ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
m., adj adjective. 
abbr. abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace accusative. 
accom accommodated, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-French. 
agrl agriculture. 
AL Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Am American. 
anat anatomy. 
aiic. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor 1101 ist. 
appar apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch. architecture. 
archffiol archeology. 
arlth arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
aitrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
ang augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
blol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
bot botany. 
Brae. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Oat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caui. causative. 
ceram ceramics. 
cf L. confer, compare. 
ch church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
chron. . . . , chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp. composition, com- 
pound. 
oompar. comparative. 
conch. conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
craniom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
def definite, definition. 
deriv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
diff different. 
dim diminutive. 
distrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
(1 yi i, mi dynamics. 
E list. 
Ii. EngMsh(u8uaUymtan- 
iii'i modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng English. 
engin engineering. 
i UN >n: entomology. 
Epls Episcopal. 
equlv equivalent. 
ep especially. 
EtL Ethiopic. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ettmol. ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Ear. European. 
i-M -1:111 exclamation. 
f., fern feminine. 
V. French (twuaiiy mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Flemish. 
fort. fortification. 
freq frequentative. 
Fries. Friesic. 
fat future. 
G German(uJuaUj/m0aii- 
ing New High Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol geology. 
geoni geometry. 
Goth Gothic (Sleosogotiik-). 
Gr Greek. 
gram grammar. 
gun gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
In. ml horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hang. Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
IceL Icelandic (tauallj, 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise call- 
ed Old None). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
L e. L.idt'st, that is. 
impers impersonal. 
Impf. Imperfect. 
impv imperative. 
improp. Improperly. 
Ind. Indian. 
ind Indicative. 
Indo-Eur. Indo-European. 
indef. Indefinite. 
taf. Infinitive. 
instr Instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr., in trans Intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg Irregular, irregularly. 
It Italian. 
Jap. Japanese. 
L. Latin Mutually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lfttt Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
llchenol lichenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
l.itl. Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
mach machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD Middle Dutch. 
ME Middle Englih(oMr- 
wife called Old En g- 
lish). 
mech. .......... mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med ............ medicine. 
mensur ......... mensuration. 
metaL .......... metallurgy. 
metaph ......... metaphysics. 
meteor ......... meteorology. 
Mex. ........... Mexican. 
MGr. ........... Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MEG ........... Middle High German. 
milit. .......... military. 
mineral ........ mineralogy. 
ML. ........... Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG ........... Middle Low German. 
mod. ........... modern. 
mycol .......... mycology. 
myth ........... mythology. 
n ............... noun. 
n., neut ........ neuter. 
H. ............. New. 
N .............. North. 
N. Amer ........ North America. 
nat. ............ natural. 
naut ............ nautlcaL 
nav. ............ navigation. 
. 
NGr 
modern 
Ml<; 
NL 
New Greek, 
Greek. 
New High German 
(urually limply G., 
German). 
New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom ............ nominative. 
Norm .......... Norman. 
north .......... northern. 
Norw .......... Norwegian. 
nnmls .......... numismatics. 
O .............. Old. 
obs. ............ obsolete. 
obstet .......... obstetrics. 
OBulg .......... Old Bulgarian (other- 
vnte called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat .......... Old Catalan. 
OD. ............ Old Dutch. 
ODan ........... Old Danish. 
odontog ........ odontography. 
odontoL ........ odontology. 
OF. ............ Old French. 
OFlem ......... Old Flemish. 
OGael .......... Old Gaelic. 
OHG ........... Old High German. 
Olr ............ Old Irish. 
Olt ............ Old Italian. 
OL. ............ Old Latin. 
OLG ........... Old Low German. 
ONorth ......... Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss ......... Old Prussian. 
orig ............ original, originally. 
ornith. ......... ornithology. 
OS. ............ Old Saxon. 
OSp ............ Old Spanish. 
osteoL ......... osteology. 
OSw ............ Old Swedish. 
OTeut .......... Old Teutonic. 
p. a. ........... participial adjective. 
paleon ......... paleontology. 
part ........... participle. 
pass. ........... passive. 
pathoL ......... pathology. 
pert. ........... perfect. 
Pers ............ Persian. 
pers ............ person. 
persp ........... perspective. 
Peruv .......... Peruvian. 
petrog .......... petrography. 
Pg. ............ Portuguese. 
pnar. .......... pharmacy. 
Phen ........... Phenlcian. 
philoL .......... philology. 
philos. ......... philosophy. 
phonog 
. 
phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren. phrenology. 
pnyi. physical. 
phyilol physiology. 
jil., plui plural. 
poet poetical. 
polit political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss poueuivo. 
pp. past participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
1'r. Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref prefix. 
prep preposition. 
pros. present. 
pret preterit. 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
IMC. n. pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Frot Protestant. 
prov provincial. 
ptychol psychology. 
q. v L. quod (or pi. ywz) 
mde, which see. 
refl reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr. representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Unman. 
Bom Bomanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ Russian. 
8. South. 
8. Amer South American. 
c. L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
So. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
ling singular. 
8kt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
superl. superlative. 
urg. surgery. 
Borv surveying. 
Bw. Swedish. 
yn. aynonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg. telegraphy. 
teratol. teratology. 
term termination. 
Teat Teutonic. 
th. ii. theatrical 
theoL theology. 
therap therapeutics. 
toxlcol. toxicology. 
tr., trans transitive. 
trigon. trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typog typography. 
ult ultimate, ultimately. 
T verb. 
var variant. 
vet. veterinary. 
T. I. Intransitive verb. 
T. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallaoh Wallachian. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
oogeog zoogeography. 
lool. zoology. 
soot. rootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as In fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
ii as in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
as in fare, hair, bear. 
v as in met, pen, bless. 
i~ as in mete, meet, meat 
6 as in her, fern, heard. 
i as in pin, it, biscuit. 
I as in pine, tight, flle. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song, off. 
u ua in tub, son, blood. 
u as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube:, duty : sec Preface, pp. 
in, x). 
u as in pull, book, could. 
Ii German ii, French n. 
oi as In oil, joint, boy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates Us abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. \i. 
Thus: 
as in prolate, courage, captain. 
(' as in ablegate, episcopal. 
as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat 
ft as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, its sound la 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-souud (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
A as in errant, republican. 
8 as in prudent, difference. 
i as in charity, density, 
g as In valor, actor, idiot. 
:. aa in Persia, peninsula. 
| tain the book. 
U as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonant! t, d, 
i, 2 indicates that they in like manner 
are variable to eh, j, th, zh. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure, 
d as In arduous, education. 
; as In leisure. 
( as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH an in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
t French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mou- 
ille) 1. 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked if at it* 
regular Interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
<read/rwn; 1. e., derived from. 
> read whence ; i. c., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; L e., etymological!/ 
parallel with. 
y read root. 
* read theoretical or alleged ; L e. , theoreti- 
cally assumed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
* read obsolete. 
