laboratory-furnace 
laboratory-furnace (lab'o-ra-to-ri-fer"nas), . 
A small and compact forin of furnace for the 
laboratory or workshop, such as the Bunsen- 
burner furnace or the blast gas-furnace. 
labored, laboured (la'bord), p. a. [< Idbori, 
labour, + -ed?.] 1. Laboriously formed ; made 
or done with laborious pains or care. 
The third Georgic seems to be the most laboured of them 
all ; there is a wonderful vigour and spirit in the descrip- 
tion of the horse and chariot race. 
Addison, Virgil's Georgics. 
2. Bearing the marks of constrained or forced 
effort ; not easy, natural, or spontaneous : as, 
a labored style of composition ; a labored paint- 
ing. 
The Curling Hair in tortured Ringlets flows, 
Or round the Face in labour'd Order grows. 
Gay, The Fan. 
laborer, labourer (la'bor-er), . [< ME. la- 
borer, labourer, < OF. (a)'laboreor, laboreour, la- 
boureur, F. laboureur = Sp. labrador Pg. larra- 
dor = It. laroratore, < ML. labortitor, a laborer, 
< L. laborare, labor ; (6) OF. also laboricr, la- 
bourier, < ML. laborarius, a laborer, < L. labor, 
labor : see labor 1 , v.~\ One who labors or works 
with body or mind, or both; specifically, one who 
is engaged in some toilsome physical occupa- 
tion; in a more restricted sense, one who per- 
forms work which requires little skill or special 
training, as distinguished from a skilled work- 
man ; in the narrowest sense, such an unskilled 
workman engaged in labor other than that of a 
domestic servant, particularly in husbandry. 
And right anon he chaungede his aray, 
And cladde him as a poure labourer. 
Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 551. 
When down he came like an old o'ergrown oak, 
His huge root hewn up by the labourer's stroke. 
Draytim, David and Goliah. 
The number of useful and productive labourers is every- 
where in proportion to the quantity of capital stock which 
is employed in setting them to work, and; to the particular 
way in which it is so employed. 
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I., Int. 
As year by year the labourer tills 
His wonted glebe, or lops the glades. 
Tennyson, In Memoriam, ci. 
laboring, labouring (la'bor-ing), . [Verbal 
n. of labor 1 , ?'.] 1. Toil; exertion; effort. 
Mr. Winthrop was chosen governour again, though some 
laboring had been, by some of the elders and others, to have 
changed. Winthrop, Hist. New England, I. SGO. 
2f. Tillage; cultivation. 
In labouring of lands, is hys [Virgil's] Bucoliques [fig- 
ured). Spenser, Shep. Cal., October, Glosse. 
laboringly, labouringly (la'bor-ing-li), adv. 
In a laboring manner ; with difficulty : as, to 
breathe laboringly. 
laborious (la-bo'ri-us), a. [= F. laborieux = 
Pr. laborios = Sp. Pg. It. laborioso, < L. labori- 
osun (LL. also labosus), full of labor, toilsome, < 
labor, labor : see labor*, n.] 1 . Requiring much 
labor, exertion, or perseverance ; toilsome ; not 
easy: as, laborious duties; a laborious under- 
taking. 
With what compulsion and laborious flight 
We sunk thus low. Milton, P. L., ii. 80. 
2. "Using exertion; practising labor; diligent 
in work or service; assiduous: as, a laborious 
husbandman or mechanic ; a laborious minister 
or pastor. 
Shall these amend thee.who are themselves laborious in 
evil doings? Milton, Hist. Eng., iii. 
3. Characterized by labor or effort ; marked by 
or manifesting labor. 
Their very abstersion and laborious excuses confess it 
was foul and faulty. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), p. 875. 
Laborious orient ivory sphere in sphere. 
Tennyson, Princess, Prol. 
=Syn. 1. Difficult, arduous, wearisome, fatiguing, oner- 
ous. 2. Industrious, painstaking, active, hard-working. 
laboriously (la-bo'ri-us-li), adv. In a labori- 
ous manner ; with labor, toil, or difficulty, 
laboriousness (la-bo'ri-us-nes), n. 1. The 
quality of being laborious or attended with 
toil; toilsomeness ; difficulty. 2. Diligence; 
habitual assiduity. 
Labour or pain is commonly reckoned an ingredient of 
industry ; and laboriousness is a name signifying it. 
Barrow, Works, III. xviii. 
laborless, labour less (la'bor-les), a. [< labor 1 , 
n., + -less.] Not requiring arduous effort ; not 
laborious; easily done. [Bare.] 
They intend not your precise abstinence from any light 
and labourless work. 
Srerewood, On the Sabbath (1630), p. 48. 
labor-market (la'bor-mar"ket), n. The sup- 
ply of unemployed labor considered with refer- 
ence to the demand for it. 
laburnine 
the mouth, which is pierced for the purpose : 
an ornament or conventional symbol used by 
many savage races. It is sometimes held fast by the 
retraction of the edges of the wound, and is sometimes 
easily removable. Such ornaments often have a religious 
significance. They have been or are still used in western 
America, from Peru to the Arctic ocean, and also in Bra- 
zil and in central Africa. 
labretifery (la-bre-tif'e-ri), . [< labret + L. 
feire = E. bear 1 .] The practice of wearing 
labrets. [Rare.] 
Dr. W. H. Dall then read a paper on ... "The Geo- 
graphical Distribution of Labretifery." Science, IV. 345. 
labrid (la'brid), . A fish of the family Labri- 
da;. Also labridan. 
Labridse (lab'ri-de). n.pl. [NL., < Labrus + 
-idee.] A family of acanthopterygian fishes, 
typified by the genus Labrus. Various limits have 
been assigned to this family, (a) Same as Labroides of Cu- 
vier. (6) In Gunther's system of classification, a family of 
Acanthopteri/gii pharyngorjnathi, having pseudobrancliise, 
three and one half gills, and cycloid scales. Also called 
Cyclolabridte. (c) In other systems, fishes of the same type 
us the last, excepting those without ventral fins (Sipho- 
nognathidce) and those with teeth imbricated upon and 
coalesced with the jaws (Scaridce). It includes more than 
400 marine fishes, its representatives being very numerous 
in the tropical and warm seas. The best-known are the 
wrasses of England, the tautog or blackfish and cunner 
of the eastern United States, and the fathead of California. 
Also called Labroidce, Labroidei. See cut under Labrta. 
labridan (lab.'ri-dan), n. Same as labrid. 
labrintht, ' A former spelling of labyrinth. 
labroid (la'broid), a. and . [< Labrus + -aid.] 
I. a. Pertaining to the Labrida; or Labroidea, or 
having their characters. 
II. n. A fish of the family Labrida! or of the 
superfamily Labroidea. 
Labroidea (la-broi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < La- 
brus + -oidca.*] A superfamily of acanthoptery- 
gian fishes, equivalent to the Labroides of Cuvier 
and Labrida! of Giinther, comprising the fami- 
lies Labrida; (), Siphonognathidn, and Scaridce. 
Labroides (la-broi'dez), n. pi. [NL.,< Labrtis + 
Gr. tMof, forin.] In Curler's ichthyological sys- 
tem, the fourteenth family of acanthopterygian 
fishes, with oblong and scaly body, a single dor- 
sal supported in front by spines (each of which 
is generally furnished with membranous appen- 
dages), jaws covered with fleshy lips, the lower 
pharyngeals united, and the intestinal canal 
with only two veiy small Cffica, or none. 
Labrosauridae (lab-ro-sa'ri-de), n.pl. [< Labro- 
saurus + -ida:] A family of carnivorous dino- 
saurs, typified by the genus Labrosaitrus, with 
cavernous opisthoccelous anterior vertebras, 
slender pubes, of which the anterior margins 
are united, and elongated metatarsal bones. 
Labrosaurus (lab-ro-sa'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. 
?.a/3pof, furious, fierce, greedy, + oav/iof, a liz- 
ard.] The typical genus of Labrosauriaas. 
labrose (la'bros or la-bros'), a. [< L. labrostis, 
with large lips, < 'labrum, lip : see labrum.] 
Having thick lips. 
labrum (la'brum), n.; pi. labra (-bra). [L., a 
lip, edge, margin, akin to labium, a lip : see la- 
bium.] In zool. , a lip or lip-like part. Specifically 
(a) In entom., the so-called upper lip of an insect (the 
lower being the labium): a plate lying in front of the 
clypeus, and terminating the upper part of the head an- 
teriorly. It generally has a vertical motion, but may be 
immovably attached. The labrum covers and partly con- 
ceals the organs of the mouth ; it is found in most in- 
sects, but in Diptera it is partly or wholly aborted. Illlger 
called this organ the clypeus, applying the term labrum 
to a narrow posterior division of the upper lip generally 
known as the appendicle. See cuts under Hymenoptera 
and Insecta. (b) In Crustacea and Arachnida, a lobe form- 
ing the upper border of the mouth. In the spiders this 
lobe is very small, and the term labrum is often applied in- 
correctly to the labium, or large shield forming the floor 
of the mouth. See cut under Daphnia. (c) In conch., the 
outer lip of a univalve shell, the inner lip being called the 
labium. See cut under univalve. Forcipate labrum. 
See forcipate. 
Labrus (la'brus), n. [NL. (Artedi), < L. labrum, 
lip: seelabrum.] The typical genus of Labrida; : 
so called from the thick fleshy lips. Very different 
limits have been assigned to it. The old ichthyologists 
referred many very diversiform species to it, hut it has 
Common Bass (Labrax lupus}. 
bracida;, including the labrax of the ancient 
Greeks, and the lupus of the ancient Romans or 
the sea-bass of the English, L. lupus, also called 
SCO-dace and sea-perch. Some related fishes of the 
United States, as the rockflsh or striped-bass and the com- 
mon white perch, formerly placed in this genus, are now 
referred to other genera. Also called Dicentrarchus. 
2. [I. c.] A fish of this genus. 
labret (la'bret), it. [< L. labrum, lip, + -et.] 
A piece of stone, bone, shell, or other material, laburnine (la-ber'nin), . [< laburn(um) + 
inserted into the lip or into the cheek near -ine'^.] A poisonous alkaloid found together 
3318 
laborOUSt (la'bor-us), a. [< labor*, ., + -ous.] 
An obsolete variant of laborious. 
With wery trauel, and with laborous paines, 
Alwaies in trouble and in tediousness. 
Wyatt, Complaint upon Loue. 
laborouslyt (la'bor-us-li), adv. Laboriously. 
He [Julius Ctesar] labourously and studiously discussed 
controversies. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, iii. 10. 
labor-pains (la'bor-panz), n. pi. The pains of 
childbirth. 
labor-saving (la'bpr-sa"viug), a. Saving labor ; 
adapted to supersede or diminish the labor of 
men: as, a labor-sariny machine Labor-saving 
furniture, in printing, ftee furniture. 
laborsome, laboursome (la'bor-sum), a. [< la- 
bor 1 , n., + -some] If. Made with great labor 
and diligence. 
He hath . . . wrung from me my slow leave, 
By laboursome petition. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2, 59. 
2. Apt to labor or to pitch and roll, as a ship in 
a heavy sea. Hamersly. 
labor-time (la'bor-tim), . A quantity of la- 
bor reckoned in units of time. 
The labour-time which we take as the measure of value 
is the time required to produce a commodity under the 
normal social conditions of production with the average 
degree of skill and intensity of labour. Thus labour is 
both the source and the measure of value. 
Encyc. Brit., XXII. 212. 
labor-union (la'bor-u"nyon), H. A union or 
society of workingmen for the purpose of mu- 
tual support and encouragement; a trades- 
union. 
labor-yard (la'bor-yiird), n. An adjunct to a 
charitable lodging-house, or to a workhouse, 
where wood-sawing or other labor is done. 
labraH. n. An incorrect form of labrum. Shak., 
M. W. of W., i. 1, 166. 
labra 2 , n. Plural of labrum. 
Labracidae (la-bras'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < La- 
brax (Labrac-) + -idee.] A family of acanthop- 
terygian fishes, typified by the genus Labrax : 
by most ichthyologists regarded as a subfamily 
of Serraiiidai. See Labracince. 
Labracinse (lab-ra-si'ne), n.pl. [NL., < Labrax 
(Labrac-) + -ina;.] A subfamily of Serranida?, 
typified by the genus Labrax, having 2 dorsal 
fins, the first with 9 spines, and a short anal 
with 3 spines. It includes the common bass of 
Europe, the striped-bass of North America, and 
related species. See cut under Labrax. 
labracine (lab'ra-sin), a. and n. [(Labrax 
(Labrac-) + -me 1 .] I. a. Pertaining to the 
Labracinai, or having their characters. 
II. n. A fish of the subfamily Labracina: 
Labrador duck, falcon, etc. See dud; etc. 
Labrador feldspar. Same as labradorite. 
Labrador hornblende. Same as hyper.ithene. 
labradorite (lab'ra-dor-It), 11. [< Labrador (see 
def.) + -ite 2 .] A "lime-soda feldspar (see feld- 
spar), one of the species intermediate between 
the lime feldspar, anorthite, and the soda feld- 
spar, albite, but more closely allied to the 
former. It is a common constituent of igneous rocks, 
especially of those of the basaltic type. It is rarely found 
crystallized, but usually in masses, and theae often show 
a brilliant change of colors ; on this account it is some- 
times used as an ornamental stone. The finest specimens 
come from the coast of Labrador, whence the name. 
labradoritic (lab"ra-dor-it'ik), a. [(labra- 
dorite + -ic.] Pertaining to or containing lab- 
radorite. 
labral (la'bral), a. [< labrum + -al.] In en- 
torn., of or pertaining to the labrum. 
Labrax (la'braks), n. [NL., < Gr. /ld/3paf, a fish, 
the sea- wolf, < haflpoe, furious, fierce, greedy.] 
1. The typical genus of Labracinai and of La- 
Wrasse-fish ILafr-i, 
been successively restricted till it is now limited to the 
wrasses of Europe and contiguous coasts of Africa. 
