orientalism 
2. Knowledge of Oriental languages or litera- 
ture. Quarterly liev. 
orientalist (6-ri-en'tal-ist), n. [= P. orienta- 
liute Sp. Pg. orieitt'dlistti ; as oriental + -1st."] 
1. [cop. or I.e.] An inhabitant of some eastern 
part of the world ; an Oriental. 
Who can tell how far the orientalists were wont to adorn 
their parables? 
Le Clerc, Comment on Job xlii. 14. (Latham.) 
2. [cap.'] One who is versed in the languages 
and literature of the East: opposed to Occiden- 
tal^. 
There is not so much difference between theliterary and 
popular dialects of Arabic as some European Orientalists 
have supposed. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, I. '263. 
orientalityt (6'ri-en-tal'i-ti), n. [< oriental + 
-it;/.'] The quality of being oriental, or of ris- 
ing in the east. 
Whose [the sun's] revolution being regular, it hath no 
power nor efficacy peculiar from its mentality, but equal- 
ly disperseth his beames unto all which equally, and in the 
same restriction, receive his lustre. 
Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 7. 
orientalize (6-ri-en'tal-Iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. 
orientalized, ppr. orientalising. [< P. orienta- 
liser; as oriental + -lze.~\ To render oriental; 
impart an oriental character to; conform to 
Oriental manners or character. Also spelled 
orientalise. 
Constantino . . . transferred theseatofhisgovernment 
to Byzantium, and thus fixed the policy ... of oriental- 
izing and dividing the empire. 
Schaf, Hist. Christ. Church, III. 2. 
orientally (6-ri-en'tal-i), adv. 1. In the orient 
or east. 2. In accordance with Eastern char- 
acteristics or customs. 
orientate (6-ri-en'tat), v. ; pret. and pp. orien- 
tated, ppr. orientating. [< ML. "orientatus, pp. 
of "orientare, set toward the east: see orient, 
f.] I. trans. 1. To turn or cause to turn to- 
ward the east; cause to assume an easterly di- 
rection or aspect ; orient ; specifically, to place 
(a church) with its altar-end toward the east. 
See orient, v., 2. 2. To determine or ascertain 
the position of, especially with reference to the 
east; determine or fix the position or bearings 
of; figuratively, to take one's proper bearings 
mentally. 3. To place, as a crystal, in such a 
position as to show clearly the true relation of 
the several parts. 
II. tntrans. 1. To assume an easterly direc- 
tion; turn or veer to ward the east; specifically 
(cedes.), to be so constructed that the end near- 
est the altar or high altar (ecclesiastically ac- 
counted the eastern end) is directed toward a 
certain point of the compass ; especially, to be 
so placed that the conventional eastern end is 
directed toward the geographical east. 
The only two instances ... in which it [orientation] 
is departed from [in the Eastern Church] are those of 
Haghios Georgios ... in Crete, which orientates north, 
and of the Asomatol ... in the Morea, which orientates 
south. J. 31. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 222. 
2. To worship toward the east; especially, to 
celebrate the eucharist in the eastward position 
that is, facing the altar. See eastward, a. 
orientation (6"ri-en-ta'shon), n. [< P. orienta- 
tion, < ML. *orientatio(n-)", < "orientare, orient: 
see orientate, orient, v."] 1. The act of turning 
or the state of being turned toward the east. 
Specifically (a) The position of worshipers facing to- 
ward the east, or, in Christian worship, toward that end of 
a church which is known as the eastern end ; especially 
(eccles.), that position of a priest celebrating the eucharist 
in which he faces the altar ; the eastward position. 
Where among the lower races sun-worship begins to 
consolidate itself in systematic ritual, the orientation of 
the worshipper and the temple becomes usual and dis- 
tinct. E. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 384. 
(6) Such a position of a corpse in a grave that the head is 
toward the west and the feet toward the east. 
The same symbolism of east and west has taken shape 
in actual ceremony, giving rise to a series of practices 
concerning the posture of the dead in their graves and the 
living in their temples, practices which may be classed 
under the general heading of Orientation. 
K. B. Tylor, Prim. Culture, II. 382. 
(c) The construction or position of a church so that it has 
that end which contains the chancel or sanctuary in the 
direction of the east 
The very ancient practice of orientation in the building 
of churches can hardly be set aside as "a High Church 
piece of pedantry." Allusion to worship towards the east 
may be found in the early liturgies and Church fathers ; 
and in this country, at least, orientation has been practised 
from the first introduction of Christianity into these isl- 
ands down to the present time, with the interruption of 
the Great Rebellion. JV. and Q., 7th ser., VII. 469. 
(d) Hence, the position of a building or of any object with 
reference to any point of the compass. 
The later builders of Thebes appear to have had no no- 
tion of orientation, but to have placed their buildings and 
tombs so as to avoid regularity, and facing in every con- 
ceivable direction. J. Fergusson, Hist. Arch., I. 00. 
4154 
() In crystal. , the position of a crystal of its faces, cleav- 
age-planes, optic axes or axes of elasticity, etc. -defined 
with reference to certain assumed directions, especially 
those of the crystallographic axes. 
2. The process of determining the points of 
the compass, or the east point, in taking bear- 
ings. Hence 3. The act of taking one's men- 
tal bearings; ascertainment of one's true posi- 
tion, as in a novel situation, or with reference 
to new ideas, new studies, etc., as if by deter- 
mining the points of the compass. 
But let a man venture into an unfamiliar field, or where 
his results are not continually checked by experience, and 
all history shows that the most masculine intellect will 
ofttimes lose his orientation and waste his efforts in direc- 
tions which bring him no nearer to his goal, or even carry 
him entirely astray. C. 5. Peirce, in Pop. Sci. Mo., XII. 4. 
4. The process of determining direction or rela- 
tive position in general. 
Tympanic sensibility plays no role in auditive orienta- 
tion. Amer. Jour. Psychol., I. 510. 
5. In crystal., the process of placing a crystal 
in proper position so as to show the relation of 
its planes to the assumed axes. 6. In zool., 
the faculty or instinct by which birds and other 
animals find their way home after being carried 
to a distance. It is well illustrated by homing pigeons. 
(See hominy.') A striking instance of orientation is also 
afforded by swallows. Thus, a swallow nesting in New 
England, for example, and wintering in Panama, can re- 
turn to the rafter in the barn where its nest was the pre- 
vious year. All the regular and periodical migrations of 
birds imply the faculty of orientation. 
orientator (6'ri-en-ta-tor), n. [< orientate + 
-or.] An instrument used for determining the 
position of a church so that its chancel may 
point to the east. 
orientness (6'ri-ent-nes), n. The state of be- 
ing orient or bright ; luster; brightness: spe- 
cifically applied to diamonds, ffakluyt's Voy- 
ages, III. 269. 
orifacial (or-i-fa'shal), a. [< L. os (or-), mouth, 
+ fades, face : see facial.'] Noting the angle 
defined below Orifacial angle, in craniom., the an- 
gle between the facial line of Camper and the plane of the 
lower surfaces of the upper teeth. 
Orifext (or'i-feks), n. [An erroneous form of 
orifice (apparently simulating artifex with re- 
gard to artifice). 1 An opening; aperture; ori- 
fice. 
All my entrails bathed 
In blood that straineth from their orifex. 
Marlowe, Tamburlaine, II., iii. 4. 
And yet the spacious breadth of this division 
Admits no orffex for a point as subtle 
As Ariachne's broken woof to enter. 
Shak., T. and C., v. 2. 151. 
orifice (or'i-fis), n. [Formerly also orifis; < F. 
orifice = Sp. Pg. orificio = It. orifizio, orificio, 
< LL. orificium, an opening, lit. the making of 
a mouth, < L. os (or-), mouth, + facere, make.] 
An opening ; a mouth or aperture, as of a tube, 
pipe, or other similar object ; a perforation ; a 
vent. 
Let me see the wound : 
This herb will stay the current, being bound 
Fast to the orifice. 
Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2. 
Their mouths 
With hideous orifice gaped on us wide. 
Milton, P. L, vi. 577. 
Anal, aortic, atrial, cardiac, esophageal, etc., orifice. 
See the adjectives. 
oriflambt, oriflambet, See oriflamme. 
oriflamme (or'i-flam), n. [Formerly also ori- 
flamb,oriflambe (and auriflamme, after ML.aim- 
flamma) ; < F. oriflamme, < ML. auriflamma, < 
L. aurum, gold, + flamma, flame: see or 3 and 
flame.'] 1. The banner of St. Denis, supposed 
to have been a plain red gonfalon that is, a 
banderole of two or three points attached to a 
lance. It was preserved in the abbey of St. Denis, near 
Paris, and in war was carried before the king of France as a 
consecrated flag (compare church banner, under church) 
and as the special royal ensign. 
Sir Eeynolde Camyan baneret that daye bare the ory- 
flambe, a speciall relique that the Frenshe Kynges vse to 
bere before them in alle battayles. 
Fabyan, Chron., II., an. 1365. 
Press where ye see my white plume shine amidst the ranks 
of war, 
And be your oriflamme to-day the helmet of Navarre. 
Macaulay, Battle of Ivry. 
2. In Jier., a blue flag or banner charged with 
three golden fleurs-de-lis. 
orig. An abbreviation of original and originally. 
Origan (or'i-gan), n. [Formerly also organ, and 
organy, organie (see organ 2 , organyV); < ME. 
origans, origon, < OF. (and F.) origan = It. ori- 
gano (cf. AS. organe), < L. origanum, origanon, 
origanus, < Gr. bpiyavov, bpiyavos, also bpriyavav, 
bpeiyavof, marjoram, the latter forms appar. sim- 
ulating a compound of opog (bpei-), mountain, + 
yav'ucrBai, be delighted, be glad, ydvof, bright- 
origin 
ness.] A plant of the genus Origanum; mar- 
joram; wild marjoram ; also, pennyroyal, Mcn- 
tha Pulegimn. 
Sowe origon whenne day and nyght is longe 
Yliche, and water it till it be spronge. 
Palladium, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 184. 
Bathing her selfe in origane and thyme. 
>er, F. Q., I. ii. 40. 
Upper Part of Wild Marjoram 
(Origanum VHlgare}, with flow- 
ers, a, a flower; /', the fruit. 
Origanum (o-rig'a-num), re. [NL. (Tournefort, 
1700), < GT.opi-yavov, marjoram: see origan."] A 
genus of labiate plants of the tribe Stitnrcinr 
and the subtribe Mentlioidea', known by the 
usually two-flowered clusters crowded in heads 
with conspicuous involucvate bracts. There are 
about 30 species, mainly of the Mediterranean region. 
They are shrubby or herba- 
ceous perennials, with small 
undivided leaves, and glo- 
bose or cylindrical heads of 
flowers with their bracts 
often enlarged and colored. 
0. vulyare, the wild marjo- 
ram, is gently tonic, diapho- 
retic, and emmenagogic, but 
at present little used. See 
marjoram, also dittany, 3, 
and hop-marjoram.. Oil Of 
origanum, marjoram-oil. 
Origenism (or'i-jen- 
izm), n. [< Origen (see 
def.) + -ism.'] The 
opinions held by or at- 
tributed to the Greek 
father Origen of Alex- 
andria (born about A. D. 
185, died about 253). 
The main characteristics of 
Origen's teaching- were its 
union of philosophical spec- 
ulation with Christian doc- 
trine and its mystical and al- 
legorizing interpretation of 
Scripture. He insisted especially on the unity of all crea- 
tion ; he regarded Scripture as having generally a three- 
fold sense, literal, moral, and mystical; he held the es- 
sential divinity and eternity of each person of the Trinity, 
but maintained that the Son is inferior to the Father and 
the Holy y host to the Son ; he was the first to formu- 
late the orthodox doctrine of eternal generation ; he re- 
jected prayer to Christ, though he defended prayer in the 
name of Christ ; he regarded all sin as proceeding from a 
voluntary and moral self-determination to evil ; he held 
that the human soul of Christ preexisted with other hu- 
man souls ; that the soul came into the body as a penalty 
for sin in a preexistent state ; and he believed in a further 
moral progress and development after the present liTe, and 
defended as a probable opinion the restoration and final 
salvation of all men and of the fallen angels. 
Origenist (or'i-jen-ist), n. [< Origen (see def.) 
+ -!*(.] 1. A follower of Origen of Alexandria; 
one who held or professed to hold the doctrines 
held by or attributed to Origen. 2. A mem- 
ber of a sect mentioned by Epiphanius as fol- 
lowers of some unknown person named Origen. 
He attributes shameful vices to them, but sup- 
plies no further information concerning them. 
Origenistic (orl-je-nis'tik), a. [< Origenist + 
-ic.] Belonging to, held by, or characteristic 
of Origen or the Origenists, or their opinions. 
Encyc. Brit., XIII. 796. 
origin (or'i-jin), n. [< OF. origine, also orine, 
ourine, F. origine = Sp. origen = Pg. origem 
= It. origine, < L. origo (origin-), beginning, 
source, birth, origin, < oriri, rise: see orient.] 
1 . Beginning of existence ; rise or first mani- 
festation ; first stage or indication of being or 
existence. 
The origin and commencement of his grief 
Sprung from neglected love. 
Shale., Hamlet, iii. 1. 185. 
I think he would have set out just as he did, with the 
origin of ideas : the proper starting-post of a grammarian 
who is to treat of their signs. 
Tooke, Diversions of Purley, I. ii. 
2. That from which anything derives its being 
or nature; source of being or existence; cause 
or occasion ; fountain ; source : as, the orii/inx 
of a nation. 
These great Orbs, thus radically bright, 
Primitive Founts, and Origins of Light. 
Prior, Solomon, i. 
3. Hence, parentage ; ancestry; pedigree; ex- 
traction; birth. 
Their birth wherein they are not guilty, 
Since nature cannot choose his origin. 
Shak., Hamlet, i. 4. 26. 
How convenient it would be to many of our great men and 
great families of doubtful origin, could they have t he privi- 
lege of the heroes of yore, who, whenever their origin was 
involved in obscurity, modestly announced themselves de- 
scended from a god. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 106. 
4. In math., the fixed starting-point from which 
measurement or motion starts ; specifically, in 
aiialyt. geom., the point from which the coor- 
dinates are measured. 5. In anat.: (a) The 
proximal, larger, or more fixed one of the two 
