muschelkalk 
muschelkalk (mush'el-kalk), . [(>., < /- 
*<//, sliell, + kail;, lime or chalk.] One of the 
divisions of the Triassic system as developed 
in Germany, occupying a position between the 
Keuper and Banter. See Triassic. In both Ger- 
many and France it is subdivided into three zones, the 
upper one of which is a true shelly limestone, as the name 
indicates, while the other two are also chiefly limestone, 
but much less fossiliferous than the first. The forma- 
tion is important on account of the beds of salt and anhy- 
drite which it contains. 
muschetor, muschetour (mus'che-tor, -tdr), .. 
[< OF. mouscheture, F. moucheture, little spots, 
< OF. mouscheter, F. moucheter, ^ , 
spot, < OF. mousehe, F. mouche, 
a fly, a spot, < L. musca, a fly : 
see mouche.'] In her., a black 
spot resembling an ermine spot, 
but differing from it in the ab- 
sence of the three specks. See 
ermine^, 5. 
Musci (mus'si), n. pi. [NL., pi. 
of L. muscus, moss: see moss'-.'] A large class 
of cryptogamous plants of the group Muscineo! 
or Sryophyta; the mosses. They are low tufted 
plants, a few inches in height, always with a stem and 
distinct leaves, producing spore-cases (sporogonia) which 
usually open by a terminal lid and contain simple spores 
alone. The germinating spore gives rise in the typical 
families to a filamentous conferva-like prothallium, upon 
which is produced the leafy plant, these together consti- 
tuting the sexual generation or pbphyte. The sexual or- 
gans are antheridia and archegonia, and from the fertilized 
oosphere proceeds the sporogonium or "moss-fruit," 
which in itself comprises the non-sexual generation or 
sporophyte. The sporogonium or capsule, which is rare- 
ly indehiscent or splitting by four longitudinal slits, usu- 
ally opens by a lid or operculum ; beneath the opercu- 
lum, and arising from the mouth of the capsule, are com- 
monly one or two rows of rigid processes, collectively the 
peristome, which are always some multiple of four ; those 
of the outer row are called teeth; those of the inner, cilia. 
Between the rim of the capsule and the operculum is an 
elastic ring of cells, the annulus. The Musci are classified 
under four orders the Bryacece or true mosses (which are 
further divided into acrocarpous, or terminal-fruited, and 
pleurocarpous, or lateral-fruited), Phascacece, Andrceacece, 
and SphagnacetE. See cut under moss. 
Muscicapa (mu-sik'a-pa), . [NL., < L. musca, 
fly, + capere, take.] A Linnean genus of fly- 
catchers. It was formerly of great extent and indis- 
criminate application to numberless small birds which 
capture insects on the wing, but is now restricted to the 
most typical Muscicapidce, such as the blackcap, M. atri- 
capUla, the spotted flycatcher, M. grisola, the white-col- 
lared flycatcher, M . collaris, etc. See cut under flycatcher. 
Muscicapidae (mus-i-kap'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < 
Muscicapa + -idw.~\ A family of Old World os- 
cine passerine birds, typified by the restricted 
genus Muscicapa ; the flycatchers. They are cich- 
lomorphic turdiform or thrush-like Ptwseres, normally 
with 10 primaries, 12 rectrices, scutellate tarsi, and a gry- 
panian bill of a flattened form, broad at the base, with a 
ridged culmen and long rictal vibrissse. Their character- 
istic habit is to capture insects on the wing. None are 
American, though many American fly -catching birds of the 
setophagine division of Sylvicolidts and of the clamatorial 
family Tyrannidce have been included in Muacicapidte. 
Upward of 60 genera and nearly 400 species are placed in 
this family in its most restricted sense. 
Muscicapinae (mu-sik-a-pl'ne), . pi. [NL., < 
Muscicapa + -itue.~\ The flycatchers as a sub- 
family of Muscicapidce or of some other family. 
muscicapine (mu-sik'a-pin), a. Pertaining or 
in any way relating to the genus Muscicapa. 
muscicole (mus'i-kol), a. [< L. muscus, moss, 
+ colere, inhabit.] In bot., living upon decayed 
mosses or Sepaticce, as certain lichens. 
muscicoline (mu-sik'o-lin), a. [< muscicole + 
-inel.] Same as muscicole. 
muscicolous (mu-sik'o-lus), a. [< muscicole + 
-ous.] Same as muscicole. 
Muscidae (mus'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Musca + 
-idee.] The representative and by far the lar- 
gest family of the order Diptera ; the flies. The 
limits and definition of the family vary widely. It is 
now commonly restricted to forms with short three- 
jointed antennae, the third joint of which is setose; the 
proboscis normally ending in a fleshy lobe and the pal- 
pi generally projecting ; five abdominal segments ; two 
tarsal pulvilli ; and no false vein in the wing. The Muscidie 
comprise more than a third of the order Diptera, and are 
divided into numerous subfamilies, which are regarded as 
families by some writers. They are primarily divided into 
Calyptratce and Acalyptratce, according as the tegulee are 
large or very small. 
musciform 1 (mus'i-f6rm), a. [< NL. muscifor- 
mis, < L. musca, a fly, + forma, form.] Fly- 
like ; resembling a common fly ; of or pertain- 
ing to the Musciformes. 
musoiform 2 (mus'i-f 6rm), a. [< L. muscus, moss, 
4- forma, form, shape.] In bot., same as mus- 
cold. 
Musciformes (mus-i-for'mez), n.pl. [NL., pi. 
of musciformis : see musciforml.] A section of 
musciform Tipulidce, containing those crane- 
flies which resemble common flies, having a 
comparatively stout body and short legs. 
3904 
Muscinae (mu-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < 
+ -inn'.'] A subfamily of MustMce, exemplified 
by the genus Musca, in which the antenna! bris- 
tle is feathered to the tip, and the first posterior 
cell of the wing is much narrowed or closed. 
Muscinese (mu-sin'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. mim- 
cus, moss, + -in +' -ew.'] A group of higher 
cryptogams, coordinate in rank with the Thal- 
lo'phyta, Pteridopliyta, and Fhanerogamia, and 
embracing the two classes Musci and Hepaticte: 
same as Jiryophyta. 
Musciphagat (mu-sif'a-ga), n. [NL., < L. 
musca, a fly, + Gr. <f>a-yeiv, eat.] A genus of fly- 
catchers : same as Dumicola. 
Muscisaxicola (mus"i-sak-sik'o-la), . [NL., < 
Musei(capa) + Saxicola.~] A genus of clama- 
torial flycatchers of the family Tyrannidie, 
founded byLafresnaye in 1837: so called from 
some resemblance to chats. The species are 
numerous, all South American. M. rufivertex 
and M. flavinucha are examples. 
muscite (mus'It), n. [< L. muscus, moss, + 
-He 2 .] A fossil plant of the moss family, found 
in amber and certain fresh-water Tertiary 
strata. Page. 
Muscivora (mu-siv'o-ra), n. [NL., < L. musca, 
a fly, + vorare, devour.] A genus of South 
American crested flycatchers of the family 
Tyrannidai. It was established by Cuvier in 1799-1800, 
and was afterward called by him Muscipeta, the mouche- 
rolles. There are several species, as M. cristata and M. 
coronata. The term has also been variously applied to 
other birds of the same family, as by G. R. Gray in 1840 
to species of MUvvlm, and by Lesson to certain fly-catch- 
ing birds of a different family. 
muscle 1 (mus'l), n. [Early mod. E. also muskle; < 
F . muscle = Pr. muscle, moscle = Sp. nmsculo = Pg. 
musculo = It. muscolo = D. G. Sw. Dan. muskel, a 
muscle, < L. musculus, a muscle, a little mouse, 
dim. of mus, a mouse, = Gr. [tvf , a mouse, also a 
muscle, = G. maus, a mouse, a muscle ; cf. F. 
souris, a mouse, formerly the brawn of the arm, 
Corn, loyoden fer, calf of the leg, lit. mouse of 
leg: the more prominent muscles, as the biceps, 
having, when in motion, some resemblance to a 
mouse : see mouse. Hence muscle"*, mussel. The 
pron. mus'l instead of mus'kl is prob. due to the 
ult. identical muscle^, mussel, where, however, 
the pron. of c in -cle as ' soft' is irregular, though 
occurring also in corpuscle."] 1. A kind of 
animal tissue consisting of bundles of fibers 
whose essential physiological characteristic is 
contractility, or the capability of contracting 
muscle 
2. A certain portion of muscle or muscular tis- 
sue, having definite position and relation with 
surrounding parts, and usually 
fixed at one or both ends. Any one 
of the separate masses or bundles of 
muscular fibers constitutes a muscle, 
which as a whole and in its subdivisions 
is enveloped in f ascial connective tissue 
and usually attached to the part to be 
moved by means of a tendon or sinew. 
Muscles are for the most part attached 
to bones, with the periosteum of which 
their tendons are directly continuous. 
The most extensive or most fixed attach- 
ment of a muscle is usually called its 
origin; the opposite end is its insertion. 
Individual muscles not only change 
their shape during contraction, but are 
of endlessly varied shapes when at rest, 
indicated by descriptive terms, as con- 
ical,fti8iform, penntyorm, dif/astric, del- 
toid, etc., besides which each muscle has 
its specific name. Such names are given 
from the attachments of the muscle, as 
stenwclidomastoid, mnotiyoid; or from 
function, as flexor, extensor ; or from 
position, as pectoral, gluteal; or from 
shape, as deltoid, trapezoid; or from 
some other quality or attribute, in an 
arbitrary manner. Circular muscles are 
those whose fibers return upon them- 
selves ; they constitute sphincters, as of 
the mouth, eyelids, and anus. The swell- 
ing part of a muscle is called its telly ; 
when there are two such, separated 
by an intervening tendon, the muscle 
is douMe-beUied or digastric. Muscles _. . 
whosejfibers are set obliquely upon an Fascial investment 
axial tendon are penntform, or bipenni- of Muscles of Right 
farm. Muscles whose fibers are all paral- A ""- . /" ',"';}' 
lei are called simple or rectilinear; those ^ biceps' s supi- 
whose fibers intersect or cross each n'ator longus.' 
other are called compound. Muscles 
which act in opposition to one another are termed antago- 
nistic ; those which concur in the same action are termed 
Muscles of Human Head, Face, and Neck. 
a, anterior, and b, posterior belly of occipitofrontalis, extending 
over the scalp; c t sternoclidomastoid ; d, trapezius (a small part of 
it); e, attollens aurem; f, attrahens aurem ; g, retrahens aurem ; 
h, orbicularis palpebrarum ; /, corrugator supercilii ; j, orbicularis 
oris ; k, four small muscles of the nostril (the line marks the anterior 
dilatator nans, behind which is the posterior dilatator ; the compressor 
narium is next to the tip of the nose, and the depressor alas nasi is di- 
rectly below the posterior dilatator) ; /, levator labii superioris alseque 
nasi ; m, levator labii superioris, beneath which lies, unmarked, the 
levator anguli oris ; n, zygomaticus minor ; a, zygomaticus major ; 
f, superficial, and a, deep parts of the masseter; r, risorius, be- 
neath which lies the buccinator, unmarked, little shown ; s. depressor 
anguli oris ; f, levator menti ; u, depressor labii inferioris ; v, ante- 
rior, and 7ii, posterior belly of digastricus ; x, mylohyoid ; y, stylo- 
hyoid ; z, hyoglossus ; aa, thyrohyoid ; at>. sternohyoid ; ac, anterior, 
and ad, posterior belly of omohyoid ; af, a small part of inferior con- 
strictor of the pharynx, just above which a small part of the middle 
constrictor appears ; ag, scalenus medius ; ah, scalenus anticus ; at, 
scalenus posticus ; at', levator anguli scapulae ; ak, splenius capitts. 
(The platysma, which covers much of the neck and the lower part of 
the face, has been removed.) 
in length and dilating in breadth on the appli- 
cation of a proper stimulus, as the impulse of 
a motor nerve, or a shock of electricity; flesh; 
"lean meat." By such change of form, the muscles 
become the immediate means of motion of the different 
parts of the body, and of locomotion of the body as a 
whole. 
Aponeurotic 
C 
Principal Muscles of the Human Body. 
A. i, i, occipitofrontalis; 2, temporal is; 3, orbicularis palpebrarum : 
4, masseter ; 5, sternoclidomastoid ; 6, trapezius ; 7, platysma my- 
oides ; 8, deltoid; 9, biceps; 10, brachialis anticus; ri, triceps; 12, 
supinator ; 13, 14, extensors of thumb and fingers ; 1=;, pectoralis ma- 
jor; 16, latissimus dorst ; 17, serratus magnus ; 18, obliqutis externns 
abdominis ; 19, rectus abdominis ; 20, glutjeus medius ; 21, gluteus 
maximus; 22, tensor vaginas femoris; 23, vastus externus; 24, biceps 
feinoris or biceps flexor cruris ; 25, 25, inner and outer heads of 
gastrocnemius; 26, tibialis anticus; 27, extensor longus digitorum ; 28, 
28, tibialis posticus ; 29, peroneus longus ; 30, peronens brevis ; 31, 
peroneus tertius ; 32, muscles of little toe, opposite insertion of peroneus 
tertius; 33, tendon of extensor proprius hallucis; 34, flexor longus 
digitorum ; 35, tendp Achillis. 
R. i, deltoid ; 2, insertion of pectoralis major ; 3, coracobrachialis ; 
4, biceps; 5, brachialis anticus ; 6.a small part of triceps; 7, pronator 
radii teres ; 8, supinator longns ; 9, flexor carpi radialis ; 10, palmaris 
longus, expanding below into the palmar fascia ; ir, flexor sublimts 
digitnrum ; 12, flexor carpi ulnaris ; 13, flexor brevis pollicis; 14, ad- 
ductor pollicis ; T5, abductor minimi digiti. 
C. i, border of glutaius medius; 2, tensor vaginas femoris; 3, iliacus 
and psoas magnus ; 4, pectineus ; 5, adductor longus ; 6, 6, 6, sartorius ; 
7, gracilis ; 8, rectus femoris ; 9, vastus externus ; 10, vastus internus ; 
n, insertion of biceps femoris ; 12, ligament of patella, or common 
tendon of insertion of 8, 9, 10 ; 13, tibialis anticus ; 14, extensor longus 
digitornm ; 15, peroneus longus ; 16, inner head of gastrocnemius ; 
17, inner part of soleus; iR, peroneus brevis. 
