mamma 
number, being paired, and may be pectoral, axillary, ven- 
tral or abdominal, or inguinal. They are sometimes quite 
high on the sides of the animal, but are never dorsal. 
An apparently single and median mamma, as the udder 
of the cow, results from the coalescence of as many mam- 
m as there are teats. In marsupials they are contained 
in the pouch, and may be circularly or irregularly dis- 
posed, or of odd number. In monotremes they are de- 
void of a nipple, whence the name Amasta for these ani- 
mals. The mamma develops at puberty, and comes into 
functional activity during gestation. The structure is 
common to both sexes, but as a rule remains rudimentary 
and functionless in the male. 
2. [cop.] A genus of sea-snails of the family 
Naticiila. Klein, 1753. 
mammal (mam'al), a. and . \ = OF. mam- 
mal = Sp. mamdl = Pg. mamal, mammal = It. 
mammals, n.; < NL. mammale, a mammal, neut. 
of LL. mammalis, of the breast, < L. mamma, 
the breast: see mamma 2 .] I. a. Having breasts 
or teats ; mammif erous. 
II. . An animal of the class Mammalia. 
Aerial mammals, the bats. Age of mammals, the 
Tertiary period in geology. 
Mammalia (ma-ma'lia), n. pi. [NL. (sc. ani- 
malia), neut. pi. of LLl 'mammalis (neut. sing, as 
a noun, mammale), of the breast: see mammal.] 
In zool., the highest class of Vertebrata, con- 
taining all those animals which suckle their 
young, and no others ; mammiferous animals ; 
the mammals. With the exception of the lowest sub- 
class, the monotremes or Ornithodelphia, which lay eggs 
like birds, Mammalia are viviparous, bringing forth their 
young alive ; and, with the same exception, the mammary 
gland is provided with a nipple for the young to suck. 
They have no gills, but breathe air by means of lungs, 
which are primitively, an offset of the alimentary canal. 
The blood is warm; the heart is completely four-chambered 
or quadrilocular, with two auricles and two ventricles ; 
and its right and left sides are entirely separate after birth, 
when the arterial and venous circulation and the pulmo- 
nary and systemic vessels become differentiated. The 
heart and lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity, which 
is completely shut off from the abdomen by a muscular 
diaphragm. The aorta is single and sinistral, curving 
over the left bronchus. The blood contains red circular 
non-nucleated blood-disks and white blood-corpuscles. 
The brain has large cerebral hemispheres, which are more 
or less extensively united by commissures, especially by a 
corpus callosum, which when well developed roofs over 
more or less of the lateral ventricles. The skull has two 
occipital condyles and an ossified basioccipital. The lower 
jaw, composed of a pair of simple mandibular rami, is di- 
rectly articulated by a convex condyle with the glenoid 
fossa of the squamosal. The malleus and incus become 
specialized auditory ossicles, lodged like the stapes in the 
cavity of the tympanum. (See MaUeifera.) Limbs are al- 
ways present. There are ordinarily two pairs, anterior and 
posterior, or pectoral and pelvic, but the latter are some- 
times aborted, as in cetaceans and sirenians. The ankle- 
joint, if there is one, is always formed between crural and 
tarsal bones, and is never mediotarsal. The body is usu- 
ally more or less hairy, sometimes naked, rarely scaly or 
with a bony exoskeleton. The class M ammalia is definitely 
circumscribed, no transitional forms being known. It has 
been subdivided in various ways. Linneens had 7 orders, 
Primates, Bruta, Fern, GKres, Pecora, Bettuce, and Cete, 
with 40 genera in all. Cuvier made the 9 orders Bimana, 
Quadrumana, Carnaria, Marsupiata, Rodentia, Edentata, 
Pachydermata, Ruminantia, and Cetacea. Owen divided 
Mammalia primarily into 4 subclasses, according to the 
character of the brain, and 14 orders, as follows: Archen- 
cephala Bimana; Gyrencephala Quadrumana, Garni- 
vora, Arlwdactyla, Perissodactyla, Probogcidia, Sirenia, Ce- 
tacea; Litsencephala Bruta, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Ro- 
dentia; Lyencephala Marsupialia, M onotremata. Dana's 
prime divisions correspond to Owen's by other names, 
Archontia, Meffasthena, Microsthena, and OSticoidea. In 
1872 Gill arranged mammals in 3 subclasses and 14 orders, 
as follows : subclass Monodelphia, containing all placental 
mammals, orders Primates, Ferae, Unyulata, Toxodontia 
(fossil), Hyracmdea, Proboscidea, Sirenia, Cete, in one se- 
ries EduaMUa, and Chiroptera, Insectivora, Olires, Bruta, 
in a second series Ineducabiiia ; subclass Didelphia, the 
implacental mammals, order Marsupialia alone ; subclass 
Ornithodelphia, the oviparous mammals, order Monotre- 
inata alone. This is substantially the classification now 
almost universally current, but it is exclusive of certain 
fossil groups which require ordinal rank. The families of 
mammals now recognized are about 150 in number, the 
genera nearly 1,000 ; the living species are about 8,250. 
Remains of mammals abound in all Tertiary deposits, and 
a few forms have been found in Mesozoic beds. Also 
called Mammifera and Malleifera. 
mammalian (ma-ma'lian), a. and n. [< mam- 
mal + -jaw.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the 
Mammalia or mammals. 
II. n. An animal of the class Mammalia; 
a mammal. 
mammaliferous (mam-a-lif'e-rus), a. [< NL. 
mammale, a mammal, -f-' L. ferre = E. ieorl.] 
In geol., bearing mammals; containing mam- 
malian fossils, or the remains of Mammalia: 
as, mammaliferous strata. 
mammalogical (mam-a-loj'i-kal), a. [< mam- 
malog-y + -ic-al."] Of or pertaining to mam- 
malogy. Owen, Class. Mammalia, p. 34. 
mammalogist (ma-mal'o-jist), n. [< mam- 
malog-y + -ist.~\ A student of the Mammalia; 
one who is versed in the science of mammal- 
ogy ; a therologist. Also mastologist. 
mammalogy (ma-mal'o-ji), n. [= Sp. mama- 
logia, < NL. mammale, a mammal, + (Jr. -^oyia, 
3606 
<teyeiv, speak: see-ology.J The scientific know- 
ledge of mammals; the science of the Mamma- 
lia; therology. 
mammary (mam'a-ri), a. [= F. mammaire = 
Sp. Pg. mammalia, < NL. mammarius, < L. 
mamma, the breast: see mamma 2 .] Of or 
pertaining to a mamma or breast : as, a mam- 
mary artery, vein, nerve, duct, etc.; a mammary 
structure Mammary fetus, gestation, gland. See 
the nouns. 
inanimate (mam'at),a. [< L. mammatas, having 
breasts, < mamma, breast : see mamma 2 .] Hav- 
ing mammEe or breasts. 
inanimate-cumulus (ma-ma/to-ku'mu-lus), n. 
A name given by Ley to a cumulus cloud when 
it has a festooned appearance : called pocky cloud 
in Orkney, where it is usually followed by wind. 
Marnmea (ma-me'a), n. [NL. (Linnasus, 1737), 
< Haytian mamey (!> Sp. mamey).~\ A genus of di- 
cotyledonous polypetalous trees of the natural 
order Guttifer<e and tribe Calophylleos, character- 
ized bya calyx which is closed before the flower 
expands, and then becomes valvately 2-parted, 
and by a 2- to 4-celled ovary containing four 
ovules, usually with a peltate stigma. They are 
trees with rigid coriaceous leaves, often covered with pel- 
lucid dots ; axillary flowers, either solitary or in clusters ; 
and fruits which are indehiscent drupes with from one to 
four large seeds. There are 5 species, natives of America 
and tropical Asia and Africa. M. Americana is a tall 
tree with a thick spreading head, somewhat resembling 
Magnolia orandiflora, and showy white sweet-scented 
flowers. The fruit, known as the mammee-apple or South 
American apricot, is much esteemed in tropical countries, 
and is eaten alone, or cut in slices with wine or sugar, 
or preserved in various ways. It is yellow, and as 
large as a cocoanut or small melon ; the rind and the 
pulp about the seeds are very bitter, but the intermedi- 
ate portion is sweet and aromatic. From the flowers a 
spirituous liquor is distilled. (See can Creole, under <. i 
The seeds, which are large, are used as anthelmintics, and 
a gum distilled from the bark is used to destroy chigoes. 
The tree is a native of the West Indies and tropical Amer- 
ica, but is often cultivated in the tropics of the Old World. 
mammeated (mam'e-a-ted), a. [< L. mamme- 
atus (Plautus), an erroneous form for mamma- 
tus, having breasts: see mammafe.] Having 
mammffl or breasts. [Rare.] 
mammee (ma-me'), n. The Mammea Ameri- 
cana, or its fruit African mammee, another tree or 
fruit, probably of the genus Gareinia. 
mammee-apple (ma-me'ap*'l), n. The tropical 
tree Mammea Americana, or its fruit. 
mammee-sapota (ma-me'sa-p6' i 't&), . Same 
as marmalade-tree. 
marnir.elliere (mam-e-lyar'), . [F., < mamelle, 
the breast: see mamma 2 .] 1. A piece of ar- 
mor, usually a circular or nearly circular plate, 
attached to the hauberk or broigne, or worn 
outside the surcoat, one covering each breast, 
and serving especially for the attachment of 
the end of the chain which was secured to the 
sword-hilt, mace, war-hammer, etc. 2. The 
pectoral, especially when serving to retain the 
ends of the chains securing the sword-hilt, dag- 
ger-hilt, or the like, and differing from the piece 
of armor above denned in being one plate only 
instead of one of two side by side. 
mammert (mam'er), v. i. [< ME. mamelen, 
momelcn, < AS. mamorian, mamrian, be in deep 
thought, < mamor, deep sleep, unconsciousness; 
connections unknown.] To hesitate; stammer 
from doubt or hesitation. 
I wonder in my soul 
What you would ask me that I should deny, 
Or stand so mammering on. Shak., Othello, iii. 3. 70. 
He forsook God, gave ear to the serpent's counsel, be- 
gan to mammer of the truth, and to frame himself out- 
wardly to do that which his conscience reproved inwardly. 
J. Bradford, Letters (Parker Soc., 1853), II. 108. 
mammeringt (mam'er-ing), n. [Formerly also 
mammoring; verbal n. of mammer, fl.] A state 
of hesitation or doubt; quandary; perplexity. 
There were only v. C. horsemen which assembled them- 
selves together, and stood in a mammoring whether it 
were better to resist or to fire. 
J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, v. 
But is not this Thais which I see? It's even she. 1 am 
in a mammering : ah, what should I do ! 
Terence in English (1614). (Wares.) 
mammeryt, . [In the passage cited spelled 
irreg. mamorie; a var. of mammering, as if < 
mammer + -y.~\ Same as mammering. 
My quill remained (as men say) in a mamorie, quivering 
in my quaking fingers, before I durst presume to pub- 
lishe these my fantasies. 
Sir H. Wottan, Cupid's Cautels, etc. (1578), To the Reader. 
mammett, mammetroust.ete. See man-met, etc. 
mammichug, n. Same as mummychog. 
inammie (mam'i), n. See mammy. 
mammifer (mam'i-fer), n. [< NL. mammifer, 
< L. mamma, breast, + ferre = E. Sear 1 .] An 
mammilloid 
animal having mammse ; a member of the Mam- 
inifi-ra; a mammal. 
Mammifera (ma-mif'e-ra), n. pi. [NL., neut. 
pi. of mammifer: see mammiferous.] Mammif- 
erous animals as a class : same as Mammalia. 
De Blaiiwille. 
mammiferous (ma-mif'e-rus), a. [< NL. mam- 
mifer^ L. mamma, brea'st, + ferre = E. iear 1 .] 
Having mammas ; being a mammifer ; of or per- 
taining to the Mammifera; mammalian. 
mammiform (mam'i-form), a. [< L. mamma, 
breast, + forma, shape.] Like a breast or teat ; 
mastoid; mammillary. 
mammiformed (mam'i-formd), a. Same as 
mammiform. E. Roberts, in Jour. Brit. Archseol. 
Ass., XXX. 91. 
mammilla (ma-mil'a), n. ; pi. mammilla' (-e). 
[L. mantilla, less prop, mammilla, breast, nip- 
ple, dim. of mamma, breast: see momma 2 .] 1. 
The nipple of the mammary gland. Hence 
2. Some nipple-like or mammillary structure. 
The crystals of others [stones] assume a mammillated 
form, the mamillfe being covered with minute crystals. 
Geol. Jour., XLV. 822. 
3. In entom., a small conical process or appen- 
dage on a surface ; a mammula. 4. [cop.] In 
conch., a genus of gastropods. Schumacher, 
1817. 5. In bot., applied specifically (a) to tu- 
bercles on a plant-surface, as in Mamillaria; 
(b) to the apex of the nucleus of an ovule ; (c) 
to granular prominences on some pollen-grains. 
mammillar (mam'i-lar), a. Same as mammil- 
lary. 
mammillary (mam'i-la-ri), a. [= F. mamillaire, 
< LL. "mamillaris (in neut. mamillare, a breast- 
cloth), < L. mamilla, mammilla, breast, nip- 
ple: see mammil- 
la.'] 1. Pertain- 
ing to a mam- 
ma, pap, dug, 
or teat. 2. Ee- 
sembling a nip- 
ple. 3. Stud- 
ded with mam- 
miform protu- 
berances ; hav- 
ing rounded pro- Mammillary Structure. Malachite. 
jections, as a 
mineral composed of convex concretions in 
form somewhat resembling breasts. 
West of this place, in Milam and Williamson counties, 
the nearly level prairies are mammillary, with slight ele- 
vations eight or ten feet apart, presenting the appearance 
of old tobacco or potato hills on a gigantic scale. 
Science, III. 404. 
Mammillary bodies, the corpora albicantia of the brain. 
See corpus. Mammillary brooch, a kind of brooch 
found among Celtic remains. It consists of two saucer- 
shaped or cup-shaped pieces connected by a third piece 
or handle. Mammillary process, the mastoid process 
of the temporal bone. Mammillary tubercle, the rudi- 
mentary metapophysis of a lumbar vertebra in man. 
mammillate (mam'i-lat), a. [< NL. mammilla- 
tits, < L. mamilla, mammilla, breast, nipple : see 
mammilla,."] 1. In anat. and zool. : (a) Hav- 
ing a mammilla or mammillae; provided with 
mammillary processes : specifically applied, (1) 
in entom., to the palp of an insect the last 
joint of which is smaller than the preceding 
and retracted within it ; (2) in conch., to a shell 
whose apex is teat-like. (6) Mammillary in 
form; shaped like a nipple. 2. In bot., bear- 
ing little nipple-shaped prominences on the 
surface. 
mammillated (mam'i-la-ted), a. 1. Having 
nipple-like processes or protuberances; fur- 
nished with anything resembling a nipple or 
nipples: as, a mammillated mineral (as flint 
containing chalcedony); a mammillated shell 
(one whose apex is rounded like a teat). 2. 
Nipple-shaped ; formed like a teat. 
Both the mound and mammillated projections stand 
about three feet higher than any other part of the reef. 
Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 14. 
mammillation (mam-i-la'shon), n. [< XL. 
mai>niltati<>(n-), <L. mamilla, mammilla, a nip- 
ple.] 1. The state of being mammillated, in 
any sense. 2. In bot., the state or condition 
of being covered with mammillary protuber- 
ances. 3. In patliol., a mammilliform protu- 
berance. 
mammilliform (ma-miri-form), a. [< L. ma- 
mina, mammilla, nipple, + forma, form.] Mam- 
millary in form ; nipple-like ; mammilloid ; pa- 
pilliform. 
The teeth upon the surface are quite mammilliform. 
Geol. Jour., XLIV. 147. 
mammilloid (mam'i-loid), o. [< L. mamilla. 
mammilla, nipple, + Gr. eMof, form.] Shaped 
