ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a,, adj ndloctlve. 
abbr abbreviation. 
abl ablative. 
ace. accusative. 
accum accommodated, accoin. 
modation. 
act. active. 
dv adverb. 
AF Anglo-Kronen. 
agrt. agriculture. 
AL. Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer American. 
in nit anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
:uir aortst. 
appar. apparently. 
Ar Arabic. 
arch. architectural. 
arctuool archaeology. 
arlth arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
astrol astrology. 
astron astronomy. 
attrib attributive. 
aug augmentative. 
Bav Bavarian. 
Beng Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot botany. 
Braz. Brazilian. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg. Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
raiis. causative. 
cerara ceramics. 
cf. L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
c In in chemical, chemistry. 
Chin Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
coinpar. comparative. 
conch conchology. 
conj conjunction. 
contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
craniol craniology. 
crauiom craniometry. 
crystal crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
dif definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect, dialectal. 
dlfl different. 
dim diminutive. 
dlstrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynum dynamics. 
B. East. 
I'.. English(u8ua2lyman- 
in<7 modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g L. exempli gratia, for 
example. 
Egypt Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect electricity. 
ombryoL embryology. 
Eng English. 
Or. 
gram 
her 
herpet. 
Hind 
hist 
horoL 
hort. 
Hung 
hydraul. 
hydros. 
engin engineering. 
en torn entomology. 
Epis Episcopal. 
eqnlv equivalent. 
ep especially. 
Etn Ethloplc. 
ethnog ethnography. 
rthniii ethnology. 
etym. etymology. 
Eur European. 
cxclani exclamation. 
1, (em feminine. 
!". French (utuoiiu mean- 
ing modern French). 
Flem Tlemlsh. 
lort fortification. 
Ireq frequentative. 
Pries Frlesic. 
fut future. 
G Merm&n(u9utilltttneaii- 
ing New nigh Ger- 
man). 
Gael Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
geog geography. 
geol. geology. 
geom. geometry. 
Goth Gothic (McBSOgothlc). 
..Greek. 
..grammar. 
. .gunnery. 
. . Hebrew. 
. . heraldry. 
. . Hindustani. 
..history. 
. . horology. 
. . horticulture. 
. . Hungarian. 
..hydraulics. 
..hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (unally 
meaning Old l<-e- 
lnntMc,otherwisf call- 
ed Old None). 
tenth Ichthyology. 
L cm. L. id tit, that Is. 
impers Impersonal. 
impf. Imperfect. 
i in I iv imperative. 
Imnrop improperly. 
Ino. Indian. 
Ind. Indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
Indef. Indefinite. 
tot Infinitive. 
Instr Instrumental. 
inter] interjection. 
intr., intrans. . . .intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
Irreg Irregular, irregularly. 
It. Italian. 
Jap Japanese. 
L. Latin (usually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett. Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lii-lii- mil llchenology. 
Ut literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
I .it h. Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
llthol. lithology. 
LL. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
II Middle. 
much machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
iniimif manufacturing-. 
math mathematics. 
MO Middle Dutch. 
ME. Middle English (otfer- 
wite calltd Old Eng- 
lish). 
mech. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
medicine. 
mensuration. 
metal. metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor. meteorology. 
Hex. Mexican. 
MGr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High German. 
mllit military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Latin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
myool mycology. 
myth mythology. 
n noun. 
L., nuut. neuter. 
N New. 
N North. 
N. Amer North America. 
nat natural. 
naut nautlral. 
nan. navigation. 
NGr. New Greek, modern 
Greek. 
NHG New High German 
(usually timply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom. nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north. northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis. numismatic*. 
O Old. 
oba. obsolete. 
obtet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- 
wise catted Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan, 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
OJOartog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF. Old French. 
OFlem. Old Flemish. 
OGaeL Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth Old Northumbrian. 
OPross Old Pruasian. 
orlg. original originally. 
ornith. ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon. paleontology. 
put. participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect. 
Pen. Persian. 
pen. person. 
penp. perspective^ 
Peruv Peruvian. 
petrography. 
Portuguese. 
pL. 
photo* ......... photography. 
phren .......... phrenology. 
phyalcaL 
physiology. 
plural. 
........... poetical. 
poUt .......... political. 
Pot ............ Polish. 
POM. ........... poaMMlvp. 
PP. ............ past participle. 
Pr .............. Prorracal (utuaUy 
iMavuiv Old Pro- 
) enal). 
pref. ........... prefix. 
prep ........... preposition. 
pre*. ........... present. 
pret ........... preterit 
prtv. ........... privative. 
prob. .......... probably, probable. 
proa. .......... pronoun. 
proa. .......... pronounced, 
elation. 
prop- .......... properly. 
prov provincial. 
psychoL psychology. 
q. T L. quod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which see. 
red. reflexive. 
reg regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
. 1 man. 
.Bomanlc, Bomance 
(language*). 
Bfjpjjf^ 
8.... .....'.Sooth. 
8. Amer South American. 
c. L. scilicet, understand. 
Be. ScSSi/' 
Scand Scandinavian. 
..Scripture. 
. sculpture. 
. . Servian. 
ilng. singular. 
Bkt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
Sp. Spanish. 
subj subjunctive. 
snperi. superlative. 
urg. surgery. 
sun- surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
jm. synonymy. 
Syr:---. fyrlac. 
techn 
hen Phenlclan. 
philrl philology. 
polio*. philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
.. 
term term! n 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical. 
theoL theology. 
therap. therapeutics. 
toxicol. toxicology. 
tr., train transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk Turkish. 
nit. ultimate, ultimately. 
i c 1 1 1. 
var. variant. 
C veterinary. 
T. L Intransitive verb. 
v. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
WaDach. Wallachlan. 
W. Ind. West Indian. 
obgeog loogeographjr. 
ooL zoology 
soot. notomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
a as In fat, man, pang. 
a as in fate, mane, dale. 
ft aa in far, father, guard. 
a as in fall, talk, naught. 
a as in ask, fast, ant. 
fi as in fare, hair, bear. 
c aa In met, pen, bless. 
e as in mete, meet, meat. 
e as in her, fern, heard. 
1 as in pin, it, biscuit. 
I as in pine, fight, file. 
o as in not, on, frog. 
6 as in note, poke, floor. 
6 as in move, spoon, room. 
6 as in nor, song. off. 
n as in tub, son, blood. 
u as in mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: see Preface, pp. 
lx,x). 
a aa In pull, book, could. 
u German ii, French u. 
oi as In oil, joint, boy. 
on as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an nnac- 
cented syllable indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. \i. 
Thus: 
t> as in prelate, courage, captain. 
4 as in ablegate, episcopal. 
at in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable indicates that, even in the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound Is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus: 
A as in errant, republican, 
fi as In prudent, difference, 
j. as In charity, density. 
Q as In valor, actor, Idiot. 
Sas in Persia, peninsula. 
as in Ou boot. 
as in nature, feature. 
A mark M under the consonant* t, d, 
*, z Indicate* that they In like manner 
are variable to eft, j, sh, zft. Thus : 
t as in nature, adventure. 
<j as In arduous, education. 
s as In leisure. 
9 as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TII as In then. 
ch as In German ach, Scotch loch. 
n French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (moo- 
01)L 
' denote* a primary, ' a secondary accent. 
(A secondary accent U not marked If at it* 
regular Interval of two syllable* from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; I. e., derived from. 
> read vhenet ; L e., from which Is derived. 
-r read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
read cognate with; L e., etymologically 
parallel with. 
VreadnxX. 
* read (Aon(ieal or alley*!; La., theoreti- 
cally aaramed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
dMMi, 
