landscape 
lantscaft, MI IK. ///,//, ( :. i,,,nt<,-l<aft= Icel. 
landskdpr, /<to.v/.v//ir = S\v. lundslciiji = Dan. 
laiubkao, a region, district, a province, in D. also 
landscape, whence the mod. E. sense and form), 
< /mill, land, + -scipe = E. -ship: see land 1 and 
-shift . The change was appar. due to artistic as- 
sociations with Holland in the 17th century.] 
1. A view or prospect of rural scenery, more or 
less extensive, such as is comprehended within 
the scope or range of vision from a single point 
of view. See also f 
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. 
dray, Elegy. 
2. A picture representing a view or prospect 
of rural or natural inland scenery as it appears 
within the range of vision from a single point 
of view; also, such pictures collectively, as dis- 
tinguished especially from marine and archi- 
tectural pictures and from portraits. 3f. A 
compendious view or manifestation; an epi- 
tome; a compend. (Compare quotation from 
Bishop Hacket under land/skip.) 
That landscape of Iniquity, that link of Bin, and that 
compendium of baseness, who now calls himself our Pro- 
tector. 
Address sent by the A nabaptists to the King (1858), In Clarrn- 
[don's Great Rebellion, \ v. 
Landscape-gardening, the art of laying out grounds 
and arranging trees, shrubbery, borders, paths, fountains, 
etc., BO as to produce picturesque effects. Landscape- 
pain tor, a painter of landscapesor rural scenery. Land- 
scape-painting, the art of representing natural scenery 
by painting. = Syn. 1. Prospect, Scene, etc. See view, n. 
landscape (land'skap), /. /. pret. and pp. land- 
scaped, ppr. landscaping. [< landscape, .] To 
represent or delineate in landscape. [Bare.] 
As weary traveller that climbs a hill, 
Looks back, sits down, and oft, if hand have skill, 
Landscape! the vale with pencil. 
Hiityday, Service of the World, Pref. 
landscape-mirror (land' skap-mir'or), n. In 
art, a mirror used to condense a landscape or 
view, and thus facilitate its presentation in 
perspective ; a Claude Lorrain glass. 
landscapist (land'ska-pist), n. [< landscape + 
-is.] A landscape-painter. 
The work of the landscapist is to convey a speedy im- 
pression to the onlooker of some beautiful or truthful 
natural scene. IF. Sharp, D. Q. Koasetti, p. 57. 
land-scrip (land'skrip). . In the United States, 
negotiable paper issued by government, in pur- 
suance of legislative donations, to individuals, 
companies, or communities, in reward for pub- 
lic services, or for the promotion of education 
or useful enterprises, entitling the holders to 
the possession of specified quantities of public 
land; also, similar paper issued by corporate 
bodies holding such donations. 
land-scurvy (Tand'sker'vi), n. See scurvy. 
land-shark (land'shark), . 1. A person who 
subsists by cheating or robbing sailors on shore ; 
a land-pirate. 
Can't trust these landsharlcs ; they'll plunder even the 
rings off a corpse's fingers. Kingstey, Two Years Ago, iv. 
2. A land-grabber ; one who seizes upon land 
by force or chicanery. 
There will be evasion of our (land] laws by native and 
foreign land-sharks. The American, VIII. 68. 
land-shell (land'shel), . A shell of a terres- 
trial mollusk, as of any pulmonate gastropod. 
landshut (land'shut), H. A laud-flood. Halli- 
u-ell. [Prov. Eng.] 
land-sick (land'sik), a. 1. Sick for sight of 
the land. 2. Affected by proximity to land, 
as a ship; not moving freely from being too 
near the land or just released from an anchor- 
age. 
A land-fide ship. . . . .She knows the land is under the 
lee, sir, and she won't go any more to windward. 
H. Melmtte, Typee, i. 
land-side (land'sid), H. The flat side of a plow, 
which presses against the unplowed land. 
landskip (land'skip), . Same as landscape. 
[Obsolete or archaic.] 
In tills Man's study I was much taken with the draught 
of a Landskip on a piece of Paper, methoughts Masterly 
done. Sir //. Wotton, To Lord Bacon, lleliqute, p. 300. 
Straight mine eye hath caught new pleasures, 
Whilst the lundMp round It measures. 
Milton, L' Allegro, L 70. 
Many a famous man and woman, town 
And landskip, have I heard of. 
Tennyson, Princess, iv. 
landsknecht (liints'knecht), H. See lansquenet. 
land-slater (land 'sla' tor), H. A terrestrial 
isopod ; a wood-louse or sowbug. A common 
land-slater is Oniseim asellu$, 
land-slide (land'slid), . A falling or sliding 
down of a mass of soil, detritus, or rock on a 
mountain-side. The lew destructive land-slides occur 
when gravel, sand, ami other detrit&l material resting on a 
slope become so permeated with water that they can no 
longer resist the action of gravity. The more destructive 
land-slides are generally due to the slipping of a part of the 
solid rock of the mountain, in consequence of tne soften- 
ing of some more permeable layer in a mass of which the 
strata have a suitable inclination. .Some such land-slides 
have been appalling in their results : as, for instance, that 
which took place at 1'lurs, north of Lake Como, in l*>ls. 
by which many persons perished, and stately buildings 
were buried to a depth of 100 feet or more. The fulling 
of partof the eminence called Cape Diamond in Quebec in 
1889 destroyed many buildings and many lives. The word 
land-slip is occasionally used tin- land-slide, as also the term 
ruck-avalanche. Also called earth-fall. 
He will get himself . . . slain by a land Aide, like the 
agricultural King Onund. Emerson, Eng. Trait*, iv. 
land-slip (laud'slip), . Same as land-slide. 
Like some great landslip, tree by tree, 
The country-side descended. 
Tennyson, Amphion. 
landsman (landz'man), n.; pi. landsmen (-men). 
[= D. landsman = ( i . landsmann = Dan. landn- 
iiiiiinl = Sw. landsman; as land's, poss. of /</. 
+ man. Cf. landman.] 1. A man of the same 
laud or country ; a fellow-countryman. [Rare.] 
Stand by me, countryman, ... for the love of Scotland 
and Saint Andrew ! I am innocent I am your own na- 
tive landsman. Scott, Quentin Durward, vi. 
2. One who lives on the land ; one who has had 
little or no experience of the sea. 
There is not so helpless and pitiable an object In the 
world as a landnnan beginning a sailor's life. 
R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 3. 
land-snail (land'snal), n. Any snail of the 
family Helicidce. 
land-spout (land 'spout), n. A heavy fall of 
water occurring on land, generally during a 
tornado or thunder-storm, and presenting the 
appearance of a waterspout. 
land-spring (land 'spring), n. In England, 
water lying near the surface, which can easily 
be reached by shallow wells. The wells become 
exhausted after a short drought and after heavy rains 
sometimes reach the surface and overflow. Hence the 
name Is occasionally applied to intermittent springs, 
especially such as characterize the chalk districts of Eng- 
land. 
All the shallow surface springs, from ten to twenty feet 
deep, are produced by water which has fallen on and passed 
through tnis gravel down to the top of the London clay, 
on the Irregular surface of which It Is held up. These 
are called land-springs, and they constituted, formerly, a 
principal source of supply to London. 
Prestwich, The Water-bearing Strata of London, p. 36. 
land-steward (land'stu'"ard), n. A person who 
has the care of a landed estate. 
Landsthing (lans'ting), n. [Dan., < lands, poss. 
of land, land, + thing, parliament.] The upper 
house of the Danish Rigsdag or parliament, it 
consist* of 66 members, of whom 12 are appointed for life 
by the crown, and the others are elected for 8 years, not 
directly, but by delegates in each of the 54 electoral dis- 
tricts, chosen by those having the necessary property quali- 
fication. 
landstraitt (land'strat), n. A narrow strip of 
land. 
landstunn (lant'stBrm), n. [G., a calling out 
of the militia, a general call to arms, hence 
the force so summoned, < land, land, country, + 
Sturm, storm, alarm, = E. storm.] 1. In Ger- 
many, Switzerland, etc., a general levy in time 
of war. 2. The force so called out, or subject 
to call. In Oermany it Includes all males between the 
ages of 17 and 45 who are capable of bearing arms and are 
not already enrolled or serving in some branch of the army 
or navy. It Is divided Into two classes : the first, organized 
in 293 battalions, comprises all able-bodied men not already 
in the army or navy up to the age of 39 ; the second class 
includes all others up to the age of 45. In Anstria the 
landsturm consists of men who nave passed the landwehr 
and are bound to this service further for 10 years. Men 
who have served as officers in the regular army or the land- 
wehr are liable for service in the landsturm also up to the 
age of 60. The landsturm of Switzerland comprises every 
male citizen between the ages of 17 and 60 not otherwise 
serving In the army. A landsturm is never expected to 
cross the frontier, and is called on only in cases of emer- 
gency. 
Landtag (Iant'ta6h), n. [G., < land, land, coun- 
try, + tag, diet, day, = E. day 1 .} In Germany, 
the legislature of a country; a territorial diet; 
now, specifically, one of the parliaments of the 
countries constituting the German empire, as 
Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, etc., and of some of 
the crownlands of Austria-Hungary, as Mo- 
ravia and Bohemia. See ReiclisUig. 
land-tax (land'taks), w. A tax assessed upon 
landed property. 
land-tie (land'ti), . A tie-rod used to secure 
a facing-wall to a bank. 
land-tortoise (Iand't6r"tis), . A chelonian 
of terrestrial habits ; a testudine. Also land- 
turtlf. 
land-turn (laud'teru), n. .\aut., a land-breeze. 
land-turtle (land'ter'tl), H. A land-tortoise; 
especially, in the United States, the common 
box-turtle, Ciytudo Carolina, bee cut under 
( ix t udo. 
land-urchin (land'6r*chiu), n. A popular name 
of the hedgehog: as if opposed to sea-urchin. 
land-vineKlaud'vin), n. A native vine. Baret. 
land-waiter (laud'wa'ter), n. Same as coast- 
i.in- a guinea to a knavish land-waiter, and be shall 
connive at the merchant for cheating the queen of a hun- 
dred. Swift, Examiner. 
landward, landwards (land 'ward, -wardz), 
'"'c. [= D. landtvaarts = MLG. laiidicert, tande- 
werdes, landwert = G. landtrartx = Dan. land- 
vertx; as /and 1 + -ward, -wards.] Toward the 
hind. 
landward (laud'ward), a. [< landward, adv.'] 
1. Lying toward t lie land, toward the interior, 
or away from the sea-coast. 
Brown strengthened with sand-bags and earthworks the 
weak landward bastion of the fort. 
ff. A. Jim., CXXVT. 80. 
2. Situated in, forming part of. or character- 
istic of the country, as opposed to the town ; 
rural. [Scotch.] 
I am wearied wi Mysie's pastry and nonsense Ye ken 
landward dainties aye pleased me best, Marion and 
landward lasses too. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor, xli. 
landwards, adv. See landvcard. 
land-warrant (land' wor'aut), n. In the United 
States, a transferable government certificate 
entitling its holder to the possession of a speci- 
fied quantity of public land. 
land-wash (land'wosh), . The line of high 
tide along a beach or shore; also, the drift 
which collects there. 
The kegs of kerosene oil ... were also picked up In 
the land-wash on the western side of Baccalen Island. 
Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, XXVII. 
landwehr (lant'var), . [G. (MHG. lantwer = 
MLG. lantwere = D. landtceer = OFries. land- 
were; at. equiv. Icel. landvorn = Sw. landtvarn 
= Dan. landevacrn), < land, = E. land 1 , country, 
+ wehr, defense, < wehren, defend, = AS. ueri- 
an, defend: see ware 1 .] In Germany, Austria, 
Switzerland, etc., that part of the organized 
national forces of which continuous service is 
not required except in time of war. The land- 
wehr corresponds indirectly to the militia of Great Britain 
and the United States. In Germany it consists of men 
who have served in both the regular army and the re- 
serves. It possesses a complete military organization, 
but is not called out In time of peace, unless at intervals 
for practice. In time of war or other national danger 
the landwehr la summoned in two levies : first, those 
from 27 to 3-2 years old, who take the place of the re- 
serves ; second, those from 32 to 39, who are assigned to 
garrison duty. The time of service in the landwehr is 
fixed at 5 years in the first levy, and until the age of 39 in 
the second levy. The landwehr of Austria comprises 
those who have served 3 years with the colors ana 7 in 
the reserve, the time of service in the landwehr being 
fixed at 2 years. The Swiss landwehr comprises all men 
capable of bearing arms from the age of 82 to 44. The 
term landwehr is often applied to bodies of militia simi- 
larly constituted in other countries : as, the Bulgarian or 
Servian landwehr. 
land-wind (land' wind), H. A wind bio wing from 
the land. 
Three days or more seaward he bore, 
Then, alas ! the land-wind failed. 
Longfellow, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 
landworker (land'wer'ker), . One who tills 
the ground ; a farmer or farm-laborer. 
Only the tradeswomen and the landworkers are special- 
ly considered. F. H. Stoddard, Audover Rev., Vln. 154. 
lane 1 (Ian), n. [< ME. lane, lone, < AS. lane = 
OFries. lana, lona, East Fries, lone, North Fries. 
lana, lona, a lane, = MI). la<-n, D. laaii, a lane, 
alley,avenue; cf. Icel. 2on(pl.fan<zr,mod. lanir), 
a small oblong hayrick, mod. a row of houses.] 
1. A narrow way or passage ; a path or pas- 
sageway between inclosing lines, as of build- 
ings, hedges, fences, trees, or persons ; an ex- 
tended alley. 
And whan thei. wende haue ben In the streight lane, 
thei wente oute of her weye, for thei fonde on the lift* 
side an olde wey that was nioche and grene. 
Merlin (E. E. T. S.X ii. 861. 
He [Chatham] was then led into the house. ... all the 
lords standing up out of respect, and making a lane for 
him to pass to the earls' bench. 
Belsham, Hist. Eng., VL 360. 
The leafy lanes behind the down. 
Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
2. A narrow and well-defined track ; a fixed or 
defined line of passage, as a navigable opening 
between fields of ice, a fixed course at sea, etc. 
How he bestirr'd him ! what a lanr he made, 
And through their tiery bullets thrust securely. 
Fletcher (and Masrimjerf), Lovers' Progress, L 2. 
