man-engine 
interruption, the fixed platforms on one side of the shaft 
being reserved for men ascending, and those on the other 
side for men descending, each man stepping on his proper 
platform on the reciprocating rod as it is vacated, at the 
moment of rest between the strokes, by the man who is 
traveling in the opposite direction. This is the form of 
man-engine used in Cornwall. That employed in the 
Harz mines (where the method originated) is the "dou- 
ble-rod engine," with two rods moving up and down alter- 
nately in opposite directions. This contrivance corre- 
sponds to a ladder with movable steps, the miner having 
nothing to do but to move slightly sidewise in order to 
place himself on the step which is about to go up or down, 
according as he wishes to ascend or descend. In the 
United States cages, and in some mines man-cars, are used 
instead of man-engines. See man-car. 
manent (ma'nent). [L., 3d pers. pi. pres. ind. 
of manere, remain: see remain.'} They remain 
(on the stage) : a stage direction. Compare ma- 
net. 
manequin (man'e-kin), . Same as manikin, 4. 
manerH, An obsolete form of manner 1 . 
maner 2 t, n. Same as mainor. 
maneria (ma-ne'ri-a), n. [ML.: see manner 1 .} 
In Gregorian music, a mixed mode that is, one 
that includes the compass both of an authentic 
and of its plagal mode. Polyphonic music for 
unequal voices is necessarily thus written. See 
mode 1 , 7. 
manerialt (ma-ne'ri-al), a. An obsolete variant 
of manorial. 
manerlyt, adv. An obsolete form of mannerly. 
manes (ma'nez), n. pi. [L., prob. < OL. manis, 
matius, good.] 1. In Rom. antiq., the spirits of 
the dead considered as tutelary divinities of 
their families ; the deified shades of the dead, 
according to the belief that the soul continued 
to exist and to have relations with earth after 
the body had perished . Three times a year a pit called 
the mundus was officially opened in the comitium of the 
Roman Korum, to permit the manes to come forth. The 
manes were also honored at certain festivals, as the Paren- 
talia and Feralia; oblations were made to them, and the 
flame maintained on the altar of the household was a hom- 
age to them. [In this sense often written with a capital.] 
The most special representatives of ancestor-worship in 
Europe were perhaps the ancient Romans, whose word 
manes has become the recognized name for ancestral dei- 
ties in modern civilized language ; they embodied them 
as images, set them up as household patrons, gratified 
them with offerings and solemn homage, and, counting 
them as or among the infernal gods, inscribed on tombs 
D. M., " Diis Manibus." 
E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 109. 
Hence 2. The spirit of a deceased person, or 
the shades of the dead, whether considered as 
the object of a cult or not. 
Some sages have thought it pious to preserve a certain 
reverence for the manes of their deceased friends. 
Steele, Tatler, No. 181. 
3. By metonymy (a) The lower world or in- 
fernal regions, as the abode of the manes. (6) 
The punishments imposed in the lower world. 
All have their manes, and those manes bear. 
Dryden, Mneid, vi. 743. 
mane-sheet (man'shet), . A covering for the 
neck and the top of the head of a horse. 
manet (ma'net). [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. 
of manere, remain: see remain.} He (or she) 
remains (on the stage): a stage direction. Com- 
pare exit. 
Exeunt Philip, Pole, Paget, etc. Manet Mary. 
Tennyson, Queen Mary, iii. 2. 
manetti (ma-net'i), n. In hort., a variety of 
rose much used as a dwarf stock in budding. 
maneuver, maneuvre, . and v. See maneu- 
ver. 
manful (man'ful), a. [< ME. manful; < man + 
-ful. ] Having or expressing the spirit of a man ; 
manifesting the higher qualities of manhood ; 
courageous; noble; high-minded. 
Ne grete emprises for to take on honde, 
Shedyng of blode, ne manful hardinesse. 
Lydgate, Complaint of the Black Knight. 
Nor know I whether I be very base 
Or very manful, whether very wise 
Or very foolish. Tennyson, Geraint. 
= Syn. Manly, etc. (see masculine); stout, strong, vigor- 
ous, undaunted, intrepid. 
manfully (man'ful-i), adv. In a manful man- 
ner; boldly; courageously. 
manfulness (man'ful-nes), n. The quality of 
being manful ; boldness ; nobleness. 
man-fungUS (man'fung"gus), n. A plant of the 
genus Gf aster. 
mang 1 (mang), n. A dialectal variant of mong 1 . 
mang- (mang), prep. A dialectal (Scotch) form 
of mong 3 , among. 
Syne bad' him slip frae 'mang the folk, 
Some time when nae ane see'd him, 
And try 't that night. Burns, Halloween. 
manga (mang'ga), . [ML.] Eccles., a case or 
cover ; especially, the case for a processional or 
3608 
other cross when not in use, often of rich stuff 
or embroidered. 
mangabey (mang'ga-ba), n. [A geographical 
name in Madagascar, by Buffon applied erro- 
neously to a kind of monkey not found there.] 
A monkey of the genus Cercocebus, of which 
there are several species, inhabiting Africa. 
They are of moderate size and slender form, have long 
limbs and tail, and are extremely agile. The face is more 
produced than in the species of Cercopithecus (from which 
Cercocebus is detached), the eyebrows are prominent, and 
the eyelids are white. The general color is dark or black- 
ish. The sooty mangabey is C. fuliginoms; the white-eyed 
mangabey is C. cethiops, in which the crown is also white. 
C. collans has a white collar. In C. albigena the crown is 
crested. Also written mangaby. 
mangal, mankal (mang'gal, -kal), . [Turk. 
nuinKdl, mannhal.} A brazier for a charcoal fire 
used in Turkey and throughout the Levant, 
usually of sheet-copper or sheet-brass worked 
into shape by the hammer, and frequently or- 
namented with designs in repouss6 work. 
manganapatite (mang-ga-nap'a-tit), n. [<man- 
gan(cse) + apatite.} A variety of apatite, un- 
usual in containing manganese. A dark bluish- 
green kind from Branchville in Connecticut af- 
forded 10J per cent, of manganese protoxid. 
manganate (mang'ga-nat), H. [< mangan(ic) + 
-ate"] A compound of manganic acid with a 
base. Also manganesate. 
mangancolumbite (mang'gan-ko-lum'bit), n. 
[< mangan(ese) + colunibite.} A variety of co- 
lumbite in which the iron is largely replaced 
by manganese. 
manganeisen (mang'gan-I-zn), n. [Irreg. < 
mangan(ese) + G. eisen = E. iron.} Ferroman- 
ganese; a combination of the metals iron and 
manganese containing a largepercentage (from 
50 to 85 per cent. ) of the latter. It is manufactured 
for use in the Bessemer process, and is an important ad- 
junct to that operation. The object of the addition of the 
manganese at the termination of the " blow " is the re- 
moval of the oxygen in the iron, without at the same time 
adding carbon and silicon. This vitally important im- 
provement of the Bessemer process is due to the Scotch 
metallurgist R. F. Mushet. See steel and Spiegel. 
manganesate (mang-ga-ne'sat), . [< manga- 
nese + -ate 1 .} Same as manganate. 
manganese (mang-ga-nes' or -nez'), n. [= F. 
manganese (> Sp. Pg. manganesa = It. manga- 
nese), (. NL. manganesium, an arbitrarily altered 
form of magnesium, aname first given to this met- 
al, but now used for a different metal : see mag- 
nesium."} Chemical symbol, Mn ; atomic weight, 
55. A metal having a remarkable affinity for, 
and in some respects a close resemblance to, 
iron, of which it is an extremely frequent asso- 
ciate. It differs from iron, however, in that it is not 
used at all by itself in the arts, although of great interest 
and importance as connected with the manufacture of 
iron, and as modifying by its presence in small quantity 
the character of the product obtained. The use of the black 
oxid of manganese for removing the coloring matters from 
glass was known to theancients, and ismentionedby Pliny, 
but the natureof the material thus used was not understood 
until quite modern times. This ignorance was shown in 
the confusion of the oxid of manganese with the magnetic 
oxid of iron, the lodestone (Latin magnes and magnesius 
lapis), and the former was called magnesia by chemists 
in the middle ages, apparently in conformity with Pliny's 
idea of a dual (masculine and feminine) nature in some 
metals, manganese not having the attractive power of the 
magnet, and being on that account considered feminine. 
Other variants (in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries) 
of the name of the ore used by glass-makers were magne- 
sia, manffadesum, and manganensis. After what we now 
call magnesia had received the name of magnesia alba, ap- 
parently from the idea that this substance was in some 
way related to the oxid of manganese, the latter began to be 
called magnesia nigra. From the middle of the eighteenth 
century the combinations of manganese were studied by 
various chemists, and finally, in 1774, the metal manga- 
nese was isolated by Gahn, but for years there was much 
confusion in regard to its specific name, and it was not 
until after the beginning of the present century that the 
name manganese (manyan in German) began to be gen- 
erally adopted. The Latin termination in -urn (manga- 
nesium) is rarely used in modern technical works. This 
metal has never been found native. As eliminated from 
its ores by chemical processes, it is grayish-white in color, 
resembling cast-iron, but varying considerably in hardness 
and luster according to the nature of the methods by 
which it was obtained. It is very hard and brittle, and 
has a specific gravity of about 8. It oxidizes rapidly on 
exposure to the air. Manganese resembles iron in that its 
ores are widely diffused, and differs from that metal re- 
markably in the fact that, on the whole, its ores are only 
rarely found in considerable quantity in any one locality, 
while those of iron exist in abundance in many regions. The 
important ores of manganese are all oxids, and of these the 
peroxid (pyrolusite), called in commerce the black oxid of 
manganese, or simply manganese, is the most valuable 
and important. Other manganiferous minerals (all ox- 
ids) are uraunite, hausmannite, psilomelane, and various 
earthy mixtures called bog-manganese, wad, cupreous man- 
ganese, etc. Practically, the ore called manganese in com- 
merce is a mixture of various oxids, different samples dif- 
fering greatly in value, which value has to be determined 
by chemical analysis. The ores and salts of manganese 
are of very considerable importance in chemical manufac- 
tures, both as bleaching and oxidizing reagents. The na- 
manganous 
tare and importance of this metal in the manufacture of 
iron and steel will be found indicated under steel and 
spiegel. Earthy manganese. See wad. Gray man- 
ganese ore. Same asmangamte. Manganese bronze, 
an alloy said to be composed of ordinary bronze with the 
addition of manganese. It has the color of gun-metal, and 
its fracture resembles that of fine-grained steel. It is said 
to equal or excel in tenacity bar-iron of medium quality. 
It has been manufactured in England, but has not come 
into general use. Manganese brown, green, violet, 
etc. See brown, etc. Manganese copper. Same as 
manganese bronze. Manganese epidote, piedmontite. 
.See epidote and piedmontite. Manganese garnet, spes- 
sartite. See ganuti. Manganese spar, rhodonite. 
Red manganese, a mineral usually of a rose-red color ; 
rhodochrosite. Red oxid of manganese, Mn 3 O 4 , a 
compound of manganese and oxygen which may be 
formed by exposing the peroxid or sesquioxid to a white 
heat. It occurs native as hausmannite. White man- 
ganese, an ore of manganese ; manganese carbonate. 
manganese-glaze (mang-ga-nes 'glaz), n. A 
dark-gray or jet-black glaze, the color of which 
is given by manganese. 
manganesian (mang-ga-ne'si-an), a. [< man- 
ganese + -ian.} Pertaining to manganese ; con- 
sisting of manganese; containing manganese, 
or characterized by its presence. 
manganesic (mang-ga-ne'sik), a. [< manganese 
+ -ie.} Same as manganic. 
manganesium (mang-ga-ne'si-um), it. [NL. : 
see manganese.} Same as manganese. [Rare.] 
manganetic (mang-ga-net'ik), a. [< manga- 
n(ese) + -etic, as in magnetic.} Same as manga- 
niferous. 
manganhedenbergite (mang-gan-hed'en-ber- 
git), n. [< mangan(ese) + liedenbergite.} A va- 
riety of hedenbergite containing a relatively 
large amount of manganese, found in Sweden. 
manganic (mang-gan'ik), a. [< mangan(ese) + 
-ic.} Containing manganese : in chemistry, spe- 
cifically applied to compounds in which each 
manganese atom is regarded as quadrivalent. 
Also manganesic Manganic acid, HoMn0 4 , an acid 
which is not known in the free state. Manganates of the 
alkalis are formed when manganese dioxid is heated with 
an alkali carbonate or nitrate. They have a green color, 
and readily decompose, forming permanganate and man- 
ganese dioxid. The crude alkali manganate was formerly 
called chameleon mineral, from the property which its so- 
lution has of passing rapidly through several shades of col- 
or, occasioned by changes in its state of oxidation. Man- 
ganic oxid, Mn 2 O ;i , or manganese sesquioxid, is the min- 
eral braunite. 
manganiferous (mang-ga-nif 'e-rus), a. [< NL. 
manganium + L./erre = E. bear 1 .} Containing 
or carrying manganese: as, a manganiferous 
garnet. Also manganetic. 
These higher mangantferovs irons show little or no mag- 
netic action. C. B. Alder Wright, Encyc. Brit., XIII. 860. 
manganite (mang'ga-nit), n. [< mangan(cse) + 
-ite 2 .] A hydrated oxid of manganese occur- 
ring in orthorhombic crystals of a steel-gray or 
iron-black color and brilliant luster, also in 
masseshavingacolumnarstructure. It is often , 
altered, by loss of water, to pyrolusite. Also 
called gray manganese ore. 
manganium (mang-ga'ni-um), . [NL., short 
for manganesium.} Same as manganese. 
manganocalcite (mang' / ga-no-ka'l'8it), n. [< 
mangan(ese) + caleite.} A variety of calcite 
containing manganese carbonate. 
manganomagnetite (mang"ga-no-mag'ne-tit), 
n. [< mangan(ese} + magnetite.} A variety 
of magnetite containing considerable manga- 
nese. 
manganophyllite (mang"ga-no-fil'lt), n. [< 
mangan(ese) + Gr. <j>iAMv, leaf, + -ite%.} A 
manganiferous mica occurring in thin reddish 
scales at several localities in Sweden. 
manganosiderite (mang"ga-no-sid'e-rit), . 
[< mangan(ese) + siderite."] A carbonate of 
manganese and iron, intermediate between 
rhodochrosite and siderite. 
manganosite (mang -ga- no 'sit), . [< man- 
gan(ese) + -ose (?) + -ite%.} Manganese pro- 
toxid, a mineral occurring in regular octahe- 
drons of an emerald-green color, found at sev- 
eral localities in Sweden. 
manganostibiite(rnang"ga-no-stib'i-it), n. [< 
mangan(ese) + stibi(um) -it'e 2 .} An antimo- 
niate of manganese, occurring in black embed- 
ded grains at Nordmark in Sweden. 
manganotantalite (mang"ga-no-tan'ta-lit), n. 
[< mangan(e$e) + tantaUtc.} A variety of tan- 
talite in which the iron is largely replaced by 
manganese. The manganotantalite first known wns 
from the Ural, and had the crystalline form of ordinary 
columbite. A massive manganesian tantalite from Sweden 
is distinguished as mangantanlalite. 
manganous (mang'ga-nus), a. [< mangan(cse) 
+ -aits,} Containing manganese: in chemis- 
try, specifically applied to compounds in which 
each mangane'se atom is regarded as having a 
