lemniscate 
Its equation is (z2 + y'2)2= a x'* + by?. It is a unicursal 
bicircular quartic. (See bicirmdar.) It has two real and 
two imaginary bitangents represented by the equation 
-a)j/2 
(0-6) j;3 =o. 
It is called an elliptic or hyperbolic lemniscate, according as 
the fixed conic is an ellipse or a hyper- ^ --- x / \ 
bola ; in the former case the central f >< N. 
node is an acnode, in the latter a cru- 1 -Amod, \ 
node. See the figure, (rf) A Cas- I J 
sinian: a misapplication of the > --- / " s >_^ / . 
word originating in Germany. Eni P tic Lemniscate. 
Lemniscati (lem-nis-ka'tl), n. pi. [NL., <. L. 
lemniscatus, adorned with pendent ribbons: see 
lemniscate.] A group of fishes of ribbon-like 
form and hyaline appearance, containing the 
Leptocephalida: and similar forms, now known to 
be the larval stages or young of other fishes. 
lemniscatic (lem-nis-kat'ik), a. [(. lemniscate 
+ -ic.~] Of or concerning lemniscates __ Lem- 
niscatic coordinates, a system of confocal Cassinians cut 
orthogonally by equilateral hyperbolas and used as coor- 
dinates. See lemniscatic geometry. Lemniscatic curve. 
See curve and lemniscate (6). Lemniscatic geometry, 
the geometry of Cassinians. Any conform map-projection 
which shows every point of the globe twice (except the 
one thrown to infinity), and on a single sheet, transforms 
all circles into bicircular quartics, thus affording an easy 
way of studying the latter curves. If the point thrown to 
infinity is one of the poles, the parallels of latitude appear 
as Cassinians, while the meridians become equilateral hy- 
perbolas. 
lemniscus (lem-nis'kus), n.; pi. lemnisci (-1). 
[L. , a pendent ribbon, <. Gr. ^uiwntof , a woolen 
fillet or band ; with irreg. inserted /t and dim. 
term, -iff/coo, ( ^.ijvof L. lana, wool.] 1. In anc. 
costume, a woolen fillet or ribbon pendent at 
the back of the head from diadems, crowns, etc. 
It was likewise attached to prizes as a mark of 
additional honor. 2. Inawat.: (a) One of the 
minute ribbon-like appendages of the genera- 
tive pores of some entozoans, as Echinorkyn- 
chus. See cut under Acantkocephala. 
The cavity of the body [of Echinorhynchus] is filled with 
a fluid, in which the ova, or spermatozoa, float, and, at its 
anterior extremity, two elongated oval bodies depend from 
the parietes, and hang freely in it. These are the lemnisci. 
Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 554. 
(b) Same as fillet, 9. 3. [cop.] In zool., a ge- 
nus of acalephs. Quay and Gaimard, 1824. 
Lemodipoda (lem-o-dip'o-da), n. pi. See Lce- 
modipoda. 
lemon (lem'ou), n. and a. [Formerly also lem- 
mon, Union, lemond; = D. linioen = G. limone = 
Dan. Sw. lemon, Union, (. P. limon = Sp. Union 
= Pg. limao = It. limone, ( ML. Utno(n-) (also 
lemonium), NL. Hmonum = NGr. tei/iuvi = Euss. 
limonu = Bulg. Union = Serv. limun = Hung. 
lemonya = Turk, limun = Hind, nibu, ninbu, nim- 
bu = Pers. limun, Urn-Una, also limit, (. Ar. limun, 
a lemon. Cf. UmeB, from the same ult. source.] 
1. n. 1. The fruit of the rutaceous tree Citrus 
medica, var. lAmonnm. It is botanically a berry of an 
ellipsoid form, knobbed at the apex, with a pale-yellow rind 
whose outer layer is charged with a fragrant oil, and a light- 
colored pulp, full of an acid well-flavored juice. The lat- 
ter, together with lime-juice, is the chief commercial source 
of citric acid. The ml or essence of lemons is extracted from 
the rind, at present by the method of expression, which 
yields the best. It is consumed in large quantities as a 
flavoring essence and a component of perfumes. 
A fruit that the inhabitants call Maracocks, which is a 
pleasant wholesome fruit much like a Lemond. 
Capt. John Smith, Works, I. 123. 
I'll be with you in the squeezing of a lemon. 
Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer, i. 1, 
2. The tree that yields this fruit, it is found 
wild in the mountainous regions of India, especially in 
the north. As a cultivated fruit-tree, it was early known 
and disseminated by the Arabs, but appears not to have 
been established in Europe till comparatively late, per- 
haps brought by the crusaders. It is now cultivated 
widely in subtropical countries, and is grown industrially 
in Italy and the adjacent islands, in Spain and Portugal, 
and in Florida, generally in connection with the orange. 
The common lemon is a tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Un- 
like the orange, it is of irregular growth and of sparse 
foliage. The corolla of its flowers is purplish on the out- 
side, and their fragrance is less heavy than that of orange- 
flowers. Its closest botanical affinity is with the citron, the 
two being now considered as varieties of the same species. 
See Citrus, 2. 
Far off, and where the lemon grove 
In closest coverture upsprung. 
Tennyson, Arabian Nights. 
3. The borhame or sand-sole, a kind of flatfish. 
See lemon-sole, 1 . Bergamot lemon. Same as berya- 
moti, 1. Essential salt Of lemon, the binoxalate of pot- 
ash, or potash combined with oxalic acid, used for remov- 
ing iron-mold and ink-stains from linen. Fingered lem- 
on, an odd Chinese variety of lemon with very little pulp, 
in which the segments divide at the apex into flve or more 
cylindrical lolies. Sea lemon. See sea-lemon. Sweet 
lemon, pear lemon, the variety Limetta of Citrus medica, 
a somewhat pear-shaped fruit. The variety also includes 
the sweet lime. They lack the acidity of the common lem- 
on. Water lemon. See water-lemon. 
3406 
II. a. 1. Having lemon as a principal ingredi- 
ent; impregnated or flavored with lemon: as, 
lemon candy. 
He made our Skins as smooth as a Fair Ladies Cheeks, 
just wash'd with Lemon Posset, and greas'd over with 
Pomatum. 
Quoted in Ashton's Social Life in Reign of Queen Anne, 
[II. 116. 
2. Of the color of a lemon; lemon-colored: 
as, lemon silk. 
lemonade (lem-o-nad'), n. [<. F. limonade (= 
Sp. limonada = Pg. limonada, limoada = It. 
limonata, limonea, ?Ai. limunada), < Union, lem- 
on: see lemon and -ode 1 .] A beverage consist- 
ing of lemon-juice mixed with water and sweet- 
ened. 
A Persian's heaven is eas'ly made, 
'Tis but black eyes and lemonade. 
Moore, Intercepted Letters, vi. 
lemon-balm (lem'on-bam), n. A garden-herb, 
Melissa officinalis. See balm, 7, and Melissa. 
lemon-bird (lem'on-berd), n. The common 
linnet, Linota cannabina : from the yellowish 
coloration of the male. [West Riding, Eng.] 
lemon-cadmium (lem / on-kad"mi-um), n. A 
very pale shade of cadmium-yellow. 
lemon-color (lem'on-kul'or), n. A yellow re- 
sembling the color of a ripe lemon ; any proper 
yellow of a greener tint than gamboge, but not 
so much so as to suggest the idea of green. 
lemon-colored (lem'on-kul // ord), a. Having 
the color of a ripe lemon; of a lemon-color. 
lemon-dab (lem'on-dab), n. The smear-dab. 
[Local, Irish.] 
lemon-drop (lem'on-drop), n. Akind of candy in 
drops, flavored with lemon-juice or oil of lemon. 
lemon-fish (lem'on-fish), n. A sort of amber- 
fish, Seriola stedrnsi, of the Gulf of Mexico. 
[Louisiana.] 
lemon-grass (lem'on-gras), n. A sweet-scented 
East Indian grass, Andropogon Schoenanthus or 
A. citratus. It is abundant wild and in cultivation in 
India, and is known in Western greenhouses. An infusion 
of its leaves is used as a tea, and is considered a good sto- 
machic. The name lemon-grass is also given to A. Nar- 
dus and perhaps to other fragrant species of the genus. 
Lemon-grass oil, an oil distilled from the leaves of An- 
dropogon citratus. It is chiefly sought as a perfume, for 
which use it is exported from Ceylon and elsewhere in large 
quantities. It resembles oil of verbena, underwhich name 
it often passes. It is more or less confounded with citronel- 
la-oil, from a related grass. See Andropogon and citronella. 
Lemonias(le-mo'ni-as), n. [NL.,< Gr.fei/javiaf, 
a meadow-nymph, <. ^eijikv, a meadow.] The 
typical genus of Lemoniinte, of which the Lin- 
nean Papilio lemonias is the type. 
Lemoniidae (lem-o-m'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Le- 
monias + -idce.~\ A family of butterflies: also 
called Erycinidce. They are characterized by the male 
having but four perfect feet, and are divided into four sub- 
families, Lemoniinw, Euselasiince, Nemeobince, and Liby- 
thceince. 
lemon-juice (lem'on-jos), n. The juice of the 
lemon. It is somewhat opaque and turbid and extremely 
sour, owing its acidity to citric and malic acids. It is 
much used, especially in the form of lemonade, ur com- 
bined with potassium bicarbonate, as a cooling and effer- 
vescing beverage. Among seamen it is highly esteemed 
as an antiscorbutic. 
lemon-kali (lem'on-ka"ll), n. A mixture of 
potassium bicarbonate with lemon-juice, (a) in 
the form of a powder, the bicarbonate strongly flavored 
with lemon. (6) An effervescing drink made either by 
dissolving the powder or by mixing the ingredients fresh. 
Also lemon and kali. 
lemon-scented (lem'on-sent"ed), a. Scented 
with lemon, or having a fragrance similar to 
that of lemon Lemon-scented thyme. Seelemon- 
thyme. Lemon-scented verbena. See lemon-verbena. 
lemon-sole (lem'on-sol), . 1. A fish of the 
family Soleidce, Solea lascaris. 2. The smear- 
dab, Hippoglossoides limandoides. [Scotch.] 
Also lemoii-dab. 
lemon-squash (lem'on-skwosh), n. Lemonade. 
[Eng.] 
lemon-squeezer (lem'on-skwe"zer), n. A small 
hand-press, usually of the lever type, for ex- 
pressing the juice from a lemon. It is made in 
a great variety of forms, and is fitted with a 
strainer to retain the seeds. 
lemon-thyme (lem'on-tlm), n. A lemon-scent- 
ed garden variety of Thymus Serpyllum. 
lemon-verbena (lem'on-ver-be"nS), n. A gar- 
den-shrub, Lippia (Aloysia} citriodora, related 
to the verbena. Its leaves have a lemon fra- 
grance. 
lemon-walnut (lem'pn-wal"nut), n. The but- 
ternut, Juglans cinerea: so called on account of 
its fragrance. 
lemonweed (lem'on-wed), n. A sea-mat of 
the family F/itstridw : so called from its scent. 
lemon-yellow (lem'on-yel"6), n. 1. A clear 
pale-yellow color, like that of the rind of a ripe 
Lemuria 
lemon. In entomology it is distinguished from 
citron-yellow, which is paler and more greenish. 
2. A pigment used by artists, composed of 
barium chromate. It is of a bright lemon hue 
and quite permanent, but has little body. 
Lemur (le'mer), n. [NL., so called with ref. 
to its nocturnal habits and stealthy steps, < 
L. lemur, only in pi. lemures, a ghost, specter.] 
1. The typical genus of Lemuridai and Lemu- 
rinai. It has been more than coextensive with these 
groups as now understood, but is now restricted to the 
Varied Lemur (/- 
typical Lemuridce with a long furry tail, fox-like face, and 
typical dentition, such as the ring-tailed lemur, L. catta, 
and several other species. 
2. [I. c.] (a) A member of the genus Lemur, in 
the widest sense ; anylemurine, lemuroid, or pro- 
simian. The ring-tailed, red, ruffed, etc., lemurs belong 
to the genus Lemur. Gray lemurs, with the tail as long as 
thebody, belong toHapalemur, as ff. ^rianw.which is about 
15 inches long. The broad-nosed lemur is Hapalemur 
simus. The rather small lemurs with comparatively short 
tail belong to LepUemur, as L. mustelimts. House-lemurs 
are small species of Chirot/aleus. (See cut under Chiro- 
f/aleus.) Dwarf lemurs belong to Aficrocebus. The lemurs 
of continental Africa are mostly referred to the genus Ga- 
lago. (See cut under Galatfo.) The woolly lemurs or in- 
dris form the subfamily Indrisinie, of the genera Indris, 
Propithecus, and Aticrorhynchus ; some of these are tailless. 
The slender lemurs or loris belong to the genus Loris or 
Stenops (see cuts under Loris) ; the slow lemurs to Nyctice- 
bus. These are Indian, extending to Java, Borneo, Suma- 
tra, and Ceylon. The potto is an African lemur of the ge- 
nus Perodicticus. The angwantibo is a tailless lemur of the 
genus Arctocebus. ( J) Some animal like a lemur. 
See flying-lemur and Galeopithecus. Yellow le- 
mur. Same as Irinkajou, 1. 
Lemuravidae (lem-u-rav'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Lemurayus + -idee.'] A family of lemuroidmam- 
mals with 44 teeth, from the Lower Eocene of 
Wyoming, representing a generalized ancestral 
type. 
Lemuravus (lem-u-ra'vus), n. [NL., < Lemur 
+ L. amis, grandfather.] The typical genus of 
Lemuravidce. 0. C. Marsh, 1875. 
lemures (lem'u-rez),.p?. [L.: see Lemur. ] 1. 
Among the ancient Romans, the spirits of the 
departed considered as evil-disposed specters 
or ghosts, who were supposed to do mischief at 
night to the living, and were exorcised annually 
with a ceremonial ritual by the head of each 
household, at midnight on May 9th, llth, and 
13th, on which days was celebrated the festival 
called lemuralia orlemuria. There were also games 
and other public observances of the festival. Also called 
larval. Compare Z/orl, 1. 
The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint. 
Milton, Nativity, 1. 171. 
2. [cap."] In zool.: (a) Lemurs: equivalent to 
Lemuroidea. (6) A group of noctuid moths. 
Hiibner, 1816. 
Lemuria 1 (le-mu'ri-a), n. [NL., fern, sing., < Le- 
mur, q.v.] imoogeoff. , a supposed former faunal 
area of the globe, corresponding to some extent 
to the geographical distribution of the lemurs, 
and characterized by the abundance and variety 
of those animals inhabiting it. The existence of any 
such region or continent is hypothetical, being inferred 
from, or held to account for, the present peculiar geo- 
graphical distribution of the lemurs. 
Professor Haeckel uses the latter noun (Lemuria'] . . . 
as the name of a continent now largely submerged, which 
he supposes to have been the center of distribution of the 
lemuroid ancestors of the higher orders of Mammalia, and 
part of which has persisted, as Madagascar with its remark- 
able fauna. PaUeontologieal discoveries have, however, 
shown that America can . . . lay as good a claim to have 
been the original home of the lemuroids. 
Stand. Nat. Hist., V. 481. 
