licentiation 
The act of licensing or permitting; the grant- 
ing of a license or of licenses. 
There is a tacit licentiation or permitting of error. 
Freeman, Sermons (1643), p. 35. (Latham.) 
The system of medical licentiation is year by year be- 
coming more stringent and more centralized. 
Encyc. Brit., XI. 19. 
licentious (li-seu'shus), a. [< F. licencieux = 
Sp. Ps. licencioso = It. licenzioso, < L. licenti- 
osus, full of license, unrestrained, < licentia, li- 
cense: see license, n.~\ 1. Characterized by or 
using license; marked by or indulging too great 
freedom ; overpassing due bounds or limits ; ex- 
cessive. [Now rare.] 
For since the cheife grace of our vulgar Poesie consist- 
eth in the Symphonic, as hath bene already sayd, our 
maker must not ue too licentious in his concords. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 67. 
The Throats and Lungs of Hawkers, with voices more 
licentious than the loud Flounder -man's. 
Congreve, Way of the World, v. 5. 
He is a very licentious translator, and does not recom- 
pense his neglect of the author by beauties of his own. 
Johnson, Stepney. 
Specifically 2. Unrestrained by law, religion, 
or morality ; wanton ; loose ; dissolute ; libidi- 
nous: as, a licentious person ; licentious desires. 
How dearly would it touch thee to the quick, 
Shouldst 1 hoi i but hear I were licentious ! 
Shak., C. of E., ii. 2. 133. 
Divinity itself, inculcating an abject reverence for the 
Court, gave additional effect to the licentious example of 
the Court. Macaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. 
= Syn. 2. Profligate, dissolute, debauched. See list under 
lascivious. 
licentiously (H-sen'shus-li), adv. In a licen- 
tious manner; with too great freedom; espe- 
cially, in contempt of law and morality ; lascivi- 
ously; loosely; dissolutely. 
licentiousness (li-sen'shus-nes), n. The state 
or character of being licentious ; want of due 
restraint in any respect; especially, dissolute 
or profligate conduct ; sexual immorality. 
licet (li'set), n. [< L. licet, it is permitted: see 
license.'] A formal certificate of permission; 
authorization. 
No faculty or investigator must be allowed to poach be- 
yond the lines laid down by the great Kantean survey, 
even for an hypothesis or conjecture. It is the function 
of the philosopher to enforce the licet and non-licet of the 
code. Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 152. 
lich 1 !, n. An assibilated form of libel-. 
Iich 2 t, a. An obsolete assibilated form of like 2 . 
-lichif, -licheH. Middle English forms of -ly 1 . 
-Iich 2 t, -Iiche 2 t. Middle English forms of -ly?. 
lichanos (lik'a-uos), n. [Gr. Mx av t (so. xP^v, 
string), the string struck with the forefinger, 
and its note, prop, the forefinger, lit. (sc. OOKTV- 
3436 
(the Collemei, or jelly-lichens) form, when wet, n pulpy or 
gelatinous mass. Lichens are distributed through all 
lands, enduring great extremes of temperature and the 
severest drought, living often where nothing else can. 
They corrode the hardest rocks, thus contributing to the 
formation of soil. The lichens most useful for food are 
the Iceland moss (see Cetraria), the reindeer-moss (see 
, , , . . - 
, finger) the licking finger, < Aeixeiv, lick: 
lick, v.] In anc. Gr. music, originally, the 
forefinger-string of the lyre, and the tone pro- 
duced upon that string; later, the third tone 
from the bottom of the lowest and of the next 
to the lowest tetraohords of the recognized sys- 
tem of tones. See lyre and tetrachord. 
Lichanotinae (lik"a-no-ti'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Li- 
chanotus + -inee.]" A' subfamily of Lemuridw: 
same as Indrisince. Also Lichanotina. J. E. 
Gray, 1825. 
Lichanotus (lik-a-no'tus), n. [NL. (Illiger, 
1811).] A genus of lemurs: same as Indris. 
licheM, n. An assibilated form of libel-. 
Iiche 2 t, An obsolete assibilated form of like?. 
lichee, n. Sae lichi. 
lichen (li'ken or lich'en), . [= P. Pr. lichen 
= Sp. liquen = Pg. lichen = It. lichene, < L. li- 
chen, < Gr. "kei-xTfo, also faxftv, a tree-moss, lichen, 
also a kind of liverwort, also an eruption on 
the skin, ringworm, tetter, perhaps < te^ety, 
lick.] 1. In bot., a plant or vegetable growth 
Lichens. 
a, Cla&mia fyxidata ; b, Cttraria cticullata. 
of the group Lichenes, ordinarily recognizable 
by its dry aspect and gray, brown, greenish, or 
blackish color, and its appearance in crusts, 
scaly patches, or bush-like forms on trees, rails, 
rocks, etc. Lichens also grow on the ground, and some 
Lichens. 
c, Rucllia zeographica ; d, Peltifera canfna. 
Cladonia and reindeer-moss), the manna-lichen (see Lecano- 
ra), and the rock-tripe (see Uminlicaria). Various lichens 
furnish the blue or purple dyestuffs known as archil, cud- 
bear, and litmus. The Iceland moss has a demulcent worth; 
but for the most part the medicinal virtues of lichens are 
imaginary. 
2. In pathol., an eruption of papules, of a red 
or pale color, which do not reach a vesicular or 
pustular stage. They may be in clusters or scattered, 
or disseminated over the surface of the skin ; and may be 
attended with itching, as in lichen ruber, or may be quite 
free from it, as in lichen scrofulosorum. Crab's-eye 
lichen, a name in the north of England for Lecanora pal- 
lescem, formerly used for dyeing. Follaceous lichen. 
See foliaceous. Horsehair or horsetail lichen. See 
horsetail-lichen. Wild lichen, a form of eczema. Yel- 
low Wall-lichen (commonly wall-moss), Parmelia parie- 
taria. 
lichenaceous (li-ke-na'shius), a. [< lichen + 
-aceoits.] Having the characters of a lichen ; be- 
longing to the Liclienacece or Lichenes. 
lichened (H'kend or lich'end), a. [< lichen + 
-ed 2 .] Covered with lichens, or appearing as 
if so covered: as, a lichened wall; the lichened 
tree-toad, Trachycephalus lichenatus. 
Lichenes (li-ke'nez), n.pl. [NL., pi. of L. li- 
chen: see lichen."] A division of cellular, mostly 
thalloid, cryptogamie plants, formerly regarded 
as constituting a distinct class, but now, in ac- 
cordance with the theory of Schwendener and 
others, considered to be genuine fungi of the 
divisions Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. They 
exhibit a remarkable parasitism. "The host-plants are 
algse. growing as a rule in damp situations, but belonging 
to a variety of groups, frequently to the Chroococcacece and 
Noetocacea, still more frequently to the Palmellacece, some- 
times to the Chroolepidew, rarely to the Confervacece" (Goe- 
bel, Outlines of Classification, etc., p. 114). The algas, which 
are also known in a free state and separate from the fungi, 
are embraced by the hyphss of the lichen-fungus and the 
two elements together compose a thallus of definite form. 
A transverse section of a lichen-thallus shows the hypha; 
to be more or less closely interlaced about the algal cells 
or gonidia. This parasitism, which is without parallel in 
the animal kingdom or any other part of the vegetable 
kingdom, instead of resulting detrimentally to the algw, 
incites them to more rapid activity and more vigorous in- 
crease. The reproduction is characteristic of the particu- 
lar class to which the fungus belongs, and in a few lichens 
examined by Stahl there is an adaptation for the supply of 
algffi to the new lichen : algal cells, the offspring of the 
thallus-algre (gonidia), are cast off along with the spores, 
so that the germ-tubes of the spores find suitable hosts at 
once. Propagation is also abundantly carried on by means 
of soredia, or brood-buds, which consist of oneor more algal 
cells, surrounded by the fungus-hyphse, which separate 
from the parent thallus. Lichens have been produced syn- 
thetically by Stahl and others by sowing the fungus-spores 
upon favorable algal cells, thus proving beyond question 
their dual nature. The older systematic lichenologists pre- 
fer to consider lichens as autonomous. 
lichenian (li-ke'ni-an), a. [< lichen + -ian.] 
Of or pertaining to lichens. Amer. Naturalist, 
XXIIL 5. 
lichenic (li-ken'ik), a. [< lichen + -ic.] Of or 
pertaining to or derived from lichens: as, li- 
chenie acid. 
lichenicolous (li-ke-nik'o-lus), . [< L. lichen, 
a lichen, + colere, inhabit.] Parasitic on li- 
chens. Micros. Science, XXX., Index, p. 42. 
licheniform (H'ken-i-f6rm), a. [< L. lichen, a 
lichen, + forma, form.] Resembling, or having 
the form of, a lichen; lichenoid. 
Some of the inferior liverworts are quite licheniform, 
and are often mistaken for lichens. 
H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol.,. 186. 
lichenin (li'ken-in), n. [< lichen, q. v., + - 2 .] 
A variety of starch obtained from Iceland moss 
and many other varieties of lichens. It is insolu- 
ble in cold water, but forms a jelly with hot water, and 
yields with iodine a dirty-blue color. 
lich-gate 
lichenism (li'ken-izm), n. [< lichen + -ism.'] 
The habit of living in that union of fungus and 
alga which is supposed by many to constitute 
a lichen. 
It is moreover quite conceivable that there are species 
of Algae which have become so adapted to lichenism that 
they can no longer attain their full development outside 
the Lichen-combination. De Bary, Fungi (trans.), p. 419. 
lichenist (li'ken-ist), n. [< lichen + -ist.] A 
lichenologist. 
It is only within the last thirty years that it [the origin 
of the gonidiaj has been investigated by licheniste. 
Encyc. Brit., XIV. 556. 
lichenographer (li-ke-nog'ra-fer), n. One who 
describes lichens ; one who is versed in lichen- 
ography. 
lichenographic (ll"ken-p-graf 'ik), a. [< lichen- 
ograph(y) 4- -ic.] Pertaining to lichenography. 
lichenographical(li"ken-o-graf'i-kal), a. Same 
as lichenographic. 
lichenographist (li-ke-nog'ra-fist), . [< lichen- 
ography + -ist.'] Same as lichenographer. 
lichenography (li-ke-nog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. totxjv, 
a lichen, + -ypaipia, < ypafyeiv, write.] A system- 
atic treatment or description of lichens; the de- 
scriptive portion of lichenology. 
lichenoid (U'ken-oid), a. [< Gr. faixfo, a lichen, 
+ eidof, form.] In pathol. and lot., resembling 
lichen or a. lichen; lichen-like; especially, in 
Itot., resembling one of the foliaceous lichens; 
having a decumbent thallus, irregularly lobed. 
lichenological (li"ken-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< lichen- 
olog-y + -ic-al.] Of, pertainingj or relating to 
lens. 
olog-y + -ic-al.] Ol, pertaining, o 
lichenology or the science of liche 
From the time of Acharius, the father of lichenological 
science, different authors have proposed different classi- 
fications of lichens. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 660. 
lichenologist (ll-ke-nol'o-iist), n. [< lichenolog-y 
+ -ist.] A specialist in lichenology; one who 
writes on the science of lichens. 
lichenology (U-ke-nol'o-ji), . [< Gr. foix%v, a \i- 
chen, + -'/joyia, < AC ytm, speak : see-ology.J That 
department of botany which treats of lichens. 
Lichenops (li'ke-nops), n. [NL. (Cornmerson), 
< Gr. teix'P, a tree-moss, lichen, + <Ji/>, the face, 
countenance: see lichen.'] A remarkable genus 
of South American clamatorial birds of the fam- 
ily Tyrannid<e, containing a single species of 
flycatchers called Ada commersoni by Lesson, 
and now known as Lichenops perspidllata. 
lichenose (li'ken-os or lich'en-os), a. [< lichen 
+ -ose.] Having the characters of a lichen, or 
belonging to the Lichenes. 
The simplest form under which lichenose vegetation oc- 
curs. Encyc. Brit,, XIV. 552. 
lichenous (li'ken-us or lich'en-us), a. [< lichen 
+ -ous.] 1. Relating to, resembling, abound- 
ing in, or covered with lichens. 
An effect something like that of a fine flower against a 
lichenous branch. Oeorge Eliot, Daniel Deronda, xxxvi. 
2. Pertaining to or of the nature of the dis- 
ease called lichen: as, lichenous eruptions. 
lichen-starch (H'ken-starch), n. A kind of 
starch associated with lichenin in Iceland moss. 
lich-fowl (lich'foul), n. [Lit. 'corpse-fowl' 
(cf. equiv. G. leichhuhn); < lichi-, lUcel-, +fotcll.] 
The night-jar or goatsucker, Caprimulgus euro- 
pants : so called from an old superstition, 
lich-gate (lich'gat), . [< lichi + ga tei.] A 
churchyard gate 
with a porch or 
shed forming a 
chapel either 
combined with it 
or contiguous to 
it, in which in 
England and on 
the continent it 
was formerly 
customary, and 
is still usual in 
some places, for 
a bier to stand 
during the read- 
ing of the intro- 
ductory part of 
the service, be- 
fore it is borne 
inside ; a corpse- 
gate. It is very 
commonly no- 
thing more than 
a simple shed 
Also spelled, archai- 
Lich-sate. 
under which is the gate, 
cally, lychgate. 
Yet to the lychgate, where his chariot stood, 
Strode from the porch. Tennyson, Aylmer's Fidd. 
