lientery 
sis, the aliments are discharged undigested, 
and with little alteration in either color or sub- 
stance. 
lier 1 (li'er), . [< ME. Her; < /il + -erl. Cf. 
the variant forms //;/</</, liili/i-r, /l</crl.] One 
who lies down ; ono who rests or remains. 
Hu wist nut that there were licru In ambuwh against him. 
.IM-II. via. u. 
r'^ti >< An obsolete spelling of liar. 
lier :! , . Same as leer"!. 
lierne (li-ern'), n. [F.: perhaps for lienne, the 
warp-thread in which the woof has not passed, 
< Her, < L. ligttre, bind : sue /ien 2 .] In arch., any 
rib in vaulting that does not rise from the im- 
post, and is not a ridge-rib, but passes from a 
boss or intersection of the principal ribs to other 
secondary ribs. Vaults in which such ribs are 
employed are called lierne vaults. 
lie-tea (li'te), n. [Pidgin-English.] Spurious 
or adulterated tea sometimes palmed off or at- 
tempted to be palmed off on the tea-market by 
Chinese dealers. It usually consists of willow or other 
leaves, with tea-leaves and broken stems, fired and pre- 
pared as genuine tea. 
lieu (lu), n. [< F. lieu. OF. Hu, lou = Pr. luec, 
loc=lt. loco, luogo,<. L. locus, a place: see toctw.j 
Place: room; stead: now only in the phrase in 
lieu of, which is equivalent to instead of. 
One would think it u very largo offer to give so great a 
lieu for BO small a service. Up. Andre, wet, Sermons, V. 645. 
The topmost spire of the mountain was lilies in lieu of 
BUOW. Tennyxim, Voyago of Maeldune. 
Lieut. An abbreviation of lieutenant as a title. 
lieutenancy (lu- or lef-ten'an-si), n.; pi. lieuten- 
ancies (-siz). [<. licutenan(t') + -cy."} 1. The of- 
fice, authority, or incumbency of a lieutenant. 
2. The jurisdiction of a lieutenant; a district 
or territory over which a lieutenant exercises 
authority. 
To this purpose were several other congratulations or 
addresses to the King (some before, some after this of Mid- 
dlesex), viz. from Norwich, from Hereford, from the Lieu- 
tenancy of London. Baker, Charles II., an. 1682. 
3. Lieutenants collectively. [Rare.] 
lieutenant (lu- or lef-ten'ant), n. [Formerly 
also lief tenant, lef tenant; <! ME. levetenant, < 
OF. lieutenant, F. lieutenant = It. locotenente 
< ML. locum tenen(t-)s, one who holds the place 
of another: L. locum, ace. of locus, place; te- 
nen( t-)s, ppr. of tenere, hold : see lieu and tenant. 
Cf. locum-tencns.] 1. In general, one who holds 
the place of another in the performance of any 
duty or function ; one authorized to act in lieu 
of another, or employed to carry out his will or 
purposes ; the substitute or representative of 
a superior. 
My syster gone, Sir Mordrede hym selvene, 
Salle be my levetenante, with lordchlpez ynewe, 
Of alle my lele lege-mene, that my landez 3emes. 
Marte Arthure (E. E. T. a.\ L 646. 
Thou shalt be my lieutenant, monster, or my standard. 
Shot., Tempest, ill. _'. 18. 
2. One who holds an office, civil or military, in 
subordination to or as the representative of a su- 
perior; an officer authorized to perform certain 
functions in the absence or under the orders of 
another : as, the lieutenant of the Tower of Lon- 
don; the lord lieutenant of Ireland or of an 
English county (considered the direct repre- 
sentative of the sovereign). Particularly (o) In 
the army, a commissioned officer next in rank below a cap- 
tain. and commanding tho company In his absence. In 
the United states this officer is called first lieutenant, and 
lias under him a subordinate officer called second lieuten- 
ant. (o) In the navy, a commissioned officer next in rank 
below a lieutenant-commander in the United States and a 
commander in Great Britain, and in both ranking with cap- 
tains in the army. In the United States navy the term lieu- 
tenant (junior grade) has been substituted for the old term 
matter, ranking with first lieutenants in the army. In the 
British navy the corresponding grade is called gub-liett- 
t<-ii>iiit. In the British navy the lieutenants on board a 
ship are designated as tirst, second, third, etc. The term 
tii-J lieutenant in the United States navy has been replaced 
by executive officer, (c) In the early days of the colony of 
Virginia, the chief officer of a county, corresponding some- 
what to the lord lieutenant of an English county. Ab- 
breviated, as a title, Lieut., /.r Field-marshal lieu- 
tenant. See field-marshal. Lord lieutenant. SeeJorrf. 
lieutenant-colonel (lu-teu'ant-ker'nel), n. A 
military officer next in rank below a colonel, 
and in some European armies commonly the 
actual commander of a regiment, the colonel- 
ship being honorary. 
lieutenant-commander (In - ten'ant -ko- m&u'- 
der), n. A commissioned officer in the United 
States navy, of a grade intermediate between 
that of commander and that of lieutenant, and 
ranking with a major in the army. 
lieutenant-general(lu-t< j n'ant-jen'e-ral), . 1. 
A military officer ranking in the United State's 
and British armies next below a general. lu the 
life (lif ), n. ; pi. lives (llvz). [< MI 
(dat. live), < AS. lif, life, = OS. lif, libh = 
lif= D. lijf, life, body, = MLG. //= < 
3441 
German army he ranks below a general of infantry and 
above a major general, and commands a division. I hi- mily 
persons who have hitherto held thin rank in the United 
States army are Generals Washington, (Irant, Sherman, 
and Sheridan. Oen. Scott held the rank of brevet lieu- 
tenant general. See general. 
2f. In the proprietary government of Maryland, 
the deputy of the proprietor, who acted as gov- 
ernor of the province for him. Lieutenant-gen- 
eral Of the kingdom, a title sometimes held by a regent 
of France when there was no recognized king, or when 
the king was In a state of disability. 
lieutenant-governor (lu-trn'ant-guv'er-nor), 
n. An officer authorized to perform the func- 
tions of a governor in case of the absence, dis- 
ability, or death of the latter, or in a subordi- 
nate governorship. In the United states the lleuten- 
ant-governor of a state has some Independent duties, and 
is entitled not only to act as governor ad interim, but to 
succeed to the office If It becomes vacant during his elec- 
toral term. In some parts of the British empire a lieuten- 
ant-governor is the actual governor of a district or prov- 
ince, under a governor-general or other chief magistrate 
of the territory of which it is a part. 
lieutenant-governorship (lu-ten'ant-guv'er- 
nor-ship), n. [< lieutenant-governor + -snip.] 
The office of lieutenant-governor. 
lieutenantryt (lu- or lef-ten'an-tri), n. [< lieu- 
tenant + -ry.] Lieutenancy. 
If such tricks as these strip you out of yourlieutenantry. 
Sno*., Othello, ii. 1. 178. 
lieutenantship (lu- or lef-ten'ant-ship), n. [< 
lieutenant + -ship.'] The state or office of a 
lieutenant ; lieutenancy. 
liever (le'ver). Comparative of lief. 
lievrite (leVrit), n. [Named after C. H. Le- 
lievre, a French mineralogist (1752-1835).] 
Same as ilvaite. 
life (lif), n. ; _pl. lives (livz). [<_ME. lif, lyf 
" = OFries. 
OHG. lib, 
lip, life. MHO. KB, life, body, G.'leib, body, = 
Icel. lif (also lift}, life, = Dan. liv = Sw. lif, 
life, = Goth. *leif (not found ; cf . libains, life, 
from the same root, and fairliwus = AS.feorh, 
life), lit. 'continuance,' associated with lifian, 
live, lit. remain, continue, < "lifan (pret.*/djr, pi. 
*lifon, pp. "lifen), in comp. belifan = OS. bili- 
bh'an = OHG. biliban, MHG. beliben, bliben, G. 
bleiben, etc., = Goth, bileiban, etc., remain, be 
left (see leave 1 ), akin to Gr. Anrapfif,, persistent, 
persevering, Aaraptiv, persist, persevere. Hence 
in comp. (orig. phr.) alive, by apheresis Wre2.] 
1. The principle of animate corporeal exis- 
tence ; the capacity of an animal or a plant for 
self-preservation and growth by the processes 
of assimilation and excretion, the permanent 
cessation of which constitutes death ; that state 
of an animal or a plant in which its organs are 
in actual performance of their functions, or are 
capable of performing their functions, though 
the performance has not yet begun, or has be- 
gun but incompletely, or has been temporarily 
suspended; vitality. 
Deed men he retsid from deeth to lyue. 
Hymnt to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 47. 
The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath 
of /<.'' ; and man became a living soul. Qen. ii. 7. 
Noble mother, 
Can yon kill that you gave life? are my years 
Fit for destruction? Fletcher, Bonduca, Iv. 4. 
Seeing, then, that in all cases we may consider the ex- 
ternal phenomena as simply in relation, and the Internal 
phenomena also as simply in relation, the broadest and 
most complete definition of Life will be The continuous 
adjustment of internal relations to external relations. 
U. Spencer, Frin. of Biol., { 30. 
Life Is the state of an organized being in which It main- 
tains, or is capable of maintaining, its structural integrity 
by the constant Interchange of elements with the sur- 
rounding media. 0. W. HUmes. Old Vol. of Life, p. 201. 
2. Duration of the animate existence of an in- 
dividual ; the whole or any period of animate 
existence ; the time between birth and death, 
or any part of it from a given point till death : 
as, lifi is but a span ; to hold office for life. 
Mannls lijf here is but a day 
ASCIIS the lijf that euere schal be. 
Hymn* to Virgin, etc. (E. E. T. 8.), p. 84. 
Health and long life to yon, Master Silence. 
Shot.,* Ben. IV., v. 8.54. 
As men buy Leases, for three live* and downward. 
Milton, Church-Government, ii.. Int. 
A life spent worthily should be measured by a nobler 
line by deeds, not years. Sheridan, Duenna, Iv. 1. 
3. The principle or state of conscious spiritual 
existence : as, the life of the soul. 
Tis life, whereof our nerves are scant, 
Oh lif', not death, for which we pant, 
More life, and fuller, that I want. 
Tennyson, Two Voice*. 
life 
4. I Miration of existence or activity in general; 
term of continuance, usefulness, or efficiency; 
the time during which anything lasts, or has 
force or validity: as, the life of a machine; the 
life of a lease ; the enterprise had a short life. 
In turning or planing steel the life of the tools used 
upon it is greatly Increased if It has been thoroughly an- 
nealed. C. P. B. Shelley, Workshop Appliance*, p. 324. 
In London, (electrical) lamps can now be obtained whoso 
lift U guaranteed for a thousand boon. Science, IV. Ml. 
The life of a rope appears to be about a year and a half. 
Hankine, Steam Engine, App., p. 669. 
5. The state or condition of being alive ; indi- 
vidual manifestation of existence: as, to save 
or lose one's life. 
And yf they do any treapace wherof may fall peryll of 
andlym (etc.). 
Charter of London (Rich. II.), Arnold's Chron., p. 16. 
I beg mortality, 
Rather than life preserved with Infamy. 
Shak., 1 Hen. VI., IT. 5. 88. 
6. Embodied vitality ; vital force in material 
forms; living beings in the aggregate: as, a 
high or a low type of life; the absence of life in 
the desert. 
Full nature swarms with Hfi. Thornton, Spring, 1. 187. 
From the life that fills the flood 
To that which warbles through the vernal wood. 
Pope, Eaaay on Man, L 216. 
The noise of life begins again. 
Tennyson, In Mcmorlam, xll. 
7. A corporeal existence ; a living being; one 
who or that which has life ; a person : now used 
only with reference to persons as lost or saved, 
but formerly of a person generally: as, many 
lives were lost. 
How louynge he 1s to echo lyf a londe and a watere. 
Fieri I'loicman (C), xvt 19. 
An awful thought, a life, removed, 
The human-hearted man I loved. 
Tennymn, In Memorlam, zilL 
8. Source or means of living; that which makes 
or keeps alive; vivifyingpnnciple; an essential 
vital element, as food or the blood. 
Why, there you touch'd the life of our design. 
Shak., T. and C., U. 2. 194. 
Genial Day, 
What balm, what Hfr Is in thy ray ! 
Moore, Lalla Rookh, The I ire-worshippers. 
The warm l\fe. came issuing through the wound. 
Pope, Iliad, Iv. 609. 
The Lord of all, himself through all diffus'd, 
Sustains, and Is the life of all that lives. 
Covper, Task, vL 222. 
9. A vital part of the body ; a life-spot or vul- 
nerable point. 
The boat approached near enough to "set" the hand- 
lance Into her li.fr, dispatching the animal (a whale] at 
a single dart. C. M. Scammon, Marine Mammals, p. 25. 
10. Condition, quality, manner, or course of 
living; career: as, high or low, married or sin- 
gle life ; to lead a gay life ; to amend one's life; 
the daily life of a community. 
Whan they were alle come, the! ledde alle symple lif 
and honeste. Merlin (E. E. T. 8.), L 87. 
They lltle dlffred for their maner of life from the very 
brute beasts of the field. 
Puttrnhaui, Arto of Eng. Foeeie, p. 4. 
He hath a dally beauty in his li.fr 
That makes me ugly. Shale., Othello, v. 1. 19. 
It is like they might have lived here happily enough, 
had their Inclinations led them to a quiet Life. 
Dampier, Voyages, II. 1. 107. 
11. In tlifol., that kind of spiritual existence 
which belongs to God, is manifested in Christ, 
and is imparted through faith to the believer; 
hence, a course of existence devoted to the ser- 
vice of God, possessed of the felicity of his fel- 
lowship, and to be consummated after death. 
I am the resurrection and the life. John xl. 26. 
To be carnally minded is death; but to be spiritually 
minded is li.fr and peace. Rom. viii. A. 
The soul flows Into the human mind, and conveys with 
It the life which it receives, without Interruption, from 
the Lord. 
Svxdenbory, Christian Psychology (tr. by Gorman), p. 70. 
12. An account of a person's career and ac- 
tions; a personal history; a biography: as, Plu- 
tarch's Lires; Johnson's Lives of the Poets. 
Plutarch, . . . that writes his life, 
Tells us that Cato dearly loved his wife. 
Pope, Epilogue to Rowe's "Jane Shore." 
13. Vivid show of animate existence; anima- 
tion; spirit; vivacity; energy in action, thought, 
or expression : as, to put life into one's work. 
Rem negligenter agit He goes carelessly about the 
matter. He puts no life Into the matter. He doth it as 
though he cared not whether he did It or no. 
Terence in EnytM (1614). (.Van*.) 
They have no notion of life and fire In fancy and in 
VOTda. Felton. 
