morale 
morale (mo-ral' )> . [Intended for F. moral, m., 
mental or 'moral condition, confused with mo- 
rale, f,, morality, good conduct, < moral, moral: 
see moral.'] Moral or mental condition as re- 
gards courage, zeal, hope, confidence, and the 
like : used especially of a body of men engaged 
in a hazardous enterprise, as soldiers or sailors 
in time of war. 
From a date much earlier than the day when Ceesar, de- 
feated at Dyrrachium, gained the empire of the world by 
so acting as to restore the morale of hia army before the 
great contest at Pharsalia, it has been on this nice feeling 
of the moral pulse of armies that the skill of great com- 
manders has chiefly depended. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 343. 
moralert (mor'al-er), n. [< moral, v., + -erl.] A 
moralizer; a moralist. 
Come, you are too severe a moraler. 
Shak., Othello, ii. 3. 301. 
moralisation, moralise, etc. See moralization, 
etc. 
moralism (mor'al-izm), n. [< moral + -ism.~\ 
1 . A moral maxim or saying ; moral counsel or 
advice ; moral sermonizing ; inculcation of mo- 
rality. [Rare.] 
Accustomed as he was to the somewhat droning moral- 
isms of his "congenial friends." Farrar, Julian Home, xx. 
2. The practice of morality as distinct from 
religion; the absorption of religion in mere 
morality. 
The first thing that disclosed to Dr. Chalmers the fu- 
tility of the moralism which was all the religion he had 
when he began his pastorate at Kilmany was the discov- 
ery that it could not bear the scrutiny of the sick-bed. 
A. Phelps, My Study, p. 801. 
moralist (mor'al-ist), n. [= P. moraliste = Sp. 
Pg. It. moralisia ; as moral + -ist.'] 1 . One who 
teaches morals ; a writer or lecturer on ethics ; 
one who inculcates moral duties. 
Nature surely (if she will be studied) Is the best moral- 
ist and hath much good counsel hidden in her bosome. 
Sir H. Wottan, Reliquiie, p. 77. 
The advice given by a great moralist to his friend was 
that he should compose his passions. Addison. 
The national Moralists (Cudworth, Wollaston, Clarke, 
Price) give no account of the final end of morality. 
A. Bain, Emotions and Will, p. 257. 
2. One who practises moral as distinguished 
from religious duties ; a merely moral as distin- 
guished from a religious person. [Rare.] 
Another is carnal, and a mere moralist. 
Smith, Sermons, VII. 286. 
Sweet moralist .' afloat on life's rough sea, 
The Christian has an art unknown to thee. 
Cowper, A Reflection on Horace, book ii., ode 10. 
moralistic (mor-a-lis'tik), a. [< moralist + -ic.~] 
Inculcating morality; didactic: as, moralistic 
poets. 
morality (mo-ral'i-ti), n. ; pi. moralities (-tiz). 
[< ME. moralitee = D. moraliteit = G. moralitat 
= Sw. Dan. moralitet, < OP. moralite, P. mora- 
lite = Sp. moralidad = Pg. moralidade = It. mo- 
ralitd, morality, morals, < LL. moralita(t-)s, 
manner, characteristic, character, < L. mora- 
lis, of manners or morals, moral: see moral.] 
1. The doctrine or system of duties; morals; 
ethics. 
The end of morality is to procure the affections to obey 
reason, and not to invade it. 
Bacon, Advancement ol Learning, ii. 
Moral philosophy, morality, ethics, casuistry, natural 
law, mean all the same thing, namely, that science which 
teaches men their duty and the reasons of it. 
Paley, Moral Philos., i. 1. 
The attempt to exhibit morality as a body of scientific 
truth fell into discredit, and the disposition to dwell on 
the emotional side of the moral consciousness became 
prevalent. H. Sidyuriek, Methods of Ethics, p. 91. 
2. The character of being moral ; accord with 
the rules of right conduct ; moral quality ; vir- 
tuousness: often used in a restricted sense to 
denote sexual purity. 
The morality of an action is founded on the freedom of 
that principle by virtue of which it is in the agent's power, 
having all things ready and requisite to the performance 
of an action, either to perform or not perform it. 
South, Sermons. 
Until we have altered our dictionaries, and have found 
some other word than morality to stand in popular use for 
the duties of man to man, let us refuse to accept as moral 
the contractor who enriches himself by using large ma- 
chinery to make pasteboard soles pass as leather for the 
feet of unhappy conscripts. 
George Eliot, Theophrastus Such, xvi. 
3. Moral conduct; the practice of the duties 
inculcated by the moral rules that are recog- 
nized as valid; in a general and collective 
sense, those forms of human conduct which are 
the subject of moral judgments. 
Morality [in Shaftesbury's theory] is only Beauty in one 
of Its higher stages. 
Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 126. 
3850 
Our theory has been that the development of morality is 
founded on the action in man of an idea of true or absolute 
good, consisting in the full realisation of the capabilities 
of the human soul. 
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 286. 
In point of fact, however, morality means nothing more 
nor less than that state of natural neutrality or indifference 
to good and evil, to heaven and hell, which distinguishes 
man from all other existence, and endows him alone with 
selfhood or freedom. H. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 4. 
Hence 4. The practice of moral duties re- 
garded as apart from and as not based upon 
vital religious principle. 
All others, they [the Jews] thought, served God only with 
their own Inventions, or placed their Religion in dull mo- 
rality. Stillingjleet, Sermons, I. vlii. 
Morality, thou deadly bane, 
Thy tens of thousands thou hast slain ! 
Vain is his hope whose stay and trust is 
In moral mercy, truth, and justice! 
Burns, Dedication to Gavin Hamilton. 
5. A moral inference or reflection ; a morali- 
zation; intent; meaning; moral. 
But ye that holden this tale a folye, 
As of a fox, or of a cok and hen, 
Taketh the moralite thereof, goode men. 
Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 620. 
A genial optimist, who daily drew 
From what he saw his quaint moralities. 
Bryant, The Old Man's Counsel. 
6. A kind of drama which succeeded the mira- 
cle-plays or mysteries, and in which the per- 
sons of the play were abstractions, or allegori- 
cal representations of virtues, vices, and men- 
tal powers and faculties. A popular feature of the 
moralities was the introduction of the Devil and a Vice 
who under many names attended him, and who was finally 
merged in the fool of the later drama. 
A morality may be defined as a play enforcing a moral 
truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of char- 
acters which are personified abstractions figures repre- 
senting virtues and vices, qualities of the human mind, or 
abstract conceptions in general. 
A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit, I. 55. 
= Syn. 1-3. Morality, Morals, Manners, Virtue, Ethics. 
Morality (or morals) and manners stand over against each 
other as respectively conforming to right or propriety in 
the great duties and in the minor forms of action and in- 
tercourse. Morality is often popularly applied to conform- 
ity to right in that particular in which right conduct is 
most felt to be important, as chastity or honesty. Virtue 
Is morality of the fullest type and regarded as a part of 
personal character. Ethics is the technical, as morals is 
the popular, name for the science of virtue. 
moralization (mor"al-i-za'shon), . [< F. 
moralisation = Sp. moralizacion = Pg. morali- 
saqfto = It. moralizzazione, < ML. moralisa- 
tio(n-), moraUzatio(n-), < moralizare, moralize: 
see moralize.} 1. The act of moralizing or re- 
flecting upon morals ; a moral reflection. 2. 
The act of giving a moral meaning or effect to 
something; explanation in a moral sense. 
It is more commendable, and also commodious, if the 
players haue red the moralization of the chesse, aud whan 
they playe do thynke vpon it 
Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, L 26. 
Annexed to the fable is a moralization of twice the 
length in the octave stanza. 
T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, III. 417. 
John de Vlgney wrote a book which he called "The 
Moralization of Chess," wherein he assures us that this 
game was invented by a philosopher named Xerxes in the 
reign of Evil Merodach, king of Babylon, and was made 
known to that monarch in order to engage his attention 
and correct his manners. "There are three reasons," 
says de Vigney, "which induced the philosopher to insti- 
tute this new pastime : the first, to reclaim a wicked king ; 
the second, to prevent idleness ; and the third, practically 
to demonstrate the nature and necessity of nobleness." 
Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. 406. 
3. The act of rendering moral; subjection to 
moral rules; the process of giving a moral 
character to something. 
The elimination of ethics, then, as a system of precepts, 
involves no intrinsic difliculties other than those involved 
in the admission of a natural science that can account for 
the moralisation of man. 
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 8. 
The highest type of moralisation lies in acquiring such 
an abstract basis of principle as makes a man a spontane- 
ous and independent fountain of justice and goodness, not 
a mere channel through which runs a public and common 
beneficence. W. Wallace, Mind, XIII. 425. 
Also spelled moralisation. 
moralize (mor'al-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. moral- 
ised, ppr. moralizing. [= D. moraliseren = G. 
moralisiren = Sw. moralisera=D&n. moralisere,(. 
P. moraliser = Sp. Pg. moralizar = It. morali:- 
zare, < ML. moralizare, moralize, < L. morali*. 
moral: see moral and -ize.~] I. trans. 1. To 
apply to amoral purpose, or to explain in a mor- 
al sense ; draw a moral from ; found moral re- 
flections on. 
But what said Jaques? 
Did he not moralize this spectacle? 
Shak., As you Like it, ii. 1. 44. 
2. To supply with a moral or practical lesson ; 
furnish with edifying examples. 
morass 
Fierce warres and faithful loves shall moralize my song. 
Spenser, F. Q., Prol. 
High as their Trumpets Tune his Lyre he strung, 
And with his Prince's Arms he meraliz'd his Song. 
Prior, Ode to the Queen, st. 1. 
While chastening thoughts of sweetest use, bestowed 
By wisdom, moralize his pensive road. Wordsworth. 
3. To exemplify the moral of : as, to moralize a 
fable. [Rare.] 
That which is said of the elephant, that being guilty of 
his deformity he cannot abide to look on his own face in the 
water (but seeks for troubled and muddy channels), we see 
well moralized in men of evil conscience, who know their 
souls are so filthy that they dare not so much as view them. 
Bp. Hull, Meditations and Vows, ii. 4. 
This fable is moralized in a common proverb. 
Sir K. L'Estramje. 
4. To render moral; give a moral character to. 
It had a large share in moralizing the poor white people 
of the country. G- Ramsay. 
'Tis yours with Breeding to refine the Age, 
To Chasten Wit, and Moralize the Stage. 
Steele, Conscious Lovers, Prol. 
As a rule, it will only be to a man already pretty thor- 
oughly moralised by the best social influences that it will 
occur to reproach himself with having unworthy motives 
even in irreproachable conduct 
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 300. 
5. To affect strongly the moral or religious 
sense of; bring into a state of intense moral 
or religious feeling. [Rare.] 
The negroes and many of the poor whites were, for a 
week or two, not exactly "demoralized" [by an earth- 
quake], but intensely moralized, giving themselves to re- 
ligious exercises of a highly emotional character. 
Science, IX. 491. 
II. in trans. 1. To make moral reflections; 
draw practical lessons from the facts of life. 
Thou hear'st me moralize, 
Applying this to that, and so to so, 
For love can comment upon every woe. 
Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 712. 
I know you come abroad only to moralize and make ob- 
servations. Steele, Tatler, No. 170. 
Peter of Blois moralising " de prsestigiis fortunse," on the 
magic tricks of Fortune exemplified in the career of his 
royal patron. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist, p. 147. 
2. To have an influence, especially a beneficial 
influence, on morals. 
It is not so much that a social life passed in peaceful 
occupation is positively moralizing as that a social life 
passed in war is positively demoralizing. 
if. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., 575. 
Also spelled moralise. 
moralizer (mor'al-1-zer), n. 1. One who moral- 
izes or makes moral reflections; an instructor 
in morals. 
My uncle was a moralizer who mistook his apophthegms 
for principles. T. Book, Sayings and Doings. 
In fact there is scarcely any point upon which moral- 
izers have dwelt with more emphasis than this, that man's 
forecast of pleasure is continually erroneous. 
H. Sidgwick, Methods of Ethics, p. 121. 
2f. One who has a habit of finding an allegory 
or hidden meaning in passages. 
Moraliiers, you that wrest a never meant meaning out of 
everything, applying all things to the present time, keep 
your attention for the common stage. 
Nash, Sumner's Last Will and Testament 
Also spelled moraliser. 
moralizing (mor'al-I-zing), n. [Verbal n. of 
moralize, t\] A moral reflection; a moraliza- 
tion. Also spelled moralising. 
It will be seen by these edifying moralizing* how emi- 
nently Scriptural was the course of Sam's mind. 
H. B. Stowe, Oldtown, p. 359. 
morally (mor'al-i), adc. 1 . From a moral point 
of view; with reference to the moral law; in a 
moral or ethical sense; ethically. 
By good. morally so called, bonum honestum ought chief- 
ly to be understood. South, Sermons. 
The essential thing morally is the man's direction of 
himself to the realisation of a conceived or imagined ob- 
ject, whether circumstances allow of its issuing in out- 
ward action, action that affects the senses of other people, 
or no. T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 144. 
2. In accordance with moral law; rightly; vir- 
tuously; uprightly. 
To take away rewards and punishments is only pleasing 
to a man who resolves not to live morally. Dryden. 
3. Virtually; practically; to all intents and 
purposes. 
It is morally impossible for a hypocrite to keep himself 
long on his guard. Sir S. L' Estrange. 
morass (mo-ras' ), 11. [= G. morast = Sw. morax 
= Dan. niorads, < D. moeras, MD. MMPMch, 
HiiMii-aai'h, marra-sch LG. MLG. moras, a 
marsh, fen; prob. orig. adj., MD. "moerisch (= 
E. moorisli 1 ), belonging to a moor, confused ap- 
par. with F. marais, > ME. mams, etc., a marsh : 
s iiHirixh.'] A tract of low, soft, wet ground 
the drainage of which is insufficient either-from 
