gi 
bi 
natural 
over and above its original sound. Natural 
act an act which is connected with its subject by a nat- 
ural cause.- Natural allegiance. See alleyiaiice, i. 
-Natural astrology. See nsfro/ow.- Natural bait, 
any article of food proper to a flsll, used to induce the fish 
to take the hook, as distinguished from an artificial bait 
or imitation of the fish's natural food : sometimes simply 
called bait, when the artificial article is distinguished as a 
lure. Among natural baits are many small fishes, as min- 
nows- frogs; certain crustaceans, as crawfish; worms of 
various kinds; mollusks of various kinds; some insects or 
their larvto spawn of various fishes and crustaceans, etc. 
Natural being. See beiny. Natural belief, an in- 
stinctive, a priori cognition. Natural body, according 
to St. Paul's teaching, the physical body in its present visi- 
ble condition; literally, the psychical body- that is, the 
body belonging to the soul, as the breath of life : opposed 
to spiritual body, the body belonging and adapted to the 
spirit or highest part of man's nature. See soul, psychical, 
spiritual. 
It is sown a natural body ; it is raised a spiritual body. 
There is a natural body and there is a spiritual body. 
1 Cor. xv. 44. 
Natural cause, a cause which acts by natural necessity, as 
opposed to compulsion and to freedom. Natural child, 
cognition etc. See the nouns. Natural conscious- 
ness the form of consciousness possessed by all men ; pri- 
mary consciousness. Natural day, a space of twenty- 
four hours. 
In the space of o day naturel 
This is to seyn, in foure and twenty houres. 
Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 108. 
Natural definition, a definition which states the essen- 
tial parts of the thing defined, as when man is defined as 
a substance composed of a body and an intellective soul. 
Natural dualism, finger-breadth, flannel, gas, 
goodness etc. See the nouns. Natural egotistical 
idealism, the doctrine that the immediate object in per- 
ception is a mode of the mind which it is determined to 
present by its own natural laws. Natural harmonic, 
in musical instruments of the viol, lute, or harp families, 
one of the harmonics or overtones of an open string : 
opposed to artificial harmonic, which is derived from a 
stopped string. Also used pleonastically for any harmon- 
ic. Natural harmony, in mwtic, harmony without mod- 
ulations or derived chords. Natural hexachord, in me- 
dieval music, the second hexachord (and also the fifth) : so 
called because it began on C, the key-note of the "nat- 
ural" key. See keyi. Natural history, immutationt, 
infirmity. See the nouns. Natural infancy, a phrase 
sometimes used by law-writers to designate infancy under 
the age of seven years, as being a period of natural and 
complete incapacity in a legal sense. Natural inter- 
vals. See interval. -Natural key. See key*. Natural 
law, the expression of right reason or the dictate of reli- 
ion, inhering in nature and man, and having ethically a 
inding force as a rule of civil conduct ; the will of man's 
Maker. Blackatone. See law of nature, under nature. 
Natural liberty. See liberty. Natural line of sight. 
See siijhl. Natural logarithm. See logarithm, Nat- 
ural logic, love, magic, magnet, man, marmalade, 
method, motion. See the nouns. Natural modula- 
tion, in music, a modulation of easy and direct character, 
as from a given key (tonality) to one of its near relatives. 
Natural necessity, necessity which springs from with- 
in, from an internal principle of development, not from 
outward compulsion. Natural obligation, an expres- 
sion used in the civil law, in two different cases: (a) 
Where two different persons, though no agreement ex- 
press or implied had been made, came into such a rela- 
tion that the pretor was induced to impute to it some of 
the legal characteristics of an obligation : for example, 
the fact of becoming unduly enriched at another person's 
expense. (b) Where an obligation was imperfect, so that 
no action could be maintained on it, and yet certain legal 
effects, which were not the same in all cases, were attrib- 
uted to it by law. The equivalent English phrase is im- 
perfect obligation. Natural order, in bot., an order be- 
longing to the natural system of classification, in contra- 
distinction to one of an artificial system devised for the 
mere convenience of a student. In this system all the or- 
gans must be taken into consideration, and the affinity of 
any two or more plants will be determined by their agree- 
ment or disagreement first in the more important organs 
and then in the less important. Natural perfection, a 
perfection due to natural causes, or belonging to nature. 
Natural persons. See person. Natural philosophy, 
originally, the study of nature in general ; now, more com- 
monly, the branch of physical science which treats of 
those properties and phenomena of bodies which are un- 
accompanied by an essential change in the bodies them- 
selves. It thus includes the various sciences classed under 
physics. See physics. Abbreviated nat. phU. Natural 
pitch, the pitch of a wind-instrument, especially of an or- 
gan-pipe, when not overblown. Natural price, print- 
ing, etc. See the nouns. Natural propensity or ap- 
petite, a congenital or innate one, although it may not be 
actually developed until later in life. Natural realism, 
the doctrine that the immediate object of perception is 
the real external object or thing. Natural rights. See 
right. Natural scale. See natural key, under keyl. 
Natural science, a phrase employed in much the same 
signification as natural history in its widest sense, and used 
in contradistinction to mental, moral, or mathematical sci- 
ence. Natural selection, theology, etc. See the nouns. 
- Natural sign, a sign which stands for its object inde- 
pendently of any human convention. Natural signs are 
either formal, standing for their objects in virtue of resem- 
bling them, or material, standing for their objects by virtue 
of some natural connection or real relation with them, as 
a weathercock to the wind. The former are called icons, 
the latter indices. The distinction seems to have origi- 
nated with Paulus Venetus. Natural system, in bot. 
See Jussieuan, and natural order, above. Natural 
whole, in loyic, a whole determined by the logical com- 
prehension ; either an essential or a mathematical whole. 
= Syn. 1,2, and*. Natal, etc. See native. 
II. x. If. That which is natural to one ; nat- 
ural quality, disposition, or expression. 
That is, when he [our courtly poet] is most artiflciall, 
so to disguise and cloake it as it may not appeare nor 
3942 naturalize 
seemetoproceedefromhimbyanystudieortradeof rules, and that all religious life is a natural develop- 
but to be his naturall. incut unaided bv supernatural influences. 
Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poesie, p. 253. aturaligt ( na t/u-ral-ist), . [= F. naturalise 
- 'uaturaiiKta, < ML. natnralista, a 
. natural: see natural 
One who understands natural 
is versed in natural science or 
philosophy ; specifically, one who is versed in 
or devoted to natural history; in the most re- 
2t. A natural gift or endowment. 
But how out of purpose and place do I name art? When 
the professors are grown so obstinate contemners of it, and 
presumers on their own naturals, as they are deriders of all 
diligence that way. B. Jonson, Alchemist, To the Reader. 
3. One born without the usual faculty of rea- 
soning or understanding ; a fool; an idiot. 
This drivelling love is like a great natural, that runs loll- 
ing iin and down to hide his bauble in a hole. 
Shale., R. and J., ii. 4. 95. 
I own the Man is not a Natural; he has a very quick 
Sense, tho' very slow Understanding. naturalistic (nat"u-ra-lis'tik), a. [< naturalist 
Steete, Conscious Lovers, ii. 1. " ' * ' A :. _"_L":_: ; .,,.,}., 
4f. A native ; an original inhabitant. 
The more severe that these are to the naturatts, the 
greater their repute with the Spaniards, who enrich them- 
selves by extorting from the other. 
Sandys, Travailes, p. 202. 
5f. A production of nature. 
The abjectest naturatts have their specincall properties, 
and some wondrous vertues ; and philosophy will not nat- 
ter the noblest or worthiest naturals in their venoms or 
impurities. Harvey, Pierce's Supererogation. 
6. An oyster of natural wild growth, not 
planted. [New Jersey.] 7. In music: (a) On 
the keyboard, a white key (digital) as distin- 3. Of, pertaining to, or based on naturalism in 
guished from a black key. (1) In notation, the its philosophical or theological sense.-Natural- 
sign fli placed before a note to counteract the istic theory. See mythical theory, under mythical. 
effect of a sharp or flat in the signature or pre- naturalityt (nat-u-ral'i-ti), n. [< ME. natural- 
viously introduced as an accidental. Naturalsare Me, < OF. (and F.) natwalite = Sp.,,<,turahaad 
not used in signatures except where a change of key takes = Pg. naturalMadc = It. naturalita, < L. natii- 
place and one or more of the sharps or flats of the original r alita( t-)s, naturalness, < naturalis, natural : see 
f . i . _ *i-j r n_j - ._^..7 cinn . . _ 
stricted sense, a zoologist or botanist. 
Naturalists observe that when the frost seizes upon wine 
they are only the slighter and more waterish parts of it 
that are subject to be congealed. South, Sermons, II. xii. 
2. One who holds the theological theory or doc- 
trine of naturalism. 
So far as the Spirit of God is above reason, so far doth a 
Christian exceed a mere naturalist. 
Bp. Hall, Meditations and Vows, ii. 34. 
+ -;.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or in accordance 
with nature ; natural; not formal, conventional, 
or conventionalized ; hence, simulating or re- 
sembling nature : as, a naturalistic effect of light 
on the stage. 
Such vivacious and naturalistic expletives as would 
scarcely have passed the censor. 
Athenaeum, No. 2840, p. 421. 
2. Realistic. 
" No one," affSenor Valdes truly says, " can rise from the 
perusal of a naturalistic book . . . without a vivid desire 
to escape " from the wretched world depicted in it. 
Harper's May., LXXIX. 963. 
signature are to be annulled. Also called a cancel. See 
accidental, n., and signature, (c) A note affected by 
natural.] 
ralness. 
The quality of being natural ; natu- 
a a, or a tone thus represented. 8. A kind of ^ ^ ^ tMmame and po we r close vp the 
wig worn m England early in the eighteenth furie9j s an d gouerne the steares. 
century. 
Golden Boke, x. (Jiichardson.') 
full bobs, minister's bobs, naturals, half naturals, Grecian 
In 1724 the peruke-makers advertised "full-bottom tyes, naturalization (nat"u-ral-i-za'shpn), n. [< 
_=..=.... K^K. ..../., KOI. ,./. n.i.n naturah:e + _ atior> .] "Ttie act of naturalizing, 
or the state of being naturalized; specifically, 
in law, the act of receiving an alien into the con- 
dition, and investing him with the rights and 
privileges, of a natural subject or citizen. In the 
United States, by Rev. Stat., 1878, title xxx., 8 21U5, etc., 
persons of age, of the classes enumerated below, may be 
naturalized, with their resident minor children, upon 
taking an oath to support the Constitution of the United 
States, and renouncing all allegiance to a foreign prince 
or state : those over 21 who have (a) resided here at least 
five years continuously, and have legally declared their 
intention to be naturalized and to renounce foreign alle- 
giance more than two years before naturalization ; or (b) 
resided here for a continuous period of five years, of which 
three were during minority; or (c) resided here one year 
and have served in and been honorably discharged from 
the military forces of the United States; or (d) served 
three years on a merchant vessel of the United States 
which they supplied. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 560. 
natural-born (nat'u-ral-born), a. 1. Native 
in a country ; not alien. 
Natural-born subjects are such as are horn within the 
dominions of the crown of England ; that is, within the 
ligeance, or, as it is generally called, the allegiance of the 
king. Blackstone, Com., L x. 
No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of 
the I'nited States at the time of the adoption of this con- 
stitution, shall be eligible to the office of president. 
Constitution of the United States, art. ii. 1. 
2. So by nature; born so: as, a natural-born 
fool, 
naturalia (nat-u-ra'li-ii), n. )>l. [NL., neut. pi. 
of L. naturalis, natural : see natural.'} The 
sexual organs. 
naturalisatipn, naturalise. See naturaliza- 
tion, naturalize. 
naturalism (nat'u-ral-izm), re. [= F. natura- 
lisme = Sp. naturalismo; as natural + -ism.'} 1. 
A state of nature ; uncivilized or unregenerate 
condition. 
Those spirited and wanton cross-worms, as they call 
themselves, who are striving with speed and alacrity to 
come up to the naturalism and lawless privileges of the 
first class. 
Bv. Larington, Moravians Compared and Detected, p. 63. 
[(Latham.) 
after legal declaration of intention, etc. Citizens, etc., of 
countries at war with the United States are excepted. 
There are also provisions now nearly obsolete relating 
to the naturalization of aliens residing in the United States 
before January 29th, 1795, or between June 18th, 1788, and 
June 18th, 1812. Widows and children of those who have 
made legal declaration before death are deemed citizens. 
In Great Britain, by the Naturalization Act of 1870, an 
alien resident in the United Kingdom for a term of not less 
than five years, or who has been in the service of the crown 
for not less than five years, may obtain a certificate of nat- 
uralization. Also spelled naturalisation. 
All States that are liberal! of naturalization towards 
strangers are fit for empire. 
Bacon, Kingdoms and Estates. 
Naturalization implies the renunciation of a former na- 
tionality, and the fact of entrance into a similar relation 
towards a new body politic. 
Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, 66. 
Naturalization Act, a British statute of 1870 (amended 
in 1872), under which aliens are allowed to hold real and 
personal property in the United Kingdom, additional fa- 
cilities for aliens to become British subjects being also 
given, and provisions embodied enabling British subjects 
2. Conformity to nature or to reality ; a close 
adherence to nature in the arts of painting, 
sculpture, poetry, etc.: opposed to idealism, and 
implying less of crudeness than realism. 
Gogol, the father of Russian naturalism, who wrote 
fifty years ago, was as full of literary consciousness as 
Thackeray or Dickens. Harper's Mag., LXXVI. 479. 
3. Specifically, in the fine arts, the rendering to become aliens. 
of nature, as it is, by the arts of design, but naturalize (nat'u-ral-Iz), r.; pret, and pp. nat- 
without either slavish fidelity or attempt at il- waived, ppr. nittiinrtizing. [= F. naturahser 
lusion. It is the mean between idealism and = Sp. Pg. nnturaUsar = lt. naturalizzare ; &snat- 
realism. 4. In pliilos., that view of the world, waH--*W.] I. trans. 1. To reduce to a state 
and especially of man and human history and of nature; identify with, or make a part of, 
nature. 
Human freedom must be understood in some different 
sense from that with which our anthropologists are famil- 
iar, if it is to stand in the way of the scientific impulse to 
naturalise the moral man. 
T. H. Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, 6. 
2. To make natural ; render easy and familiar 
by custom and habit. 
society, which takes account only of natural (as 
distinguished from supernatural) elements and 
forces. 
On the basis of Naturalism, we may either look upon 
man as an individual distinct from other individuals, . . . 
or we may consider the race as itself an organism, apart 
from which the individual is unintelligible. 
W. K. Sorley, Ethics of Naturalism, p. 17. 
5. In theol. : (a) The doctrine that natural reli- 
gion is sufficient for salvation. (6) The doctrine 
that all religious truth is derived from a study 
of nature without any supernatural revelation, 
He rises fresh to his hammer and anvil; custom has 
naturalized his labours to him. Smth. 
3. To confer the rights and privileges of a nat- 
ural subject or citizen upon; receive under 
