ABBREVIATIONS 
USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. 
a., id] adleotlve. 
bbr. abbreviation. 
bl ablative. 
toe. accusative. 
accoin accoinmodftteil, accom- 
modation. 
act active. 
adv adverb. 
AF Anglo-l'rench, 
agri. agriculture. 
At. Anglo-Latin. 
alg algebra. 
Amer American. 
anat anatomy. 
anc. ancient. 
antlq antiquity. 
aor. aorlst 
appar. apparently. 
Ar. Arabic. 
arch. architecture. 
archteol. archaeology. 
arith. arithmetic. 
art. article. 
AS Anglo-Saxon. 
aitrol astrology. 
aitron astronomy. 
tttrib attributive. 
aug. augmentative. 
Bar. Bavarian. 
Beng .Bengali. 
biol biology. 
Bohem Bohemian. 
hot botany. 
Braz. Brazllkn. 
Bret Breton. 
bryol bryology. 
Bulg Bulgarian. 
carp carpentry. 
Cat Catalan. 
Cath Catholic. 
caus. cauaatlvo. 
ceram ceramics. 
ct L. confer, compare. 
ch. church. 
Chal Chaldee. 
chem. chemical, chemistry. 
Chin. Chinese. 
chron chronology. 
colloq colloquial, colloquially. 
com. commerce, commer- 
cial. 
comp composition, com- 
pound. 
compar. comparative. 
concn rnnchology. 
.coni ..conjunction. 
'contr contracted, contrac- 
tion. 
Corn Cornish. 
oranlol cranlology. 
cranlom craniometry. 
crystal. crystallography. 
D. Dutch. 
Dan Danish. 
dat dative. 
det. definite, definition. 
derlv derivative, derivation. 
dial dialect^ dialectal. 
dl different. 
dim. diminutive. 
dlstrib distributive. 
dram dramatic. 
dynam dynamics. 
E East. 
E. English (usually mtan- 
ing modern English). 
eccl., eccles ecclesiastical. 
econ economy. 
e. g. L. exempli gratia, tor 
example. 
Egypt. Egyptian. 
E. Ind East Indian. 
elect. electricity. 
embryol embryology. 
Eng. Engllab* 
engin. engineering. 
entom entomology. 
Epls. Episcopal. 
equlv equivalent. 
csp especially. 
Eth. Ethioplc. 
ethnog ethnography. 
ethnol. ethnology. 
etym etymology. 
Eur European. 
exclam exclamation. 
f , fern feminine. 
F. French (luuoKy mean- 
ing modern French). 
Hem Flemish. 
fort fortification. 
freq. . frequentative. 
Fries. Frieslc. 
fat future. 
O 
iny New High Ger- 
man). 
OaeL Gaelic. 
galv galvanism. 
gen genitive. 
Bog geography. 
geol. geology. 
geora geometry. 
Goth Gothic (MoMogothic). 
Or. Greek. 
gram grammar. 
fan gunnery. 
Heb Hebrew. 
her. heraldry. 
herpet. herpetology. 
Hind Hindustani. 
hist history. 
horol horology. 
hort horticulture. 
Hung Hungarian. 
hydraul hydraulics. 
hydros. hydrostatics. 
Icel Icelandic (umaily 
meaning Old Ice- 
landic, otherwise coil- 
ed Old None). 
Ichth Ichthyology. 
La L. id ett, that is. 
impers Impersonal. 
impf. Imperfect. 
Impv Imperative. 
improp improperly. 
Ind. Indian. 
Ind. Indicative. 
Indo-Eur Indo-European. 
in. iff. Indefinite. 
inf. Infinitive. 
instr. Instrumental. 
inter! Interjection. 
Intr., Intrans Intransitive. 
Ir. Irish. 
irreg Irregular, Irregularly. 
Jap. Japanese. 
L. Latin (utually mean- 
ing classical Latin). 
Lett Lettish. 
LG Low German. 
lichenol llchenology. 
lit literal, literally. 
lit literature. 
Lith. Lithuanian. 
lithog lithography. 
lithol lithology. 
Ii. Late Latin. 
m., masc masculine. 
M. Middle. 
much. machinery. 
mammal mammalogy. 
manuf manufacturing. 
math mathematics. 
MD. Middle Dutch. 
ME. Middle English (other- 
wim called Old Eng- 
lish). 
roech. mechanics, mechani- 
cal. 
med medicine. 
manor. mensuration. 
metal metallurgy. 
metaph metaphysics. 
meteor meteorology. 
If ex. Mexican. 
MGr. Middle Greek, medie- 
val Greek. 
MHO Middle High German. 
milit. military. 
mineral mineralogy. 
ML. Middle Coin, medie- 
val Latin. 
MLG Middle Low German. 
mod. modern. 
mycol mycology. 
myth. mythology. 
n noun. 
D., neut neuter. 
Jf New. 
N North. 
N. Amer. North America. 
nat natural. 
nant nautical. 
nav. navigation. 
NGr. New Greek, modern 
(Jri'.-k. 
NHO New High German 
(utually limply G., 
German). 
NL. New Latin, modern 
Latin. 
nom nominative. 
Norm Norman. 
north northern. 
Norw Norwegian. 
numis. numismatics. 
O. Old. 
obs. obsolete. 
obstet obstetrics. 
OBulg Old Bulgarian (fther- 
wite called Church 
Slavonic, Old Slavic, 
Old Slavonic). 
OCat Old Catalan. 
OD. Old Dutch. 
ODan Old Danish. 
odontog odontography. 
odontol. odontology. 
OF. OldFrenck 
OFlem Old Flemish. 
OGael. Old Gaelic. 
OHG Old High German. 
Olr. Old Irish. 
Olt Old Italian. 
OL. Old Latin. 
OLG Old Low German. 
ONorth. Old Northumbrian. 
OPruss Old Prussian. 
orig original, originally. 
ornith ornithology. 
OS. Old Saxon. 
OSp. Old Spanish. 
osteoL osteology. 
OSw Old Swedish. 
OTeut Old Teutonic. 
p. a. participial adjective. 
paleon paleontology. 
Prt participle. 
pass. passive. 
pathoL pathology. 
pert. perfect 
Pers. Persian. 
pers. person. 
persp. perspective. 
Peruv. Peruvian. 
! petrography. 
Portuguese. 
pharmacy. 
Phenlclan. 
philol philology. 
philos. philosophy. 
phonog phonography. 
photog photography. 
phren phrenology. 
phys physical 
physlul physiology. 
pl.plur plural 
poet poetical 
pollt political. 
Pol Polish. 
poss. possessive 
pp. put participle. 
ppr. present participle. 
Pr Provencal (usually 
meaning Old Pro- 
vencal). 
pref prefix. 
prep. preposition. 
pros. present 
pret preterit 
priv privative. 
prob probably, probable. 
pron pronoun. 
pron pronounced, pronun- 
ciation. 
prop. properly. 
pros. prosody. 
Prot Protestant 
prov provincial. 
psychol psychology. 
q. v L. ouod (or pi. qua) 
mde, which see. 
refl. reflexive. 
reg. regular, regularly. 
repr representing. 
rhet rhetoric. 
Bom Roman. 
Bom Romanic, Romance 
(languages). 
Russ. Russian. 
8. South. 
B. Amer South American. 
sc. L. scilicet, understand, 
supply. 
Sc. Scotch. 
Scand Scandinavian. 
Scrip Scripture. 
sculp. sculpture. 
Serv Servian. 
sing singular. 
Skt Sanskrit. 
Slav Slavic, Slavonic. 
So. Spanish. 
snbj subjunctive. 
snperl superlative. 
surg. surgery. , 
MTV surveying. 
8w. Swedish. 
syn. synonymy. 
Syr. Syriac. 
technol technology. 
teleg telegraphy. 
teratol teratology. 
term. termination. 
Tent Teutonic. 
theat theatrical 
theol theology. 
therup therapeutics. 
toxicol. toxicology. 
tr. , trans transitive. 
trigon trigonometry. 
Turk. Turkish. 
typography, 
ultimate, ultimately. 
T rerb. 
var. variant 
T*t veterinary. 
T. L Intransitive verb. 
T. t transitive verb. 
W. Welsh. 
Wall Walloon. 
Wallach Wallachlan. 
W. Ind West Indian. 
wogeog SDOgeography. 
061. Ecology. 
loot lootomy. 
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION. 
as In fat, man, pang. 
as in fate, mane, dale. 
as In far, father, guard. 
as In fall, talk, naught. 
as In ask, fast, ant 
as in fare, hair, bear. 
as In met, pen, bless. 
as In mete, meet, meat. 
as in her, fern, heard. 
as in pin, It, biscuit. 
as in pine, fight, file. 
as in not, on, frog. 
as in note, poke, floor. 
as in move, spoon, room. 
as In nor, song, nil. 
as In tub, son, blood. 
as In mute, acute, few (also new, 
tube, duty: seo Preface, pp. 
tx, x). 
as In pull, book, could. 
ii German ii, French n. 
oi as in oil, joint, boy. 
ou as in pound, proud, now. 
A single dot under a vowel In an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates its abbreviation 
and lightening, without absolute loss of 
Its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xl. 
Thus: 
as in prelate, courage, captain, 
f as In ablegate, episcopal 
tj as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat. 
as in singular, education. 
A double dot under a vowel in an unac- 
cented syllable Indicates that, even In the 
mouths of the best speakers, Its sound is 
variable to, and in ordinary utterance ac- 
tually becomes, the short u-sound (of but, 
pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : 
A as In errant, republican, 
e. as In prudent, difference. 
i as In charity, density, 
p as in valor, actor, idiot 
ii as In Persia, peninsula. 
| as in Me book, 
u as in nature, feature. 
A mark (-) under the consonants t, d, 
n, 2 Indicates that they In like manner 
are variable to eh, j, A, zA. Thus : 
t as In nature, adventure. 
4 as In arduous, education. 
s as in leisure. 
9 as in seizure. 
th as in thin. 
TH as in then. 
ch as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
ft French nasalizing n, as In ton, en. 
ly (In French words) French liquid (mon- 
ule) I 
' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent 
(A secondary accent Is not marked If at Its 
regular interval of two syllables from the 
primary, or from another secondary.) 
SIGNS. 
< read from ; I. e., derived from. 
> read vhentr ; I e., from which Is derived. 
+ read and; L e., compounded with, or 
with suffix. 
= read cognate with; I e., etymologic-ally 
parallel with. 
^ read roo(. 
* read theoretical or alleged; L e. , theoreti- 
cally sssnmed, or asserted but unveri- 
fied, form. 
' rt-uJ ft** ;,- . 
