H i owering plant oflndian.pipe W 
tmiflora). 
a , stamen ; t, fruit. 
monotrochian 
II. . A wheel-animalcule whose wheel is 
single and undivided; any member of the Mo- 
notroclia. 
monotrochous (mo-not'ro-kus), a. [As Mono- 
troclin + -,<.] Same as monotrochal. 
Monotropa (mo-not'To-pfi), . [NL (Linnams, 
1737), so called in allusion to the nodding flow- 
ers, which are 'turned to one side'; < Gr. fj.6vo$, 
single, + rptireiv, turn. Cf. Gr. /nov6Tpo-rrof, of 
one kind, living alone, < uovof, single, + rpoiroc, 
a turn, way, kind, < rpevetv, turn.] A genus of 
dicotyledonous plants, the type of the natural 
order Monotro- 
pece, character- 
ized by a soli- 
tary flower with 
separate petals. 
Biil one species is 
known, M. unijtora, 
of North America, 
Japan, and the Him- 
alayas, the Indian- 
pipe, corp8e-plant,or 
ice-plant. This plant 
is a root-parasite or 
feeds on vegetable 
mold; it is fleshy- 
white or pinkish 
throughout, its sim- 
ple clustered stems 
6 or 10 inches high, 
clad with small 
scales, the nodding 
flower with about 
ten similar sepals 
and petals. The 
pine-sap or bird's- 
nest, often classed as 
M . Hypopitys, is now 
referred to a separate 
genus, Hypopitys. 
See bird's-nest, 1 (b\ 
and beech-drops. 
Monotropaceae (mon"o-tro-pa'se-e),n.^. [NL. 
(Lindley, 1836), < Monotropa + -acece."] Same 
as Monotropem. 
Monotropeae (mon-o-tro'pe-e), n. pi. [NL. 
(Nuttall, 1818), < Monotropa + -ece."] A natu- 
ral order of dicotyledonous plants of the cohort 
Ericales, typified by the genus Monotropa. it is 
composed of leafless parasitic herbs, with a four- to six- 
celled superior ovary. Nine genera are known, with 10 or 
12 species, natives of woods in the north temperate zone, 
especially in America. They have short, scaly, nnbranched 
stems, and no green color, but are tawny, white, or reddish. 
monotropic (mon-o-trop'ik), a. [< Gr. fiovorpo- 
TOC, of one kind: 'see Monotropa."] Same as 
monodromic. 
monotypal (mon'o-ti-pal), a. [< monotype + 
-al.] Same as mo'notypie. 
monotype (mon'o-tip), n. and a. [= F. mono- 
type, < Gr. u6vof, single, + rwTrof, type: see 
type."] I. n. 1. The only, single, or sole type, 
as a species single in its genus, a genus in its 
family, etc.; a typical representative alone of 
its kind. 2. A print from a metal plate on 
which a picture is painted, as in oil-color or 
printers' ink. Only one proof can be made, 
since the picture is transferred to the paper. 
We do not remember to have seen the word monotype 
before, nor have we seen a public exhibition of examples 
of this curious combination of painting and printing ; but 
the process, or something like it, is one well known among 
artists, and consists of taking off, on a sheet of wet paper, 
by means of a press, a transfer of a picture simply painted 
on a polished plate of metal. The Academy, No. 891, p. 384. 
II. a. Monotypic. 
monotypic (mon-o-tip'ik), a. [< monotype + 
-ic.] 1. Having but one type ; consisting of a 
single representative ; represented by a mono- 
type, as a genus of one species, a family of one 
genus, etc. 2. Being a monotype; alone rep- 
resenting a given group, as a species single 
in its genus. 
Also monotypal and monotypical. 
monotypical (mon-o-tip'i-kal), a. [< monotypic 
+ -al?\ Same as monotypic. 
monovalence (mo-nov'a-lens), n. [< monova- 
len(t-) + -ce."] The cfiafacter of being mo- 
novalent. 
monovalency (mo-nov'a-len-si), n. Same as 
univalenci/. 
monovalent (mo-nov'a-lent), a. [< Gr. /ifoof, 
single, + L. valen(t-)s, ppr. of valere, be strong.] 
In chem., having a valence equal to that of hy- 
drogen, represented by unity. Also, and more 
properly, called univalent. 
monoxid, monoxide (mo-nok'sid, -sid or -sid), 
n. [< Gr. /iouof, single, + E. oxid."] An oxid con- 
taining a single oxygen atom combined either 
with two univalent atoms or with one bivalent 
atom. The term is used where several oxids of the same 
element are to be distinguished, as carbon monoxid, CO, 
to be distinguished from carbon dioxid or carbonic acid, 
CO 2 . 
3846 
monoxyle (mo-nok'sil), n. [< Gr. fievifvfav: see 
monoxylon.'] Same as monoxylon. B. F. Burton, 
tr. Arabian Nights, IV. 168, note. 
monoxylon (mo-nok'si-lon), n. [< LGr. /tov6t-v- 
TMV, neut. of //oxdfv/lof, made of a solid trunk: 
see monoxylous."] 1 . A canoe or boat made from 
one piece of timber. 2. In the Ionian Islands, 
a boat propelled by one oar. Admiral Smythe. 
monoxylous (mo-nok'si-lus), a. [= F. monoxyle, 
< L. monoxylus, < Gr. fiov^fiAof, made of a solid 
trunk (neut. /un>6v%ov, so. 7rAon>, a boat so 
made), also made of wood only, < fiovof, single, 
only, T fi'/lov, wood, apiece of wood.] Formed 
of a single piece of wood. Dr. Wilson. 
Monozoa (mon-o-zo'a), n. pi. Same as Mono- 
cyttaria. 
monozoan (mon-o-zo'an), a. [As monozo(ic) + 
-an."] Same as monozoic or monocyttarian. 
monozoic (mon-o-zo'ik), a. [< Gr. fj.6vof, single, 
+ fipoK, an animal.] In 2067., having a single 
central capsule, as a radiolarian. 
Monozqnia (mon-o-zo'ni-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. 
/t6vof, single, + fuw?, a belt, girdle.] A divi- 
sion of myriapods. Brandt. 
Monroe doctrine. See doctrine. 
Monrp's foramen. See foramen of Monro, un- 
der foramen. 
mons (monz), n. ; pi. monies (mon'tez). [L., a 
mount.] In anat., the mons Veneris. Mons 
Venerls, the mount of Venus, the prominence over the 
pubic symphysis of the human female, cushioned with fat 
and covered with hair. 
Mons. An abbreviation of the French Mon- 
sieur. 
monseigneur (mon-sa-nyer'), " [F. (= Sp. 
monseftur = Pg. monsenhor = It. monsignore, 
after F.), lit. my lord, < mon (< L. meus, ace. 
meum), my, + seigneur, < L. senior, elder, ML. 
lord: see senior, seignor, seKor, etc. Cf. mon- 
signor and monsieur.'] A French title of honor, 
equivalent to ' my lord,' given to princes, bish- 
ops, and other dignitaries of the church or court. 
At different times the meaning has been con- 
siderably extended. Abbreviated Mgr. 
Monseiffneur, one of the great lords in power at the Court, 
held his fortnightly reception in his grand hotel in Paris. 
Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, ii. 7. 
monsieur (F. pron. me-sye'), ; pi. messieurs 
(F. pron. me-sye'). [Formerly partly Angli- 
cized as monseer, mounsieur, mounseer; = Sp. 
monsiur = It. monsii, < F. monsieur, OF. monsieur 
(also messire, mesire = It. messer, orig. ' my sir,' 
1. e. my lord), < mon, < L. meus, ace. meum, my, 
+ sieur, OF. sire, etc. (> E. sir), contr. of OF. 
seigneur, seignour,etc., lord, lit. 'elder': see 
sir, sire, seignor, signor, seftor, senior. Cf. mon- 
seigneur, of which monsieur is, on analysis, a 
contracted form.] 1. Literally, my lord; sir: 
the common title of courtesy in France, answer- 
ing to the English Mr. Abbreviated M., Mons. ; 
plural MM., Messrs. 
For Monsieur Malvolio, let me alone with him. 
Shak., T. N.,ii. 3. 144. 
Did you ever know a Frenchman that could not take an 
affront? I warrant monseer knows what he is about; don't 
you, monseer? Miss Burney, Evelina, xxv. 
2. A title given to the eldest brother of the 
King of France. 
O ! let the King, let Mounsiettr and the Sover'n 
That doth Nauarras Spain-wronged Scepter gouern, 
Be all, by all, their Countries Fathers cleapt. 
Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas's Weeks, ii., The Handy-Crafts. 
3. A Frenchman: vulgarly and humorously 
mounseer. 
A shoeless soldier there a man might meet 
Leading his monsieur by the arms fast bound. 
Drayton, Battle of Agincourt. 
Now the Baron was as unlike the traditional Mounseer 
of English songs, plays, and satires as a man could well 
be. W. Collins, Lady of Glenwith Orange. 
4f. A gentleman: said of a Frenchman. 
There is a Frenchman his companion, one 
An eminent monsieur. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 6. 66. 
Monsieur de Paris, a euphemistic title given in France 
to the public executioner. 
At the gallows and the wheel the axe was a rarity 
Monsieur [de] Paris, as it was the episcopal mode among 
his brother Professors of the provinces. Monsieur [d'J Or- 
leans and the rest, to call him, presided. 
Dickens, Tale of Two Cities, ii. 7. 
monsignor (mon-se'nyor), . [< It. monsignor, 
monsignore: see monseigneur.] In the Bom. 
Cuth. Ch., a title conferred upon prelates, and 
upon the dignitaries of the papal court and 
household. Also, in the fuller Italian form, mon- 
signore, plural monsignori. Abbreviated Mgr. 
It seemed the whole court of Rome was there 7)ion- 
signori and prelates without end. Dteraeli, Lothair, Ixvi. 
Themaster of the ceremonies, Jforntfl/iorFabei, advances 
up the Chapel. J. R. Shorthouse, John Inglesant, xxx. 
monster 
Mons Maenalus. [NL.: L. ?OH., mount ;M<ena- 
tus, < Gr. JAaiva'Aof, MalvaAov, a range of moun- 
tains in Arcadia.] A constellation, the moun- 
tain Msenalus, formed of a few stars in the feet 
of Bootes. It was introduced in 1690, in a posthumous 
work of Hevelius. The name (that of a mountain in Ar- 
cadia) is connected with the myth of Areas and his mother, 
personages identified with the Great Bear and Bootes by 
the Greeks. The constellation is not now admitted. 
Mons Mensae. [L., named after Table Rock at 
the Cape of Good Hope: mons, mount; mfiixn 1 , 
gen. of mensa, table.] A constellation intro- 
duced by Lacaille in 1752, between the south 
poles of the equator and the ecliptic. Its 
brightest star is of the fifth magnitude. 
monsoon (mon-son'), n. [Formerly also mon- 
son; cf. Sw. monsoon = Dan. monsun (< E.), 
Sw. mousson (< F.); F. monson, monyon, now 
mousson = Sp. monzon = Pg. mongao = It. nion- 
sone, a monsoon; with accom. Eom. term., < 
Malay musim, monsoon, season, year, = Hind. 
mausim, time, season, < Ar. mawsim, a time, sea- 
son, < wasama, mark.] 1 . A wind occurring in 
the alternation of the trade-winds in India and 
the north Indian ocean. During the half-year from 
April to October the regular northeast trade-winds are re- 
versed, and, with occasional interruptions, the wind blows 
almost a steady gale from the southwest. In some places 
the change of the monsoons is attended with calms ; in 
others with variable winds ; and in others, as in China, 
with storms and much rain. These tempests seamen call 
the breaking up of the monsoon. The reversed trade-wind 
is termed the summer, southwest, or wet monsoon, and the 
trade-wind is termed the winter', northeast, or dry mon- 
soon. 
The times of seasonable windes called Monsons, wherein 
the ships depart from place to place in the East Indies. 
-Hakluyt's Voyages, II. 278. 
They often lose the benefit of their monsoons, and much 
more easily other winds, and frequently their voyage. 
Boyle, Works, III. 771. 
The summer monsoon is a much stronger current than 
its winter correlative ; and in India this fact is recognized 
in popular language, since it is often spoken of distinc- 
tively as "the mansoon," the claim of the winter monsoon 
to the same designation being for the moment tacitly ig- 
nored. H. F. Blanford. 
2. Any of the winds that have annual alterna- 
tions of direction and velocity, arising from dif- 
ferences of temperature between continents or 
islands and the surrounding ocean. 
All the great monsoons are found in countries and on 
oceans adjacent to high mountain ranges. W. Ferrel. 
On the Brazilian coast, about and to the south of the 
tropic, there is so much regularity in the alternation of 
winds, although but for a few points, that their two pre- 
vailing currents, from south-east to north-east, are often 
called monsoons. Fitz Roy, Weather Book, p. 145. 
monsoonal (mon-so'nal), a. [< monsoon + -al."] 
Of or relating to monsoons ; of regular or peri- 
odical occurrence: said of winds. 
monster (mon'ster), n. and a. [< ME. monstre, 
mounstre, < OF. monstre, F. monstre = Sp. mon- 
struo = Pg. monstro = It. monstro, mostro, < L. 
monstrum, a divine omen, esp. one indicating 
misfortune, an evil omen, a portent, prodigy, 
wonder, monster, < monere, warn : see monish. 
Cf. monster, t'., muster, monstration, etc.] I. 
n. If. Anything extraordinary, supernatural, 
or wonderful; a thing to be wondered at; a 
prodigy. 
For wende I never by possibilitee. 
That swich a monstre or merveille mighte be. 
Chaucer, Franklin's Tale, 1. 616. 
2. A fabulous animal of grotesque or chimeri- 
cal figure and often of huge size, compounded 
of human and brute shape, or of the shapes of 
various brutes, as the sagittary,centaur, sphinx, 
mermaid, minotaur, griffin, manticore, etc. 
This is some nwnster of the isle. . . . Four legs and two 
voices : a most delicate monster ! Shak. , Tempest, ii. 2. 94. 
Then Enoch traded for himself, and bought 
Quaint monsters for the market of those times, 
A gilded dragon, also, for the babes. 
Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 
3. Any very large animal ; anything unusually 
large of its kind. 
Where the wallowing monster spouted his foam-fountains 
in the sea, Tennyson, Lotos-Eaters, Choric Song. 
4. An animal or a plant of abnormal form or 
structure; any living monstrosity. The deviation 
consists sometimes in an excess, sometimes In a deficiency, 
of certain organs or parts; sometimes in a general or par- 
ticular malformation, and sometimes in the presence of 
organs or parts not belonging to the sex or species. The 
body of scientific doctrine or knowledge of such creatures 
is known as teratology. 
5. A person regarded with horror because of 
his moral deformity, or his propensity to com- 
mit revolting or unnatural crimes. 
He cannot be such a monster. Shak., Lear, i. 2. 102. 
6. Something unnatural and horrible. 
