Lamiales 
Lamiales (l:i-mi-a'le/.), . /i". [NL. (Bentham 
mi. I MiMikrr. is"li), < l.a/iiinni + -fcx.] A <(>- 
hortof gamopetalous plants, having the corolla 
usually irregular, the posterior stamens often 
reduced to staminodia or wanting;, the carpels 
one- or two-ovult'd, and the inclchiscent fruit 
generally included in the calyx. It embraces 
the orders Mi/o/Hirincir, tirlaginrti; Vcrbenacetr, 
and l.iiliiiilif. 
Lamiariae (la-mi-a'ri-6), n. ///. [NL., < Lamia, 
2 (a), + -arin:} In Latreille's system (1825), a 
tribe of longieorn beetles, corresponding inex- 
actly to the modern family Lnmiiilir. 
Lamieae (la-mi 'e-o), n.pl. [NL. (Endlicher, 
IHIiG), < /Minium + -e(E.'] A subtribe of labiate 
plants of the tribe Xttichydfie, originally em- 
bracing the genus Lamium and 9 other gen- 
era. In the system of Beutham and Hooker it 
embraces 22 genera. 
lamiger (lam'i-jer), . [< lam?\, a., + -iger, per- 
haps orig. -i^cr, -ier, -yer, as in lawyer, etc.] A 
cripple. Halliieell. [Prov. Eng.] 
Lamiidae (la-mTi-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Lamia, 2 (a), 
+ - i<te.] A family of longieorn beetles typified 
by the genus Lamia, belonging to the tetramer- 
nlis series of the order CoUoptera. It U related to 
the Cerambycidat, but the head Is vertical, not porrect. 
Also written Lamiada, Lamiidcs. 
lamina (lam'i-nft), . ; pi. lamina! (-ne). [= P. 
/rtie(>E.taic 3 ) = Sp. lama, /amiiia = Pg. lamina 
= It. lama, lamina, < L. Inmina, also Simmina, 
lanma, a thin plate of wood, metal, etc., a leaf, 
layer, etc. Of. lameS."} A thin plate or scale. 
Specifically (a) A layer or coat lying over another : ap- 
plied to the plates of minerals, bones, etc. (6) The thin- 
nest distinct layer Into which a stratified rock can be sep- 
arated. See stratum and stratification. () In ami*., a thin 
plate, layer, or membrane, or any laminar or lamellar struc- 
ture. 1 1 M this use commonly as mere Latin, as in phrases 
below.) (d)lnbot.: (1) The commonly widened upper part 
of a petal ; its limb or border, as distinguished from its 
claw. (2) The blado or expanded portion of a leaf. (3) The 
flat part of the thallus or frond In some seaweeds, as dis- 
tinguished from the stipe. (<) A splint of armor. Hence 
(/) A piece of armor made of splints. Compare lum. -, 
splint-armor, je&erant, brigandinel. Crtbrose lamina 
(lamina cribrosa), a thin cribriform lamina of the sclerotic 
coat of the eye at the entrance of the optic nerve. Den- 
ticulate lamina of the cochlea, the limbus laminfe spi- 
ralis. Dorsal laminae. See dorsal. Elastic laminae 
of the cornea, hard, elastic, transparent; and homogeneous 
membranes covering the proper substance of the cornea 
iu front and behind. Tji-mlna. clnerea, a thin layer of 
gray substance at the base of the brain, above the optic 
chiasma, from the fore end of the corpus callosum to the 
tuber cinereum. TAtnin^ dermalis, in embryol., the 
primary outer layer of a two-layered germ : same as ecto- 
derm. Laminae dorsales, in cmbryol., the dorsal lami- 
nse. Laminae of a vertebra, plate- like portions of the 
neurapophyses or neural arches of a vertebra, arising from 
the pedicels on each side and meeting in midline to in- 
close the spinal canal. Lamiuse of the cerebellum, 
primary, secondary, and tertiary, the folded and ramifying 
layers of the surface of the cerebellum, like the gyri of 
the cerebrum, section of which gives the appearance call- 
ed arbor-vltae. Laminse ventrales, or lamlnse vls- 
cerales, ventral or visceral layers; the folds of the em- 
bryo, on each side of the notochordai axis, extending down- 
ward to meet finally on the middle Hue below, each lami- 
na splitting into an outer or somatopleural ana an inner or 
splanchnopleural layer, the outer to form the body-walls, 
the inner to form the intestinal canal : opposed to dorsal 
lamince. T-flTnlTift fusca, an extremely tine areolar tis- 
sue forming the innermost part of the sclerotic and 
uniting it with the outer surface of the choroid. Lami- 
na gastralls, in embryol., the primary inner layer of 
a two-layered germ : same as endoderm. Lamina ino- 
dernialiy, the outer or flesh layer of the mesoderm of a 
four-layered germ ; the somatopleure. Lamina inogaa- 
tralis, the inner or fibrous intestinal layer of the mesodenn 
of a four-layered germ ; the splanchnopleure. Lamina 
lablalis, Meinert's name for that piece of the mouth-parts 
of a myriapod which supports the inner stipes of the deu- 
tomala. See deutomala. Lamina mycogastralis, the 
mucous layer or glandular intestinal layer of a four-layered 
germ. It corresponds to the endoderm of a two-layered 
germ, and forms the epithelium of the intestinal tract and 
its diverticula, Lamina neurodermalis, the skin-sen- 
sory layer of a four-layered germ, corresponding to the ec- 
toderm of a two-layered germ, and forming the epidermis 
and the chief parts of the nervous system and the organs 
of the special senses. Lamina perforata anterior, the 
anterior perforated space of the baso of the brain ; the pre- 
cribrum. Lamina perforata posterior, the posterior 
perforated space of the base of the brain; the postcribrum. 
Lamina perpendtcularis, the mesethmnid, or perpen- 
dicular median plate of the ethmoid bone. Lamina 
proligera, lamina sporigera, in fmfftltgVi according 
to the older terminology, the hymenium or discus in a 
dlscocarpor aputhecium. Lamina quadrigemina, the 
dorsal portion of the mesencephalon above the Sylvian 
aqueduct. It is divided into the four corpora quadrige- 
111111:1. Lamina retlculaiis, the reticular lamina of the 
organ of Corti, a net-like membrane upon the summits 
of the outer hair-cells. The network consists of four rows 
of fiddle-shaped cells called phalanges, between which 
project the ciliated free ends of the hair-cells, and to 
which are attached the phalangeal processes of the cells 
of Dieters. Lamina spiralls. the spiral lamina of the 
cochlea; the flange or projection which winds spirally 
round the modfolus or columeila of the ear, projecting 
into the spiral canal and dividing it into two spiral tubes 
or scalfe. The spiral lamina is partly bony and partly mem- 
branous. The osseous part is called lamina spiralit otsea ; 
3337 
the membranous part Is the mcmbrana Irtunlari*. The bony 
luminu ends ut the cupola in a hook-like process, the faiiitu 
lug. T-amlTia gplralis niembranacea.t In- bitsihii mem- 
brane of the cochlear canal. Lamina spirallB ossea, 
the bony spiral lamina winding around the modiolus of 
the cochlea and giving attachment at its free edge to the 
basilar membrane. Lamina suprachoroldea, a deli- 
cate membrane investing the choroid coat of the eye 
externally. Lamina tectorla cerebeUl, that part of 
the cerebellum whieh lies above the horizontal fissure. 
Lamina terminalls, the anterior boundary of the third 
ventricle of the brain ; that part of the lamina cinerea ly- 
ing In front of the chiasma. See cut under encephalon. 
Lamina Vltrea. (a) A colorless glassy membrane form- 
ing the innermost stratum of the choroid and lying be- 
tween the choriocaplllaris and the tapetum nigrum ; the 
membrane of Bruch. (b) The Inner table of the skull. 
Neural lamina the dorsal lamina, one of the lips of the 
groove along the back of the early embryo, which, meet- 
ing and joining its fellow, converts the primitive trace or 
furrow into a tube within which the neural axis is to be 
developed : opposed to ventral or rixeral lamina. Retic- 
ular lamina of Kolliker, in the cochlea, same as laininn 
reticularii, above. Ventral or visceral lamina See 
laminae ventralet, above. =Syn. Lamina, lamella. In zool- 
ogy and anatomy these words are usually absolutely sy- 
nonymous, used Interchangeably and without distinction. 
If there be a possible distinction, It is that lamella may of- 
tener apply to something smaller or thinner than 'A lami- 
na : for instance, the cover of a book Is a lamina, contain- 
ing leaves or lamella. Haeckel draws and maintains this 
distinction in embryology. 
laminability (lam'i-na-bil'i-ti), . [< laiitiiia- 
ble: M'i--/</7/7y. ] The quality of being laminable. 
laminable (lam'i-na-bl), a. [< lamin(atc) + 
-able. ] Capable of being formed into thin plates ; 
capable of being extended by passing between 
steel or hardened cast-iron rollers, as a metal. 
laminae,". Plural of lamina. 
laminar (lam'i-nSr), a.. [< lamina + -ar 3 .] 1. 
Composed of or disposed in laminae, or thin 
plates or layers; lamellar. 2. Having or be- 
ing a lamina or lamince ; laminate Laminar fis- 
sion, in geol., separation into lamina;, thin plates, or flags, 
parallel with the lines of stratification ; lamination. 
Laminaria (lam-i-na'ri-ft), n. [NL., < L. lami- 
na, a thin plate, + -aria.'] A genus of dark- 
spored seaweeds, belonging to the natural or- 
der Laminariacece, having no definite leaves, 
but a plain ribless expansion, flat and blade- 
like (whence the name), which is either sim- 
ple or cloven. L. digitata is the well-known tangle 
abundant on sea-coasts (used in gynecology instead of 
sponge for making tents for dilating the cervical canal) ; L. 
buccinalis is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and yields 
iodine ; L. potatorum grows In Australia, and furnishes 
the aborigines with a part of their Instruments, vessels, 
and food; L. digitata and L. bulbosa were formerly em- 
ployed in the manufacture of kelp for the glass-maker 
and soap-boiler ; /.. taccharina, the sweet-tangle or sea- 
belt, named from the saccharine matter called mannite 
which It furnishes, is abundant on the shores of the North 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. See hanger, 7. 
Laminariaceae (lam-i-na-ri-a'se-e), . pi. [NL., 
< Laminaria + -acea;.~} A family of the Alga: or 
seaweeds, now included in the class Phawsporea'. 
Their fronds are coriaceous and not articulated, and at- 
tached to the sea-bottom by a root-like or sometimes disk- 
like organ, whence arises a stipe, which expands into a lam- 
ina or blade. They are propagated by means of zoospores, 
borne in nxteporangla on the surface of the frond, either 
diffused or in patches. The genera Alariti. Latnituiria, 
and Afacrocystis, belonging to this order, include the largest 
marine vegetables. See the generic names, and kelp. 
laminarian (lam-i-na'ri-an), a. [< Laminaria 
+ -an.] Pertaining to the genus Laminaria; 
specifically, noting that belt or zone of marine 
life which extends from low-water mark to a 
depth of forty to ninety feet, and which in Brit- 
ish seas is characterized by the presence of La- 
niiiiarinirn: as well as by that of starfishes, the 
common sea-urchin, etc. 
The Laminarian zone is succeeded by the Coralline 
zone. Sir C. W. Thornton, Depths of the Sea, p. Hi. 
Lamina.rieaB(lam'i-na-ri'e-e), . pi. [NL., 
< Laminaria + -etc.] A synonym of Laminaria- 
cea!. 
Laminarites (lam'i-na-ri'tez), . [NL.,< Lami- 
naria + -ites.] The 'generic name given by 
Sternberg and other fossil botanists to various 
fragments of plants supposed to be allied to 
the recent Laminaria, but in regard to which 
nothing has been definitely made out. 
laminary (lam'i-na-ri), a. [< lamina + -ry.] 
Composed of layers or plates ; laminar. 
laminate (lam'i-nat), v. ; pret. and pp. ?ami- 
iitititl, ppr. laminating. [ < ML. luiiiiiiatnn. pp. 
of laminare (>It. laminare = Sp. Pg. laminar = 
P. laminer, plate, flatten into a plate), < L. la- 
mina, a thin plate: see In in inn.] I. trans. 1. 
To form into a lamina or plate ; beat out thin. 
[Bare.] 
We took an ounce of that Ireflned silver], and, having 
laminated it, we cast It upon twice ita weight of beaten 
sublimate. Boyle, Works, III. 81. 
2. To form with or into laminae or layers ; di- 
vide into plates or leaves: as, a laminati>ig-ra&- 
chine. Laminated arch. See orcAi. Laminated 
lamiter 
pipe, a pipe made by wrapping siiccfufve layers of ttiln 
vcm-cr, (U vrm-rr unit fain ii> hi r<iml.hi!ilimi. over :i mol'l 
or core. Laminated rib. Name as laminated arch. 
Laminated tubercle, the nodule of the cerebellum. 
II. intrang. To part or become divided into 
lainiiue ; separate into thin layers or plates: an, 
mi'-a ininiiHitrx on exposure to heat. 
laminate (lam'i-nat), a. [< ML. laminatur, 
luniished with plates or scales: see the verb.] 
1. Having the form of a lamina or thin plate; 
leaf-like: as, the laminate coxae of some beetles. 
2. Disposed in, consisting of, or bearing 
laminae, layers, or scales; laminar; scaled; 
scaly: as, laminate structure in geology: a lami- 
iiud- surface; the /m<ntetarsi of a bird Lam- 
inate coxa, a coxa dilated Into a broad plate which covers 
the trochanter and the base of the femur, as the posterior 
coxa? of certain aquatic beetles. - Laminate horn, ahom- 
like process dilated at Its base Into a thin plate. 
laminated (lam'i-na-ted), p. a. [< laminate + 
-'<!". \ Same as laminate, 
laminating-machine(lam'i-na-ting-ma-shen'), 
n. In metal-working, a machine for making 
metallic sheets; in particular, a set of gold- 
beaters' rolls arranged in a frame with gear- 
ing and adjustable bearings, the adjustment 
of the bearings being effected by screws, and 
the rollers being turned by a winch. The gold 
Ingot is by this machine (with frequent annealing to pre- 
vent cracking) reduced to a ribbon weighing 64 grains 
per Inch, which is cut into pieces about one inch square 
to form the gold-beaters' pack, the beating of which, again 
with frequent annealing, reduces the metal to gold-leaf. 
laminating-roller ( lam 'i-na- ting -ro'ler), . 
In metal-working, one of a set of rollers in a 
rolling-mill, for reducing fagots or blooms to 
sheets or bars. The rollers act In pairs, and their 
distance apart determines the thickness of the sheet. 
This distance is regulated by adjustable bearings moved 
accurately by screws. For bars the rollers are grooved In 
accordance with the required shape of the cross-section. 
The blooms or fagots are rolled hot ; but cylindrical bars 
for shafts are In some manufactories finished by cold-roll- 
ing. 
lamination (lam-i-na'shon), n. [< laminate + 
-I'OM.] The act of laminating, or the state of 
being laminated ; arrangement in layers or thin 
plates; specifically, in geol., a division of rock 
into layers or laminte : nearly the same as strati- 
fication. A stratified rock may or may not be lami- 
nated. In the former case each stratum or bed is capable 
of being divided into thin layers or laminie. Lamination 
is hardly possible except In rocks made up of fine-grained 
materials. The break or Interval separating two strata is 
more evident, and very probably was of longer duration, 
than that which intervened between the deposition of two 
successive lamine. Some English geologists use the term 
lamination with reference to the crystalline and eruptive 
rocks, making laminated structure the equivalent of tabu- 
lar structure, where this has been the result not of stratifica- 
tion but of contraction during the process of cooling, or of 
some other cause connected with the formation of masses 
of igneous origin. 
Four kinds of fissility may be recognized among rocks: 
1st, lamination of original deposit ; 2d, cleavage, as in slate ; 
3d, shearing, as near faults; 4th. foliation, as in schists. 
A. OeOrie, Text-Book of Geol. (2d ed.X p. 463. 
laminiferous (lam-i-nif 'e-rus), a. [< L. lamina, 
a thin plate, +ferre = Eifteor'.] Bearing lam- 
i MM' ; having a laminate structure. 
laminiform (lam'i-ni-fdrm). a. [< L. lamina, 
a thin plate, + forma, form.] Having the form 
of a lamina; laminar; lamellar; like a plate, 
layer, or leaf in shape. 
laminiplantar (lam'i-ni-plan'tftr), a. [< L. la- 
mina, a, thin plate, + plan la, sole.] Having lam - 
inate tarsi ; naving the back of the tarsus cov- 
ered with an undivided lamina on each side, 
the two meeting in a sharp ridge: opposed to 
scutclliplantar. 
Lamimplantares (lam'i-ni-plan-ta'rez), w. i>l. 
| XL.: see laminiplantar.'] Laminiplantar birds; 
in Sundevall's classification (1872), the prior se- 
ries of the first order of birds (Oseines), includ- 
ing nearly all oscine Passeres. 
laminiplantation (lam'i-ni-plan-ta'shon), n. 
[As laminiplant(ar) + -ation."] The state or 
quality of being laminiplautar. 
The la miniiila ntatimi ... is equally well exhibited by 
most passerine birds, whether they have booted or ante- 
riorly scutellate tarsi. Couen, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 126. 
laminitis (lam-i-ni'tis), n. [NL., < lamina + 
-<7f.s-.~| Inflammation of the laminae of the hoof 
of a horse. 
laminose (lam'i-nos), a. [< NL. laminogus, < L. 
Inmina, a thin plate: see lamina.'} Resemblinp 
alamina; laminiform. CooA'e, Brit. Fungi, p. 314. 
lamish (la'mish), a. [< tame 1 + -wfci.j Some- 
what lame; slightly limping. 
He did, by a false step, sprain a vein In the Inside of his 
leg, which ever after occasioned him to go lamiih. 
Wood, Athena; Oxon., II., J. Shirley. 
lamiter, lameter (la'mi-ter, la'me-ter), n. [See 
lumiyer.'} A cripple. 
