Lithospermum 
tribe Bonii/iir, typo of the subtribo Lithonper- 
mca', characterized by a corolla with a cylindri- 
cal tube, a usually iiaked throat, and a spread- 
ing limb. The stamens are Included, and the nutlets 
smooth, with a small flat surface at the base. There are 
about 40 species, growing throughout the warm and tem- 
perate parts of the northern hrmi-phei e, in eastern Africa, 
and tile western part of South America. They are rough 
hairy herbs, rarely undershrtibs, bearing purple, blue, 
white, or yellow flowers, either solitary in the axils or (the 
upper) In leafy hracted spikes or racemes. See yrinitin-U, 
allcaiKt, : ;, ana puccoon. 
lithosphere (lith'o-sfer), n. [< Or. 2.idof , stone, 
+ afyaipa, sphere : see sphere.] The crust of tho 
earth: a designation corresponding with atmo- 
Hphere and hydrosphere. [Little used.] 
lithostrotion (Iith-o-str6'ti-on), n. [NL., < L. 
lithoytrotuy, mosaic, < Or. /(ftfoiyjuroc, paved with 
stouesX <Uftf, stone, + arparAf, covered, < arpuv- 
vivai, spread: see strew, straw.] If. A kind 
of fossil coral found in mountain limestone. 
Lhwyd (Lloyd), 1699. 2. [cap.] A genus of 
fossil rugose stone-corals of the family Cyatlto- 
pln/llidie. Also LithostrotiuiH. 
lithothryptic (lith-o-thrip'tik), a. [< Gr. >Mof, 
stone, T 0pvirTiK6f, able to break, < Opi'irreiv, 
break to pieces.] Same as lithotritic. Some- 
times, erroneously, lithontliri/ptie. 
lithothryptist (lith-o-thrip'tist), . [< litho- 
thri/pt-ic + -int.] Same as lithotritist. 
lithothryptor (lith'o-thrip-tqr), n. [< litho- 
tliri/pt-ic + -or.] Same as litllotritor. 
littiothrypty (lith'o-thnp-ti), [< Gf. Xifof, 
stone, 4- Vpvxreiv, break to pieces.] The opera- 
tion of crushing stone in the bladder ; lithotrity. 
lithotint (lith'6-tiut), H. [< Gr. Xi'0or, stone, + 
E. tint.] 1. T"he art or process of producing 
pictures in colors from lithographic stones. 
2. A picture so produced. 
lithotome (lith'o-tom), . [< Gr. ).i6or6/wf, 
cutting stones, < /U0of, stone, + Tt/wety, Ta/ieiv, 
cut: see tome.] 1. A mineral which in its rough 
state has the appearance of a cut gem. 2. In 
surg., an improper name for a eystotome. 
lithotomic (lith-o-tom'ik), . [< lithotom-y + 
-tc.] Of, pertaining to, or performed by lithot- 
omy. 
lithotomical (lith-o-tom'i-kal), a. [< lithotomic 
+ -<tl.] Same as tithotomic. 
lithotomist (li-thot'o-mist), n. [< lithotom-y + 
-int.] One who practises cutting for stone in 
the bladder. 
lithotomize (li-thot'o-mlz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
lit/iotomized, ppr. lithotomizing. [\Hthotom-y + 
-fee.] To perform lithotomy on. 
He Kthotomizcd a man, but was unable to extract a stone. 
5. D. Graft, Autobiog., p. 46. 
Lithotomus (li-thot'o-mus), n. [NL. : see lith- 
otome.] Same as Lithophagus or Lithodomus : 
a term coined to replace Lithophagus, in order 
to avoid the implication that the members of 
this genus eat the rock they excavate. Xitzsche, 
1825; Voigt, 1834. 
lithotomy (li-thot'o-mi), n. [< LL. lithotomia, 
< Gr. Ximrojuia, a cutting of stones, a cutting 
for stone, < faBarti/tof, cutting stones, cutting for 
stone: see lithotome.] The operation, art, or 
practice of cutting for stone in the bladder. 
lithotripsy (lith'o-trip-si), n. [< Gr. Xi'(tof, stone, 
-f- Tplipif, rubbing^ < rpifaiv, rub.] Same as litho- 
trity. 
lithbtriptic (lith-o-trip'tik), a. [< lithotripsy 
(-tript-) + -ic.] i3ame as lithotritic. 
lithotriptist (lith-6-trip'tist), n. [< lithotripsy 
(-tript-) + -ist.] Same as lithotritist. 
lithotriptor (lith'6-trip-tor), . [< lithotripsy 
(-tript-) + -or.] Same as lithotritor. 
lithotrite (lith'o-trit), . [< Gr. /Uftof, stone, + 
L. tritus, pp. of terere, rub: see trite.] An 
instrument for crushing a stone in the blad- 
der, so as to reduce it to small particles which 
will pass through the urethra. Also lithotritor. 
lithotritic (lith-o-trit'ik), . [As lithotrite + 
-ic; partly confused, with lithothryptic.] Of or 
pertaining to lithotrity; having the property 
of destroying stone in the bladder. 
lithotritist (lith'o-tri-tist), n. [< lithotrite + 
-ixt.] One who practises lithotrity. Also litho- 
thryptist. 
lithotritor (lith'o-tri-tor), n. [NL., < Gr. JJflof, 
stone, + L. tritor, a rubber, < terere, pp. tritux, 
rub, grind.] Same as lithotrite. 
lithotrity (lith'o-tri-ti), n. [< Gr. /.(0oc, stone. + 
L. tritiis, pp. of tfrere, rub, grind.] The oper- 
ation of crushing a stone in the bladder by 
means of an instrument called a lithotrite. 
lithotype (lith'o-tip), . [< Gr. /i'0or, stone, + 
Tvirof, impression: see type.] 1. A kind of ste- 
reotype plate produced by lithotypy. 2. A 
3483 
method of printing from lithographic stone in 
the same manner as from type, the design on 
the stone being etched deeply enough to admit 
of the use of the type-press. . H. Knight. 
lithotype (lith'o-tip), c. t. ; pret. and pp. litho- 
'.'//'"'. 1'pr. lithittypiiig. [< Itthotijpe, M.J To 
prepare for printing by lithotypy. 
llthotypic (lith-o-tip'ik), a. [< lithotype + -ic.] 
Relating to lithotypy ; printed by the lithotype 
process. 
lithotypy (lith'o-tl-pi), n. [As lithotype + -ij.] 
A peculiar process of stereotyping by pressing 
the types into a soft mold or matrix. On the re- 
moval of the types the hollows left by them are tilled with 
a mixture of gum shellac, tine sand, tar, and linseed-oil 
in a heated state. Tills mixture when thrown Into cold 
water becomes hard, and forms a plate ready to be print, 
ed from. From the sand present in it, It baa a stony tex- 
ture. 
lit-house (lit'hous), n. A dye-house. [Prov. 
Eng.] 
lithpxyle (li-thok'sil), n. [< Gr. ?.<0of, stone, 
+ fiy.ov, wood.] A variety of wood-opal, which 
retains distinctly the form and texture of the 
original wood. 
lithoxylite (li-thok'si-lit), n. [< lithoxyle + 
-itc'^.] Same as lithoxyle. 
Lithuanian (lith-u-a'ni-an), a. and . [< Lithu- 
ania (see def.) +'-.] I. a. Of or pertaining 
to Lithuania, or to its people or language. 
II. n. 1. A member of a race inhabiting Lith- 
uania, formerly an independent country south- 
east of the Baltic sea, afterward subject to 
Poland, now included in West Russia. 2. The 
language of Lithuania. It is one of a branch of Indo- 
European or Aryan tongues, usually called Lettic or LeltM. 
and most nearly allied to Slavic. These languages are 
spoken in parts of western Russia and eastern Prussia. 
Lithuania (lith-u-an'ik), a. and . [< Lithua- 
nia 4- -ic.] I. a. Same as Lithuanian. 
H. n. Same as Lithuanian, 2; in a wider 
sense, same as Lettic. 
lithuria (li-thu'ri-a), . [NL.,< Gr. ).iOof, stone, 
+ oiipov, urine.] The presence of an abnormal 
amount of uric acid in the urine. 
lithwake (lith'wak), a. [Also dial, leathwake; 
< ME. lithicayke, lythewayke, < leotheicok, < AS. 
lithotcde, lithewdc, leothuwac, with pliant joints, 
flexible, < lith (pi. leothn), a joint, + wdc, yield- 
ing, weak: see lith 1 and weak.] Limber; flexi- 
ble; pliable. 
lithy (li'THior-thi), a. [Also dial. lethy; < lithe*. 
+ -y 1 .] 1. Lithe; easily bent; pliable. 
Their litkie bodies bound with limits of a shell. 
A Herrings Tayle (1598). (Xare.) 
2. Heavy; warm: applied to the weather. Hal- 
liwell. [Prov. Eng.J 
lithy-tree (U'THi-tre), H. [So called from its 
pliable limbs; < lithy + tree.] The w^ayfaring- 
tree, Viburnum Lautana; also, Khus caustica. 
litigable (lit'i-ga-bl), . [< ML. litigabilis, < 
L. litigare, litigate: see litigate.] Capable of 
being litigated, or made the subject of a suit 
at law. 
litigant (lit'i-gant), a. and . [= F. litigant = 
Sp. Pg. It. liti'gante, < L. litigan(t-)s, ppr. of 
litigare, litigate : see litigate.] I. a. Disposed 
io litigate ; contending in law ; engaged in a 
lawsuit. 
II. n. One who is a partyto a suit at law. 
In all the Teutonic bodies of custom except the English 
and the Lombardic, even when the greatest latitude of 
seizure is allowed to litiyanto out of Court, some judicial 
person or body must be applied to before they proceed to 
extremities. Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 284. 
litigate (lit'i-gat), r. ; pret. and pp. litigated, 
ppr. litigating. [< L. litigatas, pp. of litigare, 
dispute, quarrel, carry on a suit, < lis (lit-), 
strife, dispute, suit, + agere, drive, carry on: 
see /w 1 and agent.] I. iiitrans. To carry on a 
suit by judicial process. 
The appellant, after the interposition of an appeal, still 
liti'iiiti'x in the same cause. Aylifff, Parergon. 
H. trans. To make the subject of a suit at 
law ; bring before a court of law for decision ; 
prosecute or defend at law, as a right or claim. 
It Is taken absolutely for granted that there is some- 
where a rale of known law which will cover the facts of 
the dispute now litigated. Maine, Ancient Law, p. 31. 
litigation (lit-i-ga'shon), H. [< LL. litiiju- 
tio(n-), a dispute, < L. litigatiis, pp. of litigare 
(> It. litigare = Pg. Sp. litigar'), quarrel, carry 
on a suit: see litigate.] 1. The act or process 
of litigating or carrying on a suit in a court of 
law or equity; a judicial contest. 
It was a curious coincidence that the great breach be- 
tween England and Rome should be the result of a litiga- 
tion in :i luMiiimiMiml suit. Sttibbs, Const. Hist., 403. 
Nothing quells a Spirit of litvttiti'in lik* iK'spair of suc- 
cess. Paley, Moral I'hilos., vl. 8. 
litmus 
2. Any dispute or discussion dependent upon 
i viili nee for decision. [Hare.] 
Whether the "muscular sense" directly yields u< 
knowledge of space Is still a matter of litvjatvm among 
I.sydmloglsta, W. Jama, Mind, XII. 1. 
litigator (lit'i-ga-tor), n. [< L. litigator, < liti- 
gare, litigate: < MMOfe.] One who litigates. 
litigiosity (li-tij-i-os'i-ti), . [< L. as if *liti- 
gionita(t-)s, < litigiostui, contentious: see /i<i- 
t/ioim.] 1. The character or quality of bt-in^ 
litigious; litigiousness. 2. In Hcoti law, a tacit 
legal prohibition of alienation, to the prejudice 
of a begun action or diligence the object of 
which is to attain the possession or to acquire 
the property of a particular subject, or to at- 
tach it in security of debt. Imp. Diet. 
litigious (li-tij'us), a. [< F. litigieux = Sp. Pg. 
It. litiyioso, < L. litigioxus. disputatious, conten- 
tious, < litigium, strife, dispute, < litigare, dis- 
pute: see litigate.] 1. Inclined to litigate or 
go to law; given to the practice of bringing 
lawsuits; fond of litigation ; contentious. 
A rich l/ii-iiiHi* lord I love to follow, 
A lord that builds his happiness on brawllngs. 
Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 4. 
2. Subject to or dependent upon legal contest ; 
hence, disputable ; controvertible ; subject to 
contention : as, litigious right. 
No fences, parted fields, nor marks nor bounds, 
Distinguish d acres of litigiou* grounds. 
Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Oeorgics, L 194. 
The Governor . . . encouraged me to buy It, saying 
"that such kind of lands only were lawful here to be 
bought and sold, and that this was not in the least lift- 
yitna." It. Knox (Arber's Eug. Garner, I. 386). 
3. Of or pertaining to litigation; relating tool- 
connected with legal contention. 
They vlew'd the ground of Rome's litiyinus hall ; 
Once oxen low'd where now the lawyers bawl. 
Dryden, -neld, vlii. 
I never visit these scenes . . . without a very vehement 
desire to be disengaged . . . from litigious terms. 
K. Choale, Addresses, etc., p. 134. 
The litigious sophism, a logical puzzle which runs 
thus : A law-student agreed to pay his teacher a certain 
sum If he won his first case. As he never had a case, his 
teacher sued him for the amount, thinking that If the 
matter was not decided in his favor In the first Instance, 
he should necessarily win a second process for the same 
money, because the law-student would then have won his 
first case. The student, on the other hand, maintained 
that if the case was decided in his favor, he ought not to 
be compelled to pay; and if it were decided against him, 
then by the terms of the contract he should not pay. 
litigiously (li-tij'us-li), rfr. In a litigious or 
contentious manner. 
litigiousness (li-tij'us-nes), n. The character 
ofbeing litigious; a disposition to engage in 
or carry on lawsuits; inclination to judicial 
contests. 
Litiopa (li-ti'o-pS), . [NL., so called as hav- 
ing a simple aperture, without a spout; irreg. 
< Gr. ><rof, smooth, plain, simple, + mf/, hole, 
aperture.] The typical genus of Litiopida'. 
Toe species are very small. They are oceanic, and attach 
themselves to gulfweed by glutinous threads. 
Litiopidae (lit-i-op'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Litiopa 
+ -iaa:] A family of tamioglossate gastropods 
typified by the genus Liliopa ; the gulfweed- 
snails. They are related to the Rtuoidrt and Cerithiitltr, 
but have filaments developed from the epipodlum and 
operculigerous lobe. The shell is conic, with an entire ap- 
erture (whence the name)nnd a truncated columella. The 
species are of small size, and live in votious seas, chiefly 
on sargassum. 
litiscontestationUi-tis-kon-tes-ta'sho.n), H. [< 
OF. litiscontcgtation, < LL. litis contestatio(n-), 
the formal entering of a suit by calling wit- 
nesses: L. litix, gen. of lit, strife, lawsuit; con- 
teslatio(n-), an attesting by witnesses: see con- 
testation.] In Scot* law, the appearance of 
parties in court to contest their rights. 
litispendencet (li-tis- pen 'dens), n. [< OF. 
litinpendenee, < ML. litis pendeiitia, pendency of 
a suit : L. litis, gen. of Its, a suit, + ML. pen- 
tli'iitia, pendency: see pendency.] In laic: (a) 
The time during which a lawsuit is going on. 
(b) A plea that another action is pending. 
litmus (lit'mus), H. [A corruption of lacmtis, 
simulating dial, lit, dye: see lucinus.] A pe- 
culiar coloring matter procured from Boccella 
tinctoria and some other lichens, it is prepared 
chiefly In Holland by macerating the lichens with * mix- 
ture of urine, lime, and potash or soda. As a result of the 
fermrntatiun, the mass finally becomes blue, when it is re- 
mm >-.!, is mixed with calcareous matter to give it consis- 
tence, and is then allowed to harden in molds. Paper 
tinged blue by litmus, called Ktmm-paper, is reddened by 
an acid, for the presence of which it is used as a test; its 
blue color is restored by an alkali. See archil. Litmus 
on rags, or tavrnmi rn tlrapcaux, a name given to a pig- 
ment prepared by steeping coarse linen rags in the juice 
of Crnton tinctorwm, and afterward subjecting them to 
the action <>f minnonia from urine <>r stable-manure. The 
tovrtietol fn ilrvjxattx is used especially to color the ciu.it 
