lithographic 
prints: a lithographic press. Lithographic cray- 
on. Same as crai/on, 2. Lithographic ink. Seei*i. 
Lithographic paper, paper used, or specially prepared, 
for taking impressions from lithographic stones. For or- 
dinary use common book- and map-papers are employed, 
but are specially selected from those in which the bleach- 
ing-agents and substances employed in the size are in kind 
or quantity such as do not, by chemical reaction upon ink 
or stone, injuriously affect the quality of the work. Litho- 
graphic pen, a small, very fine steel pen used in litho- 
graphic work. Lithographic press, a printing-press 
adapted for striking off impressions from lithographic 
stones. There are lithographic hand-presses, usually work- 
ing by means of a traveling carriage which is run under a 
horizontal scraper-bar, and lithographic power-presses, in 
which the pressure is applied by means of a cylinder, and 
which generally have automatic devices for dampening and 
inking the stone and for feeding and removing the paper. 
Lithographic roller, a wooden or metallic hiking-roller 
used in lithographic printing. It is wrapped in woolen 
cloth, and covered with leather of uniform thickness and 
fine quality. Hand-rollers have handles at each end, cov- 
ered with loose leather sleeves, by the compression of 
which the printer can produce varied effects. Machine- 
rollers, similar in construction to hand-rollers, have stocks 
of metal, and are sometimes as much as 50 inches long. 
They are driven by friction-disks running with the bed of 
the press. Lithographic Slate. Same as lithographic 
stone. Lithographic stone, a compact slaty limestone, 
of a yellowish color and fine grain, used in lithography. 
The best comes from the flaggy oolites of Solnhofen in 
Bavaria ; but others are got in the oolites of England, 
France, and Greece, and from older rocks in Canada. 
Lithographic-stone dresser, a machine for facing litho- 
graphic stones, or polishing their faces. Lithographic 
varnish, a medium employed in making and also for 
thinning lithographic printing-ink. It is prepared from 
linseed-oil, heated and then burned, and retains enough of 
the greasy character to give the ink the qualities necessary 
for lithographic printing, but not enough to grease the 
stone or paper. 
lithographical (lith-o-graf'i-kal), a. [< litho- l 
graphic + -al.~\ Same as lithographic. [Rare.] 
lithographically (lith-o-graf'i-kal-i), adv. By 
means of, or as regards, lithography. 
lithographize (li-thog'ra-fiz), v. t. ; pret. and 
pp. lithographized, ppr. lithographizing. [< litho- 
graph + -ize.] To lithograph. [Rare.] 
3482 
litholabe (lith'o-liib), . [< LGr. /.i6o~Aafios, an 
instrument for extracting a stone, < G-r. >.i'6of, 
stone, + '/.a/t/ldveiv, /Mfieiv, take, seize.] In surg. , 
an instrument formerly employed for keeping 
a stone in the bladder fixed so that it could be 
acted upon by lithotritic instruments. 
litholapaxy (lith"o-la-pak'si), n. [< Gr. Was, 
stone, + Ad-a^if, an evacuation, < '/Miraaaetv, 
empty.] In surg., a form of lithotrity; a meth- 
od of crushing stone in the bladder and evacu- 
ating it. 
litholatrous (li-thol'a-trus), a. [< litholatr^y 
+ -ous.] Practising or pertaining to lithola- 
try : as, litholatrous persons or rites. Imp. Diet. 
lithplatry (li-thol'a-tri), n. [< Gr. UBof, stone, 
+ 'Aarpeia, worship : see latria.'] The worship 
of stones of particular shapes. Imp. Diet. 
litholeine (li-tho'le-in), n. [< Gr. "Altto*;, stone, + 
L. oleum (< Gr. I'Aaiov), oil, + -me 2 .] A yellow 
oily liquid distilled from petroleum, used in ee- 
zema and parasitic skin-diseases. 
lithologic (lith-o-loj'ik), a. [< litholog-y + -ie.'] 
Of or pertaining to lithology or the science of 
rocks; relating to stones; concerning the na- 
ture or composition of stone ; petrographic. 
lithological (lith-o-loj'i-kal), a. [< lithologic 
+ -al. ] Same as lithologw. 
lithologically (lith-o-loj'i-kal-i), adv. In a lith- 
ological manner ; from a lithological point of 
view ; as regards lithologic character or struc- 
ture: as, strata lithologically distinct. 
lithologist (li-thol ' o - jist), n. [< litholog-y + 
, . 
is/.] One who is versed in lithology. 
tholo 
lithology (li-thol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. A/flof, stone, + 
-Aoyj'o, < Myciv, speak : see -ology.'] 1. A branch 
of mineralogy concerned with the minute study 
of rocks, with the object of finding out what 
minerals make up the different varieties. This 
This picture has been lithograph-tied. 
Archaeologia, XXIL 452. 
lithography (li-thog'ra-fi), . [< Gr. / 
stone, + -ypaijtla, < ypdQsiv, write.] The art of 
making a picture, design, or writing upon stone 
in such a manner that ink-impressions can be 
taken from the work, and of producing such 
impressions by a process analogous to ordinary 
printing. Lithography was invented by Aloys Senef elder 
of Munich, about 179B. A special kind of stone is used, 
called lithographic stone. (See lithographic. ) The design 
may be put upon the stone by direct drawing, by transfer 
from paper or from another stone, by engraving, or by 
transfer from a photograph. In the first process the stone 
is prepared by grinding to give it a grained or slightly 
roughened surface, on which the design is drawn with a 
lithographic crayon precisely as it is to appeal- in print, 
but reversed; or the sin-face is smoothed, and the design is 
made with pen or brush in lithographic ink. When the 
drawing is finished, the stone is etched with dilute nitric 
acid, and then flooded with a solution of gum arable in 
water, or it is flooded with nitric-acid and gum-arabic 
solutions combined. The acid decomposes the soap of 
the crayon or ink, and leaves the marked surface of the 
stone in a chemical condition that fits it to absorb fatty 
inks. The gum-water, on the other hand, covers with 
an adherent film all those parts of the surface of the 
stone which have been left untouched by the crayqp or 
ink. The stone is then passed on to the printer, who 
" washes out " the picture with turpentine, after which 
the image appears faintly defined in white. To print 
from it, an inking-roller is now passed over the stone. 
The wet gummed surface resists the ink and remains 
clean, while the design takes up the ink and readily gives 
it back to paper under pressure in the press. The second 
or autographic process is by transfer. The design, pic- 
ture, map, or writing is made on prepared paper with the 
proper ink, dampened, laid face downward on a heated 
stone and pulled through the press, when the ink leaves 
the paper and adheres to the stone. The after-treatment 
is the same as in the first process. Transfers are also made 
from stone to stone in like manner, to save from wear the 
original drawing on the first stone. The third process 
is allied to copperplate engraving. A smooth stone is 
prepared with gum-water, its face is colored with lamp- 
black or other pigment, and the picture is scratched 
through the gum with a steel needle. When it is finished 
the stone is oiled, and the oil ia absorbed wherever the 
surface of the stone has been laid bare by the needle. The 
incised design is thus made fit to take up fatty inks, which 
are resisted by the gummed surface so long as it is kept 
damp. The fourth process is that of transferring a photo- 
graph to the stone, and is called photolithography (which 
see). These four processes are modified and combined in 
a great variety of ways, yet in all, with the exception of 
photolithography, the method is essentially that invented 
by Senefelder. 
lithoid (lith'oid), a. [< Gr. WouSrK, also contr. 
>/*,')<%-, like stone, stony, </U0of, stone, 4- eMof, 
form.] Resembling a stone ; of a stony struc- 
ture: opposed to vitreous. See devitrification. 
By the progressive development of crystallites or crys- 
tals during the cooling and consolidation of a molten rock 
a glass loses its vitreous character and becomes lithoid 
in other words, undergoes devitrification. 
Oeikie, Text- Book of Geol. (2d ed.), p. 108. 
lithoidal(li-thoi'dal),. [<lithoid + -al.] Same 
is done chiefly by the microscopic study of the rocks, cut 
for this purpose into thin sections and properly mount- 
ed for examination. See petrography and petrology. 
2. That department of medical science which 
is concerned with the study and treatment of 
calculi found in the human body, 
lithomancy (lith'o-man-si), n. [< Gr. A/fof, 
stone, + /LO.VTUO., divination, < fiavrif, a diviner.] 
Divination or prediction by means of stones. 
As strange must be the lithomancy, or divination from 
this stone, whereby Helenus the prophet foretold the de- 
struction of Troy. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 8. 
lithomarge (lith'o-marj), . [< Gr. /Uftjf, stone, 
-I- L. mdrga, marl.] One of several imperfectly 
determined minerals, or mixtures of minerals, 
all of which are hydrous silicates of alumina, 
and closely related to or identical with kaolin 
andkaolinite. Some varietiesare compact, others more 
or less pulverulent. The word is little used in English ex- 
cept as the translation of the German steimnark, literally 
'rock-marrow.' 
lithopaedium (lith-o-pe'di-um), n. fNL., < Gr. 
?.i6of, a stone, + naioiov, dim. of iratf (iraiS-), a 
child.] A dead fetus, retained, and impreg- 
nated with salts of lime. 
Lithophaga (li-thof 'a-ga), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
fl.otlithophagus: see lithophagous.] A family 
of bivalve mollusks containing several genera 
whose members burrow in rocks and other hard 
substances, as Saxicava, Petricola, Venerupis, 
etc. The term is no longer in use ; the family being het- 
erogeneous, its representatives are by modern systema- 
tlsts dissociated in different families, namely Saxicamda 
(or Glycimeridce), Petricolidce, and Veneridce. Also called 
JMhophagce, Lithophagi, Lithophaffidte. Lamarck, 1812-18. 
lithophagi (li-thof'a-ji), n. pi. [NL.: see litho- 
phagous.} 1. Eaters of stone: applied collec- 
tively or indiscriminately to animals that per- 
forate or penetrate stones or stony objects to 
make a nest or burrow for themselves therein. 
Such are the lithodomous mollusks, as date-shells (Litho- 
domvs) and piddocks (Pholadidte), various zoophytes, an- 
nelids, etc. See cuts under date-shell and piddock. 
2. [cap.] Same as Lithophaga. 
Lithophagidae (lith-o-faj'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Lithophagus + -idee.] Same as Lithophaga. 
lithophagOUS (li-thof'a-gus), a. [< NL. litho- 
I'lmiiiis, < Gr. /U0oc, a stone, 4- <fmyciv, eat.] 1. 
Eating stones; swallowing gravel, as a bird. 
2. Perforating or penetrating stones, as the 
Lithophaga; lithodomous. 
Lithophagus (li-thof'a-gus), w. [NL. : see K- 
thophagous.] 1. A genus of mussels of the 
family Mytilidte (not pertaining to the Litho- 
/ilini/a): same as Lithodomus,!. 
lithophane (lith'o-fan), re. [< Gr. Ai'0of, stone, 
-f- -tjxivfa, appearing, < (jtaiveGdat, appear.] A 
style of ornamentation adapted for lamps, dec- 
orative windows, and other transparencies, 
produced by impressing sheets of porcelain- 
glass, when in a soft state, with figures, which 
become visible by transmitted light. 
Lithospermum 
lithophosphor (lith'o-fos-for), . [< Gr. 2/flof, 
stone, + <t>(M<ti6pof, giving light: see phosphor, 
phosphorus.'] A stone that becomes phospho- 
rescent when heated. 
lithophosphoric (lith"o-fos-for'ik), a. [< litho- 
phosphor + -ic. ] Pertaining to lithophosphor, 
or having its nature ; becoming phosphorescent 
by heat. 
lifhophotography (litb/o-fo-tog'ra-fi), . [< 
Gr. /./So?, stone, + E. photography, q. v.] Same 
as photolithography. Imp. Diet. 
lithophyl, lithophyll (lith'o-fil), . [NL.,< Gr. 
M6oc, stone, + <j>i'/./.ov, a leal.] A fossil leaf or 
impression of a leaf, or a stone containing such 
a leaf or impression. 
lithophysa (lith-o-fi'sa), .; pi. litliophysw (-se). 
[NL., ^_Gr. Wot, stone, + Qvoa, bellows.] A 
spherulite having a concentrically chambered 
structure: so called by Richthof en . See sphe- 
rulite. 
lithophyse (lith'o-fis), n. Same as lithophysa. 
lithophyte (lith'o-fit), . [< Gr. Wof, stone, + 
<j>vr6v, a plant.] Any one of the polyps whose 
substance is stony or hard, as corals and sea- 
fans. The older naturalists classed them with 
plants, whence the name. 
lithophytic (Hth-o-fit'ik), a. [< lithophyte + 
-if.] Same as lithophytovs. 
lithophytont, . [NL.: see lithophyte.'] A litho- 
phyte. 
Coral ... is a Kthophyton, or stone plant, and groweth 
at the bottom of the sea. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., ii. 5. 
lithophytOUS (lith'o-fi-tus), a. [< lithophyte 
+ -ot<s.] Pertaining to or consisting of litho- 
phytes. 
Lithornis (Ii-th6r'nis), . [NL., < Gr. a/for, 
stone, + bpvtf, a bird.] The generic name pro- 
posed by Professor Owen for certain bird-re- 
mains from the Eocene clay at Sheppey in Eng- 
land, supposed to have been accipitrine. The 
species is named Lithornis rulturinus. 
Lithosia (li-tho'si-a), . [NL. (Fabricius, 1798), 
< Gr. AlBof, a stone.] The typical genus of 
Lithosiidce. The palpi are short, squamous, and two- 
jointed ; the antennee are simple, and setose in the male ; 
Lithosia ceplialica. (Cross shows natural size.) 
This moth is a pure silvery-white. The fringe on the under pair of 
wings is long and soft. 
and the tibiae are short and slender. There are nearly 100 
species, and the genus is wide-spread. L. bicolor is com- 
mon in North America. The common footman of Great 
Britain is /,. complanuta, of a dull color, expanding about 
I ', inches. 
lithosiid (li-tho'si-id), a. and . I. a. Pertain- 
ing to the Lithosiida;, or having their characters. 
II. n. Any member of the Lithosiidce; a foot- 
man. 
Lithosiidae (lith-o-si'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Litho- 
sia + -idee."] A family of bombycid moths, typi- 
fied by the genus Lithosia; the footmen. They 
have a slender body, filiform antenna 1 , moderate three- 
jointed labial palps, ample wings, subelliptical fore wings, 
and unfolded hind wings with a conspicuous frenulum. 
The larvse feed upon plants and lichens, and are often 
clothed with hairs arising from piligerous tubercles. There 
are about 100 genera, and the family is wide-spread. Also 
written Lithosiadte, Liihosidce. 
Lithospermeae (lith-o-sper'me-e), n. pi. [NL. 
(A. P. de Candolle, 1845), < 'Lithospermum + 
-ece.~\ A subtribe of plants of the tribe Bora- 
gete, typified by the {*enus Lithospermum. and 
characterized by having the four erect or in- 
curved nutlets sessile and attached by the im- 
mediate base to a plane gynobase. It embraces 
17 genera of herbs or low shrubs, including among them 
Merttmia (the lungworts), Oiumnodimn (the false grom- 
well), Myosotis (the forget-me-not), and many other well- 
known plants. 
lithospermous (lith-o-sper'mus), o. [< Gr. 
/Ufof, stone, + mrtpfia, seed: see sperm."] In 
bot., having hard and stone-like fruit. 
Lithospermum (lith-o-sper'mum), . [NL. 
(Tournefort, 1700) (so 'called in allusion to the 
nuts or seeds, which are very hard and have 
a polished surface), < L. lithospermon, < Gr. 
immsppuv, gromwell, < )idof, stone, + avtp/ia, 
seed: see sperm.] A genus of plants of the 
