lignitize 
lignitize (lig'ni-ti/i), '. t. ; pret. and pp. /I//HI- 
li nl, |ipr. li<iinli ':iiiii. [< lii/iiitc + -i;e.} To 
convert, into lignite. 
A largo log two feet In dl;unctcr. an<l roniplrtfly lirrni- 
timt, was also seen. Amer. Jour. Sri., 3d ser., XXXI. 203. 
lignivorOUS (lig-niv'o-rus), a. [= V. Hi/nil'"'-! . 
C L. liijniim, wood, + vorarr, eat, devour.] 
Wood-eating; living in and devouring wood, 
either in a growing tree or incut timber, as the 
lame of many insects; xylophagous. 
lignose (lig'nos), it. and n. [< L. lignosus, 
woody: see lignuun.} I. n. Same as ligneous. 
II. n. An explosive mixture consisting of 
wood pulp saturated with nitroglycerin. It has 
fallen into disuse on account of the special dan- 
ger attending its use. 
lignoust (lig'mis), a. [= F. ligneux = Pg. lig- 
IKISO; < L. lignosus, like wood, < lignum, wood: 
see lignum.] Ligneous. 
Their liynoun fibers with continuous length, 
Equivalent, compact, a bony strength. 
Brooke, Universal Beauty, iii. 
lignum (lig'num), n. [L., wood as used for 
fuel (or rarely for making tables, etc.); prob. 
'that which is gathered' (sc. for firewood), < le- 
gere, gather : see legend."] Wood, as contrasted 
with soft tissues or with bark ; that part of ex- 
ogenous plants which comprises the alburnum 
and the duramen. Lignum cruets, wood of the cross ; 
cede/*., a relic asserted tone a piece of the true cross, or a 
decorative object containing such a relic. 
lignum-aloes (lig'uum-al'oz), . Same as 
lignum-vitae (lig'num-vi'te), . [NL-, < L. Hg- 
iii/i/t, wood, + t'ito', gen. of vita, life: see vital.'] 
1. The tree Guaiacum officinale, or its hard and 
durable wood ; also, G. sanctum. See Guaiacum. 
2. A name of several other trees of which 
the wood is more or less similar to that of G. 
officinale. That of Quiana ts Ixora trijlorum, also called 
hackia ; that of Queensland, Vitei linnum-mta of the IVi- 
benacece. Acacia, falcate and Eucalyptus polyantheina of 
New South Wales have likewise received the same name ; 
and so has Melanorrhea uritata, the black-varnish tree of 
Burma and Pegu . Bastard lignum- vitse, Sarcomphal itn 
laurinwi of Jamaica, belonging to the Rhamnece. Hick- 
ory llgnum-vitn, Acacia falcata of New South Wales. 
White Ugnum-vltts, Badiera dioersi/olia, of the Poly- 
ffalecK, found in Jamaica. 
ligroin (lig'ro-in), n. [Formation not obvious.] 
That part of petroleum which has a boiling- 
point between 90 and 120 C. 
ligTlla (lig'u-lS), . ; pi. ligula! (-IS). [NL., < L. 
ligula, a var. of lim/iila, a little tongue, tongue 
of a shoe, strap, etc., a spoon, spoonful; dim. 
of lingua, tongue : see lingual.~\ 1. In2iot.,same 
as ligttte. 2. In entom.: (a) A fleshy, mem- 
branaceous, or horny anterior part of the labi- 
ura, attached to the inner surface of the men- 
turn, by which it is sometimes entirely conceal- 
ed; the terminal or distal one of the three com- 
ponent parts of the labium. In the Hynunoptera It 
la developed into a long tongue-like organ, split into three 
parts, of which the outer two are called the paraylo&ce and 
the intermediate one the glngsa or liiiyita. (See cut under 
//(/'"' ""/'.'<"'-' Sometimes the term ligula is applied to 
the united palpigersor pal pus-bearing lobes of the labium, 
which cover and conceal the true ligula. In the Coleoj> 
tera the ligula is properly the central division of the lat>i- 
urn, between the pnragloiwa? ; but, as the latter are often 
wanting, thr term liifula has come to be used synonymous- 
ly with labium, where the termlofa'ufn is used as applying 
only to the anterior division, excluding mentum and mo- 
mentum. See cut under mouth-part*. (/,) ,\ process 
on the elytra of certain beetles. See elytral. 
3. In anat., a band of white nervous substance 
bordering the membranous covering of the pos- 
terior part of the fourth ventricle of the brain 
on each side, and extending from the clava to 
the strise acusticse, where it winds around the 
restiform bodies. Also called to'iiia ventriciiti 
iliuii-ti, ulii i>itiix, and ponticiilus. 4. [cop.] A 
genus of simple cestoid worms, type of the fam- 
ny Lii/iiliilu'. having an unsegmented elongated 
body with two lateral depressions at the head 
end, and numerous sets of sexual organs in 
longitudinal series opening on the median line 
of the body. These endoparasites inhabit fishes and 
amphibians, and acquire their matured character in water- 
birds. 
6. [</>.] A genus of ruollusks. 
ligular (lig'u-lar), a. [< ligul(e) + -r3.] Of or 
pertaining to "a ligula; consisting of ligultp; 
strap-like. 
As occasional appendages . . . must be mentioned stip- 
ules, ligular structures, ami u.>d-!iki> outgrowths. 
Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 191. 
Ligularia (lig-u-la'ri-a), . pi [NL., < i.ignin 
+ -arin.} The LigvUau rated as an order of 
the class ('stitulea. 
ligulate (lig'u-lat), a. [< litjHla + -ate 1 ."] 1. 
Itibot.: (a) Strap-shaped: said chiefly of the 
3451 
rays of the tubuliflorous and the corollas of the 
liguliflorous CoHi/m.-iilii: (';) Furnished with a 
ligule: a>, a lii/iilnti- grass; having a ligulate 
corolla: as, a /n/iiliitr (lower; having ligulate 
flower-: as. ii lii/nlii It: head. 2. In :<>!., strap- 
shaped: specifically applied (a) to the cochlea 
of vertebrates below mammals, in distinction 
from helicine or helicoid; (b), in entomology, to 
parts which are long, narrow, flat, and parallel- 
sided or nearly so, as the tongue of a butterfly. 
ligulated (lig'u-la-ted), a. Same as ligulate. 
ligule (lig'ul), n. [< ligula, q. v.] In hot., one 
of several strap-shaped organs or parts, (a) The 
blade formed by the corolla in some or all the florets of 
numerous composite plants. See Li'juliflfirte. (b) The 
membranous appendage which projects from the summit 
of the leaf-sheath in many grasses, (c) The name Is ex- 
tended by Gray to certain outgrowths, analogous to the 
last, from the Inner side of some petals (for example, those 
forming the crown In Silent), and also ot some filaments (as 
in the stamens of dodder), (d) In Stlayinttot and IfoeUt, 
a peculiar membranous scale or tongue arising from the 
upper surface of the leaf above the sporangium when that 
is present. Also litjida. 
Ligulidae (li-gu li-de), n. jil. [NL., < Ligula + 
-<3<e.] A family of cestoid worms, typified by 
the genus Ligula. 
Liguliflorse (lig'u-li-flo're), . pi. [NL. (A. 
P. de Candolle, 1838), fern. pi. of NjMtyfentt; 
see liguliflorous.} A suborder of Composite. 
The florets of the compound flowers are ligulate 
and hermaphrodite. 
liguliflorous (lig'u-li-flo'rus), a. [< NL. liguli- 
florus, < L. ligula, a strap, + flos (flor-), a flower: 
see ligula and flower.} In hot., having heads 
composed exclusively of strap-shaped florets. 
liguliform (Iig'u-li-f6rm),a. [< L. ligula, a strap, 
+ forma, form.'} In entom., strap-shaped; flat 
and parallel-sided. Liguliform tongue or lingua, 
a tongue or lingua which is rather shortTnat, and partly 
free from the labium, and not concealed within the mouth, 
as in most wasps. 
Liguorian (li-gwo'ri-an), a. and n. [< Liguori 
(see def.) + -an.} I. a. Of or pertaining to Al- 
fonso Maria da Liguori (1696-1787), an Italian 
bishop and saint, founder of the order of Ke- 
demptorists. 
II. n. Same as Redemptorist. 
Liguorist (li-gwo'rist), n. [< Liguori (see Li- 
guorian) + -ut.} Same as Redemptorist. 
ligure (lig'ur), . [< LL. ligurius, lyncurius, lyn- 
curion, li/iicurium, < LGr. fayipiav, Gr. fayxav- 
ptov (Theophrastus), fayKoipiov, hyyovpiov, Zvy- 
yoi'piov, Zayyoiptov, hayovpiov, a sort of gem (Sep- 
tuagint, tr. Heb. leshem)} origin obscure ; appar. 
(in the form ).vyKovpiov, the other forms being 
then corruptions), \ ^t'j-f (Xuyx-), a lynx, + ovpov, 
urine, an etym. accompanied by, and perhaps 
originating, the statement that the gem was 
believed to be lynx's urine petrified. The origin 
has also been referred to L. Liguria (Gr. A/jv- 
pia, tuyvariKfi) in northern Italy: see Ligurian.} 
Some precious stone. The word is used in the author- 
ized version of the Old Testament to translate lethrm, the 
Hebrew name of one of the twelve precious stones set in 
the breastplate of the Jewish high priest i F.x. xxviii. 19, 
xxxix. 12). The ligure has been identified hv some with 
the jacinth, but by others with the opal or with the tour- 
malin. 
And the third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. 
Ex. xxvlu. 19. 
Ligurian (H-gu'ri-an), a. and . [< L. Liguria 
(Gr. \tyvpia, \iyovpia), < Ligures (Gr. \tyvcf, A<- 
}tyjff), pi. of Ligus (Ligur-) or Ligur, a people 
in northern Italy. Cf. Ligusticum and lorage, 
from the same ult. source.] I. a. Pertaining 
to Liguria, an ancient district on the coast of 
northwestern Italy and southeastern France, 
including Nice, the south of Piedmont, Genoa, 
part of Parma, etc. In the present kingdom of Italy 
Liguria is a compartimento or department comprising the 
provinces of Genoa and Porto Maurizio. Ligurian bee, 
Apia liguitrica, the Italian honey-bee, indigenous to the 
south of Europe. Ligurian Sea, the Gulf of Genoa. 
II. ii. One of a race inhabiting in ancient 
times a great part of northwestern Italy, espe- 
cially in the neighborhood of Genoa, and occu- 
pying also much of southeastern Gaul. The Li. 
gurians seem to have been ethnically distinct from Iberi- 
aufl, Gauls, and the main stock of Italian tribes. They were 
subjugated by the Romans during the second century be- 
fore the Christian era. 
ligurinus (lig-u-ri'nus), n. [NL., < L. Liguri- 
nns, Ligurian: see Liguria .} 1. An old name 
of the green linnet, or siskin, now commonly 
called Chrysomitrix spinus. Hence 2. [cap.} 
(a) A genus of fringilline birds having the sis- 
kin as its type. Srisson, 1760. (6) Another 
genus of birds having as type the greenfinch, 
/.arm i-Moris of Linnteus. Xocli. 1816. 3. 
[cap.} A genus of spiders. KarscH, 1878. 
ligurite (lig'u-rit). w. [= F. ligurite, < L. Ligu- 
ria, name of a district of Italy (see Ligurian), 
like 
+ -ite-.} A variety of siihcin- r litaiiite, Oc- 
curring in oblique rhombic prisms of an apple- 
green color. 
ligurrition (lig-u-riHh'on), . [< L. liyuritio(n-), 
iii/H,->-iti'i( M-), a fondness for dainties, < ligurire, 
lii/'<rrire, be fond of dainties, lick, lit. desire 
to lick, di'siderutive of lingers, lick: gee //.. ] 
The act of licking. [Rare.] 
The emptying of wine glasses and the Uaurrition of 
il i-l i. .- f. II I :irr,ir, .1 tilNin Home, p. 94. 
Ligusticum (li-gus'ti-kum), M. [NL. (Linna- 
us), < L. ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Ligu- 
ria, lovage, < Liyusticus (Gr. tuyvariK&t ), Ligu- 
rian, < 1. i;i in-; 1 1 ii a r, a Ligurian: see Liyurian. 
See lorayr, ult. < L. Kguntii-iiin.] A genus of 
umbelliferous plants belonging to the tribe Se- 
i 1 1 near, subtribe Selineo!. distinguished by an 
ovate or oblong fruit with numerous oil-tubes, 
and by having seeds with a flat or slightly con- 
cave face. There are about 25 species, which are found 
throughout the whole northern hemisphere. L. Scoticum, 
the Scotch lovagc, Is sometimes used as a pot-herb. It Is 
common on northern shores, In America reaching south to 
Rhode Island. L. actar\folium, called nmuln ana angtKco, 
has a larxc root with the strong aromatic odor and taste 
of . I nyelica. 
ligustrin, ligustrine (li-gus'trin), n. [< Ligtu- 
trum + -in 2 . J The bitter principle of the privet, 
Liguxtrum rulgare. 
Ligustrum (li-gus'trum), n. [NL. (LinnRus), 
< L. ligustmm, privet.] A genus of plants 
belonging to the order Oleacea and the tribe 
Oleinete, distinguished by the induplicate co- 
rolla and the terminal panicles of the flowers. 
There are about 25 species, natives of temperate and trop- 
ical Asia, of Europe, and of Australia. They are shrubs 
with opposite entire smooth leaves. L. vulgart, the com- 
mon privet, makes neat hedges, bearing clipping well, 
hence called prim and primprint. The hard white wood, 
though small, serves some purpose in turnery, the twigs 
have been used in Belgium In tanning, and the bark yields 
the bitter principle ligustrin. The Japan privet { L. Jo- 
pomcum, with broader, evergreen leaves. Is a cultivated 
species, which, like the former, will grow In shade, and 
may be used for hedges. 
Ligyms (lij'i-rus), n. [NL., < Gr. ?./>rpof, pli- 
ant, flexible.] A genus of scarabs, of the sub- 
family /li/ntixtiiiii: It Is an important group, confined 
to North and South America and the West Indies. Four 
species inhabit the I'nited states. L. ruyicrp* is the great- 
est enemy of the sugar-cane in Louisiana, and also injures 
corn. /,.' Irititlierculnttvi Is Injurious to the sugar-cane in 
South America, ftunnrirfer, 1847. 
likt, n. A Middle English form of like 1 . 
likable (H'ka-bl), a. [Also likeable; < like*, 
r., + -able.] 'Of a nature to attract liking; apt 
to be liked : as, a likable disposition. 
Harry was liked because he was likablt. 
Thacktray, Virginians, xlill. 
Ferris, the consul, is meant to be a good fellow In Inten- 
tion, and a lilcaMe one in person, f. A. AVr.. c.XX. 213. 
We cannot make much out of his military services, but 
he [Franklin Pierce] la a KktaliU man, and has as much of 
"Young America" as we want. 
Marry, in Curtls's Buchanan, II. 38. 
likableness (H'ka-bl-nes), n. The quality of 
being likable. Also spelled likeableness. 
The agreeableness of a thing depends not merely on Its 
own lilftaUetiftts, but on the number of people who can be 
got to like It JtiuHn. 
likamt, n. [E. dial. Irccam ; < ME. likam, licam, 
likame, licame, Jykam, lykanie, lycome, lighame. 
lii-liniii. lifhame, etc., < AS. lictiama, lichoma (= 
OS. likhamo = OFries. likkoma, lirma = D. H- 
chaani, ligcliaam = MLG. lieham, /iV7iflf = OHG. 
lihhamo, liehtimo, MHG. lichame (also OHG. iili- 
hinhamo, lihhinamo, MHG. licliname, G. Irit-li- 
nam) = Icel. likamr, Hl;ami = Sw. (obs.) If lea- 
men = Dan. legeme), body, lit. 'body-covering,' 
< lie, body, + liiimn. a covering: see like 1 and 
liming. The compound has a poetical aspect, 
and doubtless originated in poetical use, like 
the equiv. AS. flaxchoma, 'flesh-covering,' ban- 
miii.' bone-chamber,' banjo;!, 'bone-vessel,' han- 
IIMX, 'bone-house,' bdnloca, 'bone-chest,' etc.] 
The human body. 
As ancres and eremites that holden hem In hnre cellys, 
Coueytynge nogt in contrees to carien a-boute 
For no lykerouse Irflode hure lukamr to plete. 
Ken rtcnrman (CX L Si 
I'm . thou art to blame, 
To this entysed thou me. 
Me shames with my lyghamt. 
I'M* Play*, p. 25. 
like 1 * (Hk), n. [< ME. like, lyke, in southern 
use assibilated lirli, lirlir, lyrlie, < AS. lie, the 
body (the living body, but also sometimes a 
dead body), = OS. lik = OFries. Kk = D. Nik 
= MLG. lik, licit, neut., = OHG. /*, n., f., 
MHG. lieh. lichr, f.. G. leiche, f., the body, a 
dead body, = Icel. lilc = Sw. lik = Dan. Kg, a 
dead body, = Goth, leik, the body, flesh. From 
this iioun, besides the assibilated form licit 1 , 
