knapweed 
ii't-i-il, liiirilliiinl. IIHJI/I rliniil. ;iM<l I iv various other 
names. itlsapri'-nniM iiMm 
'I, with rose-pur- 
Knapweed (Cfntfittr-ta ntgra). 
i, lower part of stem ; a, upper part with 
(lowers; a, scale of the involucre. 
M.mrrs and a gliihubir iiiMiliinr, whose bracts bear 
:i-lill uii'l friiiKi'd, 
d:ilk mini ,-,) .ip 
]ii'lul:iK 1 '- It is 
niitivv in Europe 
and Asia, :ni'l -|i:n 
ingly iiitroiliin-d 
III Alii' Tir.i niillll 
ward on the At- 
lantic coast. Also 
knapweed &ndknob- 
ii-'-, ! . 
knar 1 (niir), . 
[Also written 
gnar; < ME. 
'knarre (= LG. 
knarn-'); u word 
of obscure ori- 
gin, appearing 
also in the 
form knur, q. v. 
Hence knarl, 
gnarl 1 .] 1. A 
knot on a tree. 
A croked tree, 
and ful of knarra. 
Wyclif, Wisdom, 
[xiii. 1 (Oxf.). 
Prickly stubs, instead of trees, are found ; 
Or woods with knots and knarcs deformed and old. 
Dryden, Pal. and Arc., 11. 536. 
2. A rock; a cliff. 
Thay vmbe-kestcn the knarre and the knot bothe. 
Sir Qawayne and the Green Knight (E. K T. S.), L 1434. 
AVildernisse hit is and weste 
Knarres and eludes. 
Owl and Nightingale, L 998. 
3. A short stout man. 
He was schort. schuldred broode, a thikkc knarre [in some 
editions printed i/narre\. 
Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 561. 
[Obsolete or rare in all senses.] 
knar 2 t (niir), r. ('. [Also gnar; = MD. LG. G. 
kniirnii = Dan. knarre = Sw. knarra, creak; 
also 1). knorrcn = G. knurren = Sw. knorra = 
Dan. knorre, growl ; ult. imitative. Hence the 
freq. "knarl, spelled gnarl: see gnarP.] To 
growl. See gnar". 
knark (niirk), n. [Appar. an extension of knar 1 .] 
A hard-hearted or savage person. [Slang, Eng.] 
lie was a good man ; he couldn't refuse a dog, much 
more a Christian ; but he had a butler, a regular /./."///,. 
Mu/ilii'ii; London Labour and London Poor, I. 343. 
knarl, . [See gnarl 1 . Cf. knurl.] See gnarl 1 . 
knar led, . [See gnarled. Cf. knurled.] See 
gnarled. 
knarly, . See gnarly. 
knarred (niird), a. [(knar 1 + -erf 2 .] Knotty; 
gnarled. 
The knarred and crookid cedar knees. 
Longfellow, Building of the Ship. 
knarryt (nii'ri), a. [Also gnarry; < ME. knar- 
ry; < knar 1 + -y 1 .] Knotty; stubby. 
A forest . . . 
With knotty, knarry, bareyne trees olde. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1119. 
knastt, - See gimsfl. 
knat (nat), n. An obsolete or dialectal variant 
of knot*. 
Partridge, pheasant, woodcock, of which some 
May yet be there, and godwit If we can ; 
Kiiut, rail, and ruff too. B. Jonson, Epigrams, cL 
knatcht, r. t. [< ME. 'knacchen, gnacchen, as- 
sibilated form of knakkcn, knack: see knack.] 
To knack ; knock. 
With a great clubbe [he] knatched them all on the lied as 
they had been giauntes. Gossan, Schoole of Abuse, p. 47. 
knaur (nar), u. A dialectal variant of knar 1 . 
knave (uav), n. [< ME. knave, enure, cnafe, < 
AS. enafa (=OHG. chnabc, knabe, knab, MHG. 
G. knabe), also cnapa (> ME. knape) = OFries. 
knaiM. knapi>a = MD. knape, D. knaap = MLG. 
LG. Mope as OHG. knnppo, MHG. knapiic, knapr, 
G. knappc, a boy, servant, = Icel. knn/>i. knti/>jii, 
kiiit/n; ii servant, = Sw. (obs.) knape, esquire; 
perhaps < Teut. kan, the root of ken"*, beget, 
bring forth (see ken-, kin 1 , etc.), the termina- 
tion being perhaps connected with Goth, aba, 
a man, husband, Icel. ufi, a grandfather, some- 
times used in the sense of 'a boy' or 'a man.'] 
It. A boy; a boy as a servant; a servant; a 
fellow. 
That oon of hem gan callen to his knave. 
Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, L 204. 
O murdrrous slumber, 
Lay'st thou thy leaden mari.- UIMMI my boy. 
That plays thw music'? (Sentlo totOM, good night. 
Shak., J. C., Iv. 3, '2ti9. 
I shal In the stable slee thy knave. 
Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 1807. 
3299 
2. A friend; a crony: used as a term of en- 
dearment. 
My good knave, Eros, now thy captain is 
I AMI ttncli a biHly: here I am Antony; 
Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave. 
Shak., A. and C., iv. 14, 12. 
3. A false, deceitful fellow; a dishonest per- 
son; one given to fraudulent tricks or prac- 
tices ; a rogue or scoundrel. 
My present state requires nothing but knaves 
To be about me, such as are prepar'd 
For every wicked act. 
Beau, and Ft., King and No King, 111. 3. 
I know him to be artful, selfish, and malicious in 
short, a sentimental knave. 
Sheridan, School for Scandal, L 1. 
[He] In both senses was a ready knave ; 
Knave as of old, obedient, keen, and quick, 
Knave as at present, skill d to shift and trick. 
Crabbe, Tales. 
4. A playing-card with a servant (usually, in 
English and American cards, in a conventional- 
ized costume of the sixteenth century) figured 
on it; a jack. 
The Knave of Diamonds tries his wily arts, 
And wins (oh shameful chance !) the Queen of Hearts. 
Pope, R. of the L., 111. 87. 
Cuckoo's knave, the wryneck : a translation of the Welsh 
ywas-y-gog. =Syn. 3. Rogue, rascal, sharper, scamp, scape- 
grace, swindler, cheat. 
knavet (nav), r. t. [< knave, n.] To prove or 
make a knave. 
How many nets do they lay to ensnare the squire and 
knave themselves? Gentleman Instructed, p. 477. 
knave-bairn (nav'barn), n. [< ME. knavc-barn,<. 
knave + barn 2 =bairn.] Aman-child. [Scotch.] 
For if it be a knave bairn, 
He's heir o' a' my land ; 
But if it be a lass bairn, 
In red gowd she shall gang. 
'I'n in n l.inr (chilli's Ballads, L 261). 
Wha could tell whether the bonny knave-bairn may not 
come back to claim his ain t Scvtt, Guy Manuering, xxii. 
knave-child*, n. [ME., also var. knape-cMM; < 
knave + chilli.] A male child. 
She n doughter hath yliore, 
Al had liir lever have born a kniiri- child. 
Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, L 388. 
knavery (na'ver-i), . ; pi. knaveries (-iz). [< 
knave + -erjj.~] 1. The action or character of 
a knave; dishonesty; deception in dealing; 
t:-ickery; petty villainy; fraud. 
This Is flat knavery, to take upon you another man's 
name. Shak., T. of the 8., v. 1, 37. 
2. Koguishness; waggislmess; tomfoolery. [Ob- 
solete or archaic.] 
I would we were well rid of this knavery. ... I cannot 
pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot. 
Sha*.,1'. N., Iv. 2, 73. 
They are rul'd and chastiz'd by strokes on their backs 
and soles of theire feete on the least disorder, and with- 
out the least humanity, yet are they cheerful and full of 
knavery. Evelyn. Diary, Oct 7, 1644. 
3. Narthecium ossifragum, the bog-asphodel. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
knaveshipt (nav' ship), n. [< knave + -ship.] 
A certain quantity of grain or meal from a 
grinding, to which the servant (knave) of a mill 
was legally entitled. [Scotch.] 
The Dame Glendinning had always paid her multure 
and knaveship duly. . 'Scott, Monastery, vili. 
knave's-mustard (navz'mus'tard), . A spe- 
cies of Thlaspi, a genus of the mustard family, 
knavish (na'vish), a. [< ME. knavisch; (. knave 
+ -wA 1 .] 1. Like a knave; suited to a knave ; 
tricky; dishonest; fraudulent: as, a knavish 
fellow ; a kniirish trick. 
Hir lemman 1 Certes, this is a knarineh speche : 
Forgiveth it me. Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, L 101. 
Praise is the medium of a knavish trade, 
A coin by Craft for Folly s use designed. 
Cowper, To an Afflicted Protestant Lady in France. 
2. Roguish; waggish; mischievous. 
Cupid is a knavish lad, 
Thus to make poor females mad. 
Shak., M. N. D., lit 2, 440. 
= Syn.. 1. Trickish, rascally, unprincipled. 
knavishly (ua'vish-li), aile. In n knavish man- 
ner. (n) Dishonestly; fraudulently. (6) Waggishly; mis- 
chievously. 
knayishness (na'vish-nes), n. The quality or 
habit of being knavish; trickery; dishonesty. 
knaw 1 , ''. A Middle English or dialectal form 
of kiitiic 1 . 
knaw'-'t, <'. An obsolete spelling of gnaw. 
knawel (na'el), H. [Origin uncertain; cf. G. 
kiitiiicl, kniiurl. a clue of thread.] Any small 
\vivd of the genus HclcriiHtltumrf the order Illr- 
fi'hnn i a ': especially, .s'. HIIHUHX, native in the 
Old World, introduced in America. 
knee 
knead (ned), v. t. [< MK. i,,i:n, ,,,!, H (pp. 
l.iinili-ii), < AS. I'lirilini, Msfi iii -fin tin ii (a strong 
verl), |iret. i-im-il, pp. cimliii), i/i'i-m </</<,< )N<irth. 
gecnceilcn = D. /.mnliii = MLU. /,/., LG. 
/, nrii-n, kneen = OHG. cliiic/ini, rtnlim. Mlli; 
/ HI ii n, I.Hftten, G. kneten = Icel. knodha = Norw. 
l.iinilii, l;niiiiil(i, Limn, knit = Sw. knaila, knead; 
prob. OBulg. gneta, gnestl, press, = Boln'in. 
/.in In, knixti = Pol. giiiiitt:, i/niinc, knead, = 
K'uss. gnetale, gnesti, press, squeeze.] 1. To 
manipulate by squeezing, pressing, or thump- 
ing different parts of; work upon by successive 
thumps or compressions : as, to knead a person's 
limbs in the operation of massage. 
I will knead him ; 111 make him supple. 
Shalt., T. and C., U. 8, 231. 
He turned his bed over, and shook It and kneaded It. 
Qeorye Eliot, Silas Marner, v. 
Specifically 2. To work upon, as plastic ma- 
terials, by repeatedly pressing or squeezing; 
prepare or mix by working over and over with 
the hands or by tools or machinery, as dough 
for bread or clay for bricks. 
The cake she kneaded was the sav'ry meat. 
Prior, Solomon, ii. 
Hence 3. To mix thoroughly; incorporate; 
form into a homogeneous compound. 
If love be serched wel and sought. 
It Is a sykenesse of the thought, 
Annexed and kned bltwlxt twcyne. 
Rom. of the Rale, 1. 4811. 
One common mass composed the mould of man ; 
One paste of flesh, on all degrees bestowed, 
And kneaded up alike with moistening blood. 
Dryden, Slg. andduls., 1. MM. 
The force and sweetness of [Chaucer's] genius kneaded 
more kindly together the Latin and Teutonic elements 
of our mother tongue, and made something better than 
either. Lmvell, Study Windows, p. 264. 
4. To make by kneading. 
There is no Creature that is kneaded of Clay but hath 
his Frailties, Extravagancies, and Excesses. 
1 1 1,11-1 II, Letters, 1L 3. 
kneadable (ne'da-bl), <<. [< knead + -able.] 
Capable of being kneaded. 
The cement is hard and brittle at the ordinary room- 
temperature, but becomes soft and kneadable when held 
in the hand for a few moments. 
Amer. Naturalitt, XXII. 188. 
kneader (ne'der), . [< ME. knedere (= D. kiie- 
der = G. kiteter); < knead + -er 1 .] 1. One who 
kneads; specifically, a mixer of bread; abaker. 
2. An apparatus by which kneading is me- 
chanicallv performed; a kneading-uiachine. 
kneadingly (ue'ding-li), adv. In the manner 
of one who kneads. Leigh Hunt, Foliage, p. 30. 
[Rare.] 
kneading-machine (ne'ding-ma-shen'), n. An 
apparatus for working and mixing dough. Two 
forms are used, one employing heavy metal rollers In a 
wooden trough, the other having a series of curved radial 
arms on a horizontal shafting in an inclosed box. In both 
machines the flour, water, etc., are mixed, and the dough is 
beaten, doubled over, and kneaded in a manner somewhat 
resembling the kneading of a mass of dough by hand. 
kneading-trough (ne'ding-trof), . [< ME. 
knfnyng-trogh,Knediiig-troice, kiieding-trothe ; < 
kneading, verbal n. of knead, v., + trough.] A 
trough or tray in which dough is kneaded. 
Anon go gete us fast into this in 
A knedyng trogh, or ellls a kymelyn. 
Chaucer, Miller's Tale, I. 362. 
And the people took their dough before It was leavened, 
their kneading-troughs being bound up in their clothes 
upon their shoulders. Ex. xii. 34. 
kneading -tubt, . [ME. knedyng-tnbbe.] Same 
as kneading-trough. 
knebelite (neb'el-it), . [Named after Major 
von Knebel.] A mineral of a gray, dirty-white, 
brownish-green, or green color, a silicate of iron 
and manganese, belonging to the chrysolite 
- group, found at Ilmenau in Thuringia and at 
Dannemora in Sweden. 
kneck (nek), . [Perhaps a var. of knack (T).] 
\niit., the twisting of a rope or a cable. 
kneddet. A Middle English past participle of 
l:in-tnl. Cliaiii-i-r. 
knedet, v. t. A Middle English form of knead. 
knee (ne), n. [< ME. kne, knee, knew, know, 
eneoicc, pi. knees, kneen, kneon, cneon, < AS. 
fiiit'nr, contr. cncii = OS. folio, kneo = OFries. 
A'W'K, foti, A - i= D. foiie = MLG. kne, LG. kne, knei 
= OHG. knitt, chniu, knio, cneo, chneo, MHG. G. 
foiie = Icel. kne = Sw. kna = Dan. knee = Goth. 
knia = L. genii (dim. geniculuin, ML. gcnuculum, 
> It. ginocfhio = OSp. i/inojo, Sp. tiinojo = Pg. 
iiii*tliO,}orlho = OF. gciitinil, F. </<'""') = Gr. yow 
= Skt. ./ami, knee; a common Indo-Eur. word.] 
1. The joint between the two principal parts of 
the leg of man or the hind limb of lower ani- 
