 
nell, kymnelle (ML. ciminilc); (ft) also kimling, 
kemlin, early mod. E. "kimelin. kemelin, < ME. 
kymelyng,kymlyne,kemclyn(<;t.ML.cumula,cimi- 
line), a bowl, tub; prob. dim. of the form seen 
in MD. komme, D. kom = LG. kumm = OHG. 
cliuhma, chohma, chuma, MHG. G. kumme = 
Dan. kum, kumme, a bowl, kettle, < L. cucuma, a 
cooking-vessel, a kettle.] A large tub used in 
salting meat,in brewing, and for other purposes. 
She's somewhat simple, indeed ; she knew not what a 
kimnel was ; she wants good nurture mightily. 
Beau, and Fl., Coxcomb, iv. 7. 
kimono (ki-mo'no), i. [Jap.] In Jap. cos- 
tume, a garment resembling a European dress- 
ing-gown, folding across the breast, leaving 
the neck exposed, and held in place by a sash. 
The principal outer garment of both sexes is made in this 
form, the chief difference being in the sleeves. Art.Jour., 
1888, p. 156. 
Kimri, Kimry (kim'ri), n. ]il. See Cymry. 
kin 1 (kin), n. [< ME. kin, kyn, ken, kun, < AS. 
cynn, cyn = OS. kunni = O Fries, ken, kin, kon, 
kin, kind, race, tribe, = D. kunne, sex, = MLG. 
knnne = OHG. eunni, ehunni, MHG. cJiunne, kiin- 
ne, kin. kind, race, = Icel. kyn, kin, = Dan. 
kjoa = Sw. Icon, sex, = Goth, kuni, kin: allied to 
kind 1 , kind*, kindle 1 , ken 2 , child, and ult. to the 
equiv. Ir. Gael, cine, race, family, = L. genus = 
Gr. yevof = Lith. gamas = Sbt.janas, kind, race ; 
all ult. from the / "gen, Skt. -\fjan, beget: see 
genus, generate, etc., and kind 1 , kind 2 , ken 2 , etc. 
Hence ult. kindred, king 1 , etc.] 1. Kace; fam- 
ily; breed; kind. 
We beoth of Suddenne, 
Icome of gode kenne, 
Of Cristene Mode, 
And kynges suthe gode. 
King Horn (E. E. T. S.), 1. 176. 
Thou hast lore [lost] thin cardinals at thi rneste nede ; 
Ne keverest thou hem nevere for nones Jmnnes mede. 
Flemish Insurrection (Child's Ballads, VI. 273). 
Snares and tames with fear and danger 
A bright beast of a fiery kin. Stcinburne. 
2. Collectively, persons of the same race or 
family; kindred. 
Here seith the book that Gonnore, the doughter of the 
senescallis wif, hadde right riche kynne of goode knyghtes. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 451. 
The father, mother, and the kin beside. Dryden. 
By the natural expansion of the Household kins are 
formed ; and these kins in turn form within themselves 
smaller bodies of nearer kinsmen, intermediate, as it were, 
between the household and the entire kin. 
W. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 280. 
3. Relationship; consanguinity or affinity; near 
connection or alliance, as of those having com- 
mon descent. 
'Cause grace and virtue are within 
Prohibited degrees of kin; 
And therefore no true saint allows 
They shall be suffer'd to espouse. 
S. Butler, Hudlbras, III. i. 1294. 
4f. Kind; sort; manner; way. 
" What calle ge the castel,"quod I, "that Kuynde hath 
I-maket, 
And what cunnes thing is Kuynde?" 
Piers Plowman (A), x. 26. 
A ryght grete companye withalle, 
And that of sondry regiouns, 
Of alles kinnes condiciouns 
That dwelle in erthe under the mone. 
Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 1531. 
O thae hae sought her, lady Maisry, 
Wi' broaches, and wi' rings ; 
And they hae courted her, lady Maisry, 
Wi' a' kin kind of things. 
Lady Maisry (Child's Ballads, II. 80). 
Kith and kin. See kith, 3. Next of kin. (a) The rela- 
tives of a decedent entitled to his personal estate under 
the statute of distributions. See heir, (b) A person's 
nearest relatives according to the civil law. (Stimson.) The 
phrase does not include a widow, she being specifically 
provided for by the law as widow, and it is sometimes 
used in contradistinction to children : as, the widow, chil- 
dren, and next of kin. In either use it means that one 
(or more) who stands in the nearest degree of blood-rela- 
tionship to the deceased. What degree is deemed near- 
est varies somewhat in the details of the law of different 
jurisdictions ; but in general where there are no children, 
or descendants of children, the father is the next of kin, 
and if there is no father, the mother, and if no parent, 
the brothers and sisters are the next of kin, and so on. 
Of kin, of the same kin ; having relationship; of the same 
nature or kind ; akin. See akin. 
The king is near of kin to us. 2 Sam. xix. 42. 
Like the wife, the adopted son, when he passed out from 
his former household, ceased to have any connection with 
his former relatives. He was no longer of kin to his nat- 
ural father or to his brothers in the flesh. 
()'. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 104. 
To count kin. Seeownti. 
kin 1 (kin), a. [Partly < kin 1 ,!/., partly by aphore- 
sis from akin.] 1. Of kin ; of the same blood ; 
related. 
