longiperoneus 
peroneus.] The long peroneal or fibular mus- 
cle, commonly called peroneus longus. Coues 
and Shttte, 1887. 
longiroster (lon-ji-ros'ter), . [< NL. longi- 
rostris, long-beaked, < L. longus, long, + ros- 
trum, beak: see rostrum.] One of the Longi- 
rostres. 
longirostral (lon-ji-ros'tral), a. [As longiros- 
ter + -al.] Having a long bill or beak: spe- 
cifically applied to the Longirostres. 
longirostrate (lon-ji-ros'trat), a. [As longiros- 
ter + -ate 1 .] Same as longirostral. 
Longirostres (lon-ji-ros'trez), n. pi. [NL., pi. 
of longirostris : see longiroster.] In Cuvier's 
system of classification, a family of Grallie or 
wading birds, including the snipes and their 
allies, together with the ibises, ranged here on 
account of their superficial resemblance to cur- 
lews. With this exception, the group corresponds to the 
natural division of birds now called the snipe family, 
Scolopacidce. 
longisect (lon'ji-sekt), v. t. [< L. longiis,loug, 
+ secare, pp. gectus, cut : see section.] To Wsect 
lengthwise and horizontally ; perform longisec- 
tion. [Rare.] 
longisection (lon-ji-sek'shon), n. [< L. longus, 
long, + sectio(n-), a cutting : see section.] Di- 
vision of the body in a plane parallel with the 
axis, and thus longitudinal, but from side to 
side, and thus at right angles to the meson and to 
hemisection-planes: correlated with transection 
and hemisection. N. T. Med. Jour., XL. 114. 
longissimus (lon-jis'i-mus), n. ; pi. longissimi 
(-ml). [NL. (so. musculus), superl. of L. longus, 
long: see long 1 , a.] A muscle of the back, more 
fully called longissimus dorsi, notable in man 
for its great length, forming with the sacrolum- 
balis the erector spinee, the muscle which as- 
sists in keeping the back straight or erect. It 
occurs under divers modifications in mammals, 
birds, etc. 
longitude (lon'ji-tud), n. [< F. longitude = Sp. 
longitud = Pg. longitude = It. longitudine, < L. 
longitudo (longitudin-), length, < longus, long: 
see long 1 , a.] If. Length; measure along the 
longest line. 
The ancients did determine the longitude of all rooms 
which were longer than broad by the double of their lati- 
tude. Sir H. Wotton, Elem. of Architecture. 
2. In geog., the angle at the pole contained 
between two meridians, one of which, called 
the first or prime meridian, passes through 
some conventional point from which the angle 
is measured. Strictly speaking, the meridian here 
spoken of is a plane through the plumb-line at the station 
parallel to the earth's axis, but not necessarily passing 
through that axis, since it may be that the earth's axis and 
the plumb-line at the station do not lie in one plane. But 
this distinction is wholly without importance, except in 
higher geodesy. The longitude of the conventional point 
is 0', and longitudes are reckoned east and west from it 
to 180 in arc, and to 12 hours in time, 15 degrees being 
equal to one hour. In Great Britain universally and in 
the United States generally geographers reckon from the 
meridian of the transit-circle at the Royal Observatory of 
Greenwich in England ; the meridian of Washington is also 
used in the United States. Germans reckon generally from 
Ferro in the Canaries, as the dividing line between the 
eastern and western hemispheres, though modern German 
scientists employ the meridian of Greenwich. In other 
countries geographers often reckon from the meridian of 
their capital orother point within their limits, as the French 
from Paris(and formerlyfrom Ferro), and the Russians from 
the observatory of Pulkowa. Mariners generally employ 
the meridian of Greenwich. There are various ways of 
finding longitude, the problem being that of comparing the 
time at the place in question with that of the prime merid- 
ian. On shore the most accurate method is to compare the 
time of the two places by means of the electric telegraph 
while at sea, the local time being determined by observa- 
tion of some celestial object, it is compared with Green- 
wich time, as shown by a chronometer carefully set and 
regulated before sailing. Abbreviated Ion., long. 
The ancients supposed the torrid and the frigid zones 
to be uninhabitable and even impenetrable by man' but 
while the earth, as known to them, was bounded west- 
wardly by the Atlantic Ocean, it extended indefinitely 
towards the east. The dimensions of the habitable world 
then (and ancient geography embraced only the home of 
man, >i oinoujiei/,)), were much greater measured from west 
to east than from south to north. Accordingly, early 
geographers called the greater dimension, or the east and 
west line, the length, longUtuio,ot the earth; the shorter di- 
mension, or the north and south line, they denominated its 
breadth, latitudo. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., ix. 
3. In astron., the are of the ecliptic measured 
eastward from the vernal equinoctial point to 
the foot of the circle of latitude drawn through 
the object, as a star or other point on the sphere 
whose position is in question. See circle of lati- 
tudes, under circle.- Celestial longitude. See def. 
3.- Geocentric, heliocentric, heliographlc longi- 
tude. See the adjectives. Libration. In longitude 
See libratwn of the moon, under libration. 
longitudinal (lon-ji-tu'di-nal), a. [= F. Sp. 
longitudinal = It. longitudinale, < NL. *longitu- 
3512 
dinalis, < L. longitudo (longitudin-), length, longi- 
tude: see longitude.] 1. Of or pertaining to 
longitude or length ; relating to or consisting in 
length: as, longitudinal distance. 2. In the 
direction of the length; running lengthwise, as 
distinguished from transverse or across : as, the 
longitudinal diameter of a body. 3. In bot., 
in the direction of growth. 4. In sool., ex- 
tended in the long axis of the body, as any ar- 
ticulate animal; articulated. [Rare.] 
Von Baer . . . adopted Cuvier's divisions, speaking of 
them as the peripheric, the longitudinal, the massive, and 
the vertebrate types of structure. 
Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 807. 
Longitudinal elasticity, the ratio of stress to strain in 
the case of linear extension or compression. Longitudi- 
nal sinus, Inanat. See sinus. Longitudinal strain, 
in gun. , the strain on a small-arm or cannon which tends 
to rupture it circumferentiaUy. Longitudinal veins, in 
entom., veins of an insect's wing running lengthwise to 
the apical margin: specifically, in the Diptera, applied to 
several such veins which, counting from the costal or an- 
terior side, are distinguished as first, second, etc., longitu- 
dinal. 
longitudinally (lon-ji-tu'di-nal-i), adv. In a 
longitudinal manner ; in the direction of length. 
longitudinated (lon-ji-tu'di-na-ted), a. [< L. 
longitudo (longitudin-), length, + -ate 1 + -erf 2 .] 
Extended in length. Goldsmith. [Rare.] 
long-leg (long'leg), n. In cricket, same as leg, 6. 
long-legged (Idng'legd or -leg'ed), a. Having 
long legs or hind limbs Long-legged chatterers, 
Swafnson's name of his Leiotrichance. See Liotrichince. 
Long-legged hawk, a hawk of the subfamily Accipitrince, 
having the tarsi proportionally long, as the goshawk, the 
European sparrow-hawk, or the American sharp-shinned 
hawk. Long-legged plover, a stilt. See Himantopus. 
Long-legged thrust, Swainson's name for a bird of his 
family Crateropodinoe. See Crateropodidce, and cut under 
Crateropus. 
long-legs (Krag'legz), n. An insect having long 
legs, such as the Tipula oleracea or common 
crane-fly and its congeners. See daddy-long- 
legs. 
long-lived (16ng'llvd), a. [< long 1 + life + -etft. ] 
Having a long life or existence; living or last- 
ing long. 
A long-lived soap-bubble displays every color which can 
be produced by polarization. 
0. N. Hood, Modern Chromatics, p. 60. 
longlivedness (long'Uvd-nes), n. Longevity; 
unusual length of life. [Rare.] 
If then . . . there can be discovered a reciprocating re- 
lation between want of gall in animals and longliaedness, 
... we have the basis for an inductive proof. 
fi. Adamson, Encyc. Brit., XIV. 789. 
longly (16ng'li), adv. [< ME. "longly, langly, < 
AS. langlice, for a long time (= Icel. langliga, 
for a longtime past), < lang, long: see long 1 and 
-ly 2 .] 1. For a long time. [Rare.] 
The horse strekede oute his nekke als ferre als he 
myghte, and likked Alexander hand ; and he knelid doune 
on his kneesse, and bihelde Alexander in the vesage 
langly. MS. Lincoln A. i. 17, t. 1. (Hattiwett.) 
[In the following passage from Shakspere the word is com- 
monly understood to imply also 'longingly.' 
Master, you look'd so longly on the maid, 
Perhaps you mark'd not what's the pith of all. 
Shalt., T. of the S., 1. 1. 170.) 
2. Lengthily in space. 
Asci clavate, obtuse, longly pedicellate. 
M. C. Cooke, Brit. Fungi, p. 761. 
long-minded (long'mln'ded), a. Patient; lon- 
ganimous. [Rare.] 
[A judge must be] long-minded to endure the rusticity 
and homeliness of common people in giving evidence, after 
their plain fashion and faculty. 
S. Ward, Sermons, p. 120. (Davie.) 
long-moss (long'mos), . An epiphytic plant, 
Tillandsia mneoides, with gray filiform stems 
and leaves,forming dense pendulous tufts which 
drape the forests of the southern United States. 
See Tillandsia. Also called longbeard, and more 
rarely and less appropriately black^noss, Span- 
ish moss, and barba Hispanica. 
Longmynd group. [Named by Sedgwick from 
the LongmyndHms in Shropshire.] Ingeol, an 
assemblage of strata which form a part of the 
lowest division of the Silurian series, or the 
Lower Cambrian of some of the latest authori- 
ties. The series is of great thickness as developed in 
Jes, and contains the usual fossils characteristic of the 
lowest division of the Lower Silurian of ilurchison Bar- 
rande, and Hall. See Silurian. 
longneck (l&ng'nek), n. The pintail duck, Da- 
fila acuta. G. Trumbull, 1888. See cut under 
Dafila. [New Jersey.] 
longness (Idng'nes), n. Length. [Rare.] 
longnose (long'noz), n. The garfish: so called 
from the elongated snout or jaws. 
Longobardian (long-go-bar'di-an), . [< L. 
Longobardi, Lnngobardi, a people of northern 
Germany, subsequently established in northern 
long-spun 
Italy: see Lombard 1 .] Pertaining or relating 
to the Longobards ; Lombard or Lombardic. 
long-off (long'fif), . Same as long-field-off. See 
long-field. 
long-on (long 'on), n. Same&sloi/g-field-on. See 
long-field. 
long-primer (long'prim'er), n. A size of type, 
measuring about ninety lines to the foot, next 
larger than bourgeois and smaller than small- 
pica. [Generally written by printers as two 
words, long primer.] 
long-purples (16ng'per"plz), n. 1. The man- 
orchis. Orchis mascula. Britten and Holland, 
Eng. Plant Names. 
Long purple*, 
That liberal shepherds give a grosser name, 
But our cold maids do dead-men's-flngers call them. 
Shale., Hamlet, iv. 7. 170. 
2. The purple loosestrife, Lythrum Salicaria. 
Britten and Holland, Eng. Plant Names. 
Gay long-purples with its tufty spike : 
She'd wade o er shoes to reach it in the dyke. 
Clare, Village Minstrel, ii. 90. 
long-range (long'ranj), a. Haying a long range ; 
capable of hitting at a long distance. 
It would not be very difficult or very costly to strength- 
en Gibraltar by placing modern long-range guns high up 
on the rock, with mountings which would allow of an all- 
round fire. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLIII. 2. 
long-rest (long'rest), 11. In medieval musical 
notation, a rest or sign for silence equal in 
time-value to a long. It was either 
"perfect" (equal to three breves: see 
o)or "imperfect "(equal to two breves: - 
see b). " 
long-ruffer (long'ruf'er), n. A coarse heckle. 
long-run (long'run), n. See in the long run, 
under run. 
long-settle (l&ng'set'l), . See settle. 
longshanks (ISng'shanks), n. 1 . A long-legged 
person. 2. A bird of the genus Himantoptts; 
a stilt. 
long-shawl (Mmg'shal), n. A shawl much long- 
er than it is wide, the length being usually 
about twice the width. 
longshore (loug'shor), a. and n. [By aphere- 
sis from alongshore.] I. a. Existing or em- 
ployed along the shore or coast : as, the long- 
shore fisheries ; a longshore boatman. 
II. n. A longshoreman. 
longshoreman (16ng'shor-man), n.; pi. long- 
shoremen (-men). 1. A workman, as a steve- 
dore or jobber, who is employed in loading and 
discharging the cargoes of vessels. 2. One 
who makes a living along shores by fishing for 
clams, oysters, etc. 
long-short (long'short), n. A skirt somewhat 
shorter than a petticoat, worn by women 
when doing household work. Bartlett. [Local, 
Her dress was a blue-striped linen short-gown, wrapper, 
or long-short, a coarse yellow petticoat, and checked apron. 
5. Judd, Margaret, 1. 3. 
long-sighted (ISng'sFted), a. 1. Able to see 
objects at a great distance ; hence, having fore- 
sight; of acute intellect; sagacious; far-see- 
ing. 2. Able to see objects distinctly at a 
distance, but not close at hand; presbyopic or 
hypermetropic ; far-sighted. 
longsightedness (16ng'sl*ted-nes), n. 1. The 
faculty of seeing objects at a great distance ; 
hence, sagacity as regards the future ; far- 
sighted discernment. 2. In pathol., a defect 
of sight owing to which objects near at hand 
are seen indistinctly, while those at remoter dis- 
tances appear distinctly ; hypermetropia; pres- 
byopia. 
long-slide (l&ng'slld), n. In steam-eugin., a 
slide-valve of sufficient length to govern the 
parts of both ends of the cylinder, and having 
a hollow back which forms an eduction-pas- 
sage. Valves of this description are used in 
the Cornish type of engine. E. H. Knight. 
long-slip (long'slip), n. Ivl'cricket, a'fielder 
whose position is some distance behind and on 
the right of the batter. 
longsome (16ng'sum), a. [< long 1 + -some.] 
Long and tedious: applied to persons and 
things. [Now rare.] 
A lampe . . . made 
With oyle and weecke to last the longsome night. 
Gascoigne, Dan Bartholomew of Bath. 
When chill'd by adverse Snows, and beating Rain 
We tread with weary Steps the longtcme Plain. 
Prior, Henry and Emma. 
longsomeness (long'sum-nes), n. The state of 
being longsome ; tediousness. [Rare.] 
long-spun (long'spun), a. Spun or extended 
to a great length ; long-drawn ; tedious. 
