monarchy 
monarchy (mon'jjr-ki), .; pi. monarchies (-kiz). 
[< ME. monarchic = F. monarchic = Sp. mo- 
narquia = Pg. It. monarcJiia, < LL. monarchic!, 
< Or. navapxia, absolute rule, sole power, mon- 
archy, < fiovapxof, a sovereign, monarch : see 
monarch.] 1. Supreme power wielded by a 
single person ; absolute personal authority. 
They imagined that he [Jesus] . . . should subdue the 
rest of the world, and make Jerusalem the seat of an uni- 
versal monarchy. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, vii. 16. 
But let us not deceive our selves, the pretensions are as 
high and as great at Borne to this Monarchy as ever they 
were. StUlingfleet, Sermons, II. ii. 
2. The principle of government by a monarch ; 
the monarchical system. 
The first, the most ancient, most general, and most ap. 
proved, was the government of one ruling by just laws, 
called monarchy. Raleigh, Hist World, I. ix. 2. 
I hear there are people among you who think the ex- 
perience of our governments has already proved that re- 
publican governments will not answer. Send those gen- 
try here, to count the blessings of monarchy. 
Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 221. 
3. A government in which the supreme power is 
either actually or nominally lodged in the hands 
of a monarch or sole ruler, who holds his posi- 
tion for life, generally with hereditary succes- 
sion. There have been elective, monarchies, in which the 
successor to a deceased sovereign was chosen without obli- 
gatory regard to the hereditary principle ; but this prin- 
ciple has finally prevailed, to the exclusion of choice, in 
all existing civilized monarchies. The former kingdom 
of Poland was a purely elective monarchy. The German- 
Roman empire was originally, and always nominally, elec- 
tive ; but for many centuries the chosen successor was 
almost invariably the heir of the former emperor. An 
absolute or despotic monarchy is one in which the will of the 
monarch or sovereign is supreme over all other authority 
or powers of government ; a limited or constitutional mon- 
archy, one in which the sovereign is limited to the exercise 
of particular powers or functions by the laws or constitu- 
tion of the realm. More or less limited monarchies have 
nearly always existed. About the fifteenth century a note- 
worthy increase of the power of the sovereign took place 
(as in England under Edward IV., iii France under Louis 
XL, in Spain under Ferdinand the Catholic and Charles 
V.). Till the close of the eighteenth century the prevalent 
theory and practice on the continent constituted nearly 
unrestricted absolutism ; this has now almost disappeared 
from Europe, while still maintaining a foothold in Asia. 
But whether absolute or limited, the monarch is theoreti- 
cally regarded as the source of all power, and all acts of 
government are done in his name. 
The obvious definition of a monarchy seems to be that 
of a state in which a single person, by whatsoever name 
he may be distinguished, is intrusted with the execution 
of the laws, the management of the revenue, and the com- 
mand of the army. But, unless public liberty is protect- 
ed by intrepid and vigilant guardians, the authority of so 
formidable a magistrate will soon degenerate into des- 
potism. Gibbon. 
It has often indeed been noticed that a Feudal Monar- 
chy was an exact counterpart of a Feudal Manor, but the 
reason of the correspondence is only now beginning to 
dawn upon us. Maine, Early Hist, of Institutions, p. 77. 
4. The territory ruled over by a monarch; a 
kingdom; an empire. 
What scourge for perjury 
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence? 
., Rich. III., i. 4. 51. 
(a 
X 
5. In theol., the doctrine that there is in the 
Godhead only one principle (apxq'), cause (ai- 
ria), source or fountain (Trr/yif) of deity, namely 
God the Father, from whom the Son and the 
Holy Ghost derive their divinity. Also monar- 
chia. -Fifth Monarchy Men. See fifth. 
Monarda (mo-nar'da), n. [NL. (Linnaeus, 
1737), named after N. Monardes, a Spanish 
physician and botanist of the 16th century.] 
A genus of labiate plants, type of the tribe 
Hfonardere, characterized by the anthers hav- 
Branch of Oswego Tea (Monarda ctittyma), with flowers. 
ing a very small connective, the cells confluent 
into one, and by having a tubular calyx with 
3830 
fifteen nerves, which is almost equally five- 
toothed. They are odorous erect herbs with entire or 
toothed leaves, and quite large flowers arranged in a few 
terminal or whorled heads, surrounded by many bracts, 
and varying in color, being bright-red, purple, white, and 
in one species pale-yellow. About 7 species are known, 
all natives of North America. M. punctata, the American 
horsemint, is stimulant and carminative. M. didyma, the 
Oswego tea, or bee-balm, has bright-scarlet flowers and is 
handsome in gardens. 
Monardeae (mo-nar'de-e), n. pi. [NL. (Ben- 
tham, 1833), <' Monarda + -ece.'] A tribe of 
plants of the natural order Labiata;, charac- 
terized by having two perfect ascending sta- 
mens, in which one cell of each anther is either 
wanting or separated from the other, it embraces 
11 genera, Monarda being the type, and about 490 species, 
the majority of which are widely scattered throughout the 
temperate and warmer regions of the earth. 
monardin (mo-nar'din), n. [< Monarda + -Mi 2 .] 
A crystalline solid which separates from the oil 
of horsemint, Monarda punctata. It is isomeric 
with thymol. 
monarsenOUS (mon-ar'se-nus). a. [< Gr. fi6vos, 
single, + apa/v, male.] Inzoot., having but one 
male for several females. 
monarticular (mon-ar-tik'u-lar), a. [< Gr. ft6- 
vof, single, + L. articulus, a joint : see articular.'] 
In pathol., affecting a single joint. 
monas (mon'as), n. [NL., < LL. monas, a unit : 
see monad."] 1. A monad; a monadiform in- 
fusorian. 2. [cop.] The typical genus of Mo- 
nadidce. M. lens is an example Monas prodlgl- 
osa, Bacillus prodiyiosm. This microscopic organism 
forms short rods; it is not pathogenic, but is found on 
starchy substances, such as bread, rice, and potatoes, also 
on milk. It produces a red pigment, and it or the sub- 
stances which it discolors are sometimes called Mood-rain, 
bleeding bread, bleeding host, and red milk. 
Monasa (mon'a-sa), n. [NL. (Vieillot, 1816), 
an error for Monacha : see Monacha."} A genus 
of South American barbets or puff-birds, of 
the family Bucconida;; the nun-birds or mon- 
ases. There are seven species, of comparatively large 
size, with somber blackish plumage usually relieved with 
white on the face or wings, and coral-red bills, as M . nitrra, 
M. nwrpheus, and M . nigrifrons. Also Monasta, Monastes, 
Monacha, Lypornix, and Scotocharis. See cut at nun-bird. 
Monascidise (mon-a-sid'i-e), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
jU<Jrof, alone, + NL. Ascidice.'] A superfamily 
group of tunicates, the Ascidice simplices; the 
sea-squirts ; simple and either solitary or social 
ascidians. 
monascidian (mon-a-sid'i-an), a. and . [< Gr. 
fiovof, single, + E. ascidian.~] I. a. Simple, as 
an ascidian; not composite or compound, as 
many ascidians are; of or pertaining to the 
Monascidia'. 
II. n. A member of the Monascidice; an ordi- 
nary sea-squirt. 
monase (mon'as), . [< F. monase, NL. Mo- 
nasa : see Monasa.] A fissirostral barbet of 
the genus Monasa; a nun-bird. 
monaster (mon-as'ter), n. [< Gr. fiovof, single, 
+ aarfip, star.] In embryol., the original aster 
or single-star figure which occurs in the process 
of caryocinesis ; the mother-star of the nuclein : 
distinguished from diaster or dyaster. 
monasterial (mon-as-te'ri-al), a. [= Sp. mona- 
sterial = It. monasteriale, < LL. monasterialis, of 
a monastery, < monasterium, a monastery: see 
monastery.'} Of or pertaining to a monastery. 
One of the bishops had been in solitary confinement in 
this monasterial prison 17 years. 
The Century, XXXV. 66, note. 
mpnasterially (mon-as-te'ri-al-i), adv. Monas- 
tically. 
It is not the habit that makes the monk, many being 
monasterially accoutred who inwardly are nothing less 
than monachal. 
Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, i., Author's Pro). (Dames.) 
monastery (mon'as-te-ri), n.; pi. monasteries 
(-riz). [In early form minster, q. v. ; = F. mo- 
nastere = Sp. monasterio = Pg. mosteiro = It. mo- 
nasterio = OBulg. monastyri, monostyri = Serv. 
manastir = Pol. monastery = Hung, monostor (< 
Slav.), < LL. monasterium, < Gr. fiovaart/piov, a 
solitary dwelling, in LGr. a monastery, cf . LGr. 
ftovaart/piof, adj., Gr. uavaoTr/f, a solitary, LGr. a 
monk, < fiovdfriv, be alone, dwell alone, < fiavtx;, 
alone : see monad. Cf . monk, from the same ult. 
source.] A house or other place of residence 
occupied in common by persons seeking reli- 
gious seclusion from the world: commonly ap- 
plied to such a house exclusively usedby monks. 
The term, however, strictly includes the abbey, the priory, 
the nunnery, and the friary, and in this broad use is synon- 
ymous with convent. Monasteries in the Christian church 
were probably first established in the fourth century. St. 
Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century established a mo- 
nastic rule which has been the foundation of nearly all the 
rules which govern monastic vows. Vows under different 
rules were made from the beginning of Christianity. The 
monaul 
number of monasteries in Europe was much diminished at 
the Reformation, when their rich estates were in part ap- 
propriated by sovereigns to their own use, and in part trans- 
ferred to universities and other educational institutions, 
etc. We owe to the monasteries the first definite begin- 
nings or revival of civilization in many countries, especial- 
ly Germany and France, almost all the missionary work of 
the early middle ages, and the preservation of nearly all 
ancient classical and early medieval literature. The mo- 
nastic life has been practised from pre-Christian times 
among the Buddhists. See rule. 
The hypocrites hath loste their more than prynccly hab- 
itacions, theyr monasteries, conuentes, hospitalles, preben- 
daries and chaunteryes, with theyr fatte f edyng and warme 
couches, foryl gotten good wyl home agayne. 
Bp. Bale, Image of the Two Churches, i. 
Abbeuile is a goodly faire Citie, . . . wherein . . . are 
many Monasteries of men and women. 
Coryal, Crudities, I. 13. 
The ancient Monastery's halls, 
A solemn, huge, and dark red pile 
Placed on the margin of the isle. 
Scott, Marmion, ii. 9. 
The eastern monasteries, with the important exception 
of a vow of obedience, differed little from a collection of 
hermitages. They were in the deserts ; the monks com- 
monly lived in separate cells ; they kept silence at their 
repasts ; they rivaled one another in the extravagance of 
their penances. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 121. 
Mitered monastery. See miter. Monasteries' Dis- 
solution Acts, English statutes of 1536 and 1539, vesting 
in the king certain monasteries and other religious houses, 
and the rights and property belonging to them. 
monastic (mo-nas'tik), a. and n. [< F. monas- 
tique = Sp. mondstico = Pg. It. monastico, < LGr. 
povaariKof, living in solitude, pertaining to a 
monk, < /lovdaTqf, a monk: see monastery.] I. 
a. 1 . Pertaining to or characteristic of monks 
or nuns; ascetic: as, monastic life, vows, or prac- 
tices. 
The clergy, and the monastic orders especially, had been 
good farmers. Stubbs Const. Hist., 464. 
2. Adapted to or suitable for monks or nuns; 
of ascetic character or use : as, monastic build- 
ings or architecture ; monastic seclusion. 
To forswear the full stream of the world, and to live in 
a nook merely monastic. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. 442. 
The grounds of the villa, raised on the ancient walls of 
the monastic precinct, look down at once on the waves of 
lladria. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 298. 
3. An epithet noting a style of book-decoration 
in which medieval forms of compact ornament 
are strongly stamped on the sides or back of 
the book without any use of gold-leaf Mo- 
nastic bishop, in the ancient Celtic churches of Ireland 
and Scotland, and sometimes in other countries in the 
earlier middle ages (a) an abbot who was also a bishop; 
or (b) a monk consecrated bishop, resident in a monastery, 
and exercising his office in confirmations, ordinations, etc., 
but without jurisdiction. Monastic VOWS, the vows im- 
posed under monastic rule. They are three in number, 
poverty, chastity, and obedience. 
II. n. A monk; a religious recluse. 
An art . . . preserved amongst the monasticks. 
Sir T. Be-rbert, Travels in Africa, p. 143. 
It seems plain that the treble value was Intended spe- 
cially to protect the new monastics in their tithes by height- 
ening the peril of disputing them. 
R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xv. 
monastical (mo-nas'ti-kal), a. [< monastic + 
-al.~\ Same asmonastic. 
monastically (mo-nas'ti-kal-i), adr. In a mo- 
nastic manner; in a retired manner; after the 
manner of monks. Swift. 
monasticism (mo-nas'ti-sizm), n. [< monastic 
+ -ism.'] 1 . The corporate life of religious com- 
munities under the vows of poverty, celibacy, 
and_obedience to a superior; the monastic sys- 
tem or condition. 
It maybe questioned whether anything but monasticism 
could have kept the church and clergy free from the po- 
litical combinations and dangers of the early time. 
Stubbs, Const. Hist., 84. 
2. The condition or state of living like a monk, 
in religious retirement from the world. 
In older Anglo-Saxon Britain monasticism itself had but 
seldom aspired either to the dreamy quietude of the East 
or the passionate and excessive austerity of the West : it 
was a religious profession, no more. 
Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 1. 
monasticon (mo-nas'ti-kon), n. [< LGr. /M>VOC- 
TIKOV, neut. of /tovanTiKof, monastic : see monas- 
tic.'] A book relating to or describing monas- 
teries. 
monatomic (mon-a-tom'ik), a. [< Gr. ft6vof, 
single, + aro/iof, atom: see atomic.] Having 
the same valence or atomicity as hydrogen, 
represented by unity. 
monaul (mo-nal'), n. [Also monal, manaul. mi- 
naul; E. Ind.] A pheasant; specifically, an im- 
peyan, or pheasant of the genus Lophophorus, 
and especially L. impeyanus. See cut under 
Impeyan pheasant. 
The magnificent Monauls, Lophophorus. 
A. Xnelan, Encyc. Brit.. XVIII. 7as. 
