Ornithogalum 
Ornithogalum (6r-ni-thog'a-lum), n. [NL. 
(Touruefort, 1700), cf. L. ornlthogale, < Gr. bp- 
viB6yalj>v, also bpvi- 
6av yu?M, a plant, the 
star-of-Bethlehem, 
a fanciful name, lit. 
'birds' milk': bpvif 
(bpvitl-), a bird; yd- 
'Aa, milk: see gal- 
axy.] A genus of or- 
namental plants of 
the order Liliacew 
and the tribe Scil- 
leai, known by the 
spreading distinct 
perianth - segments 
and flattened fila- 
ments. There are about 
80 species, natives of Eu- 
rope, Africa, and the Ori- 
ent, mainly in temperate 
climates. Theybearlong 
narrow radical leaves 
from a coated bulb, and 
an unbranched leafless 
flower-stalk, with a ra- 
cemeorcorymbofshowy JSSt^S^S 
white flowers, sometimes pistil ; c, theovary, transverse section. 
yellowish or reddish, 
each segment often marked with a broad green stripe. 
See star-of-Bethlehem, French or Prussian asparagus (un- 
der asparagus), and eleven-o'clock-lady. 
ornithoid (6r'ni-thoid), a. [< Gr. bpvif (bpvid-), 
a bird, + eUof, form.]. Somewhat ornithic; 
avian to some extent ; resembling or related to 
birds. 
I attach the Typopus to the ornithoid lizards. 
Hitchcock, Ichnology of New England, p. 105. 
ornitholite (6r-nith'o-lit), n. [< Gr. bpvif (bp- 
vtS-), a bird, + /Uflof , stone.] A fossil bird; 
the fossilized remains of a bird. The oldest 
fossil known to be that of a bird is Jurassic. 
See cut under Archa;opteryx. 
ornitholitic (6r"ni-tho-lit'ik), . [< ornitho- 
lite + -ic.] Of or pertaining to ornitholites. 
ornithologic (6r"ni-tho-loj'ik), a. [= F. or- 
nithologique = Sp. ornitologico = Pg. ornitho- 
logico, < NL. ornithologicus, < ornithologia, orni- 
thology: see ornithology.] Same as ornithologi- 
cal. 
ornithological (or'ni-tho-loj'i-kal), a. [< orni- 
thologic + -al.] Of or pertaining to ornithology. 
ornithologically (6r"ni-tho-]oj'i-kal-i), adv. 
As regards ornithology ; from an ornithological 
point of view ; by means of ornithology. 
ornithologist (or-ni-thol'o-jist), n. [= F. or- 
nithologiste ; as ornithology + -ist.] One who is 
versed in ornithology or makes a special study 
of birds. 
ornithology (dr-ni-thol'o-ji), n. [= F. orni- 
thologie = Sp. ornitologia = Pg. ornithologia 
= It. ornitologia, < NL. ornithologia, < Gr. as if 
*bpvt6o%oyia, < bpvtffo'Aoyof, speaking or treating 
of birds, < bpvtf (bpvtf)-), a bird, + Aeyetv, speak: 
see -ology.] That branch of zoology which re- 
lates to birds; the scientific study or know- 
ledge of birds. Ornithology is commonly said to date 
from the time of Aristotle. It received a great impetus 
about the middle of the sixteenth century from the writ- 
ings of Gesner, Belon, and Aldrovandi. The foundation 
of modern scientific ornithology was laid toward the end of 
the seventeenth century by Willughby and Kay. Tenable 
technical names in modern ornithology date from the tenth 
edition of the "Systema Naturae " of Linnaeus, 1758. field 
ornithology is the study of living birds, as distinguished 
from closet ornithology, or the technical study of the dead 
bodies of birds for purposes of classification and nomen- 
clature. Abbreviated ornith. 
ornithomancy (pr'ni-tho-man-si), n. [< F. or- 
nithomancw, ornithomance = Pg. ornithomancia 
= It. ornitomanzia, < Gr. opvtf (bpvi6-), a bird, 
+ pavTeia, divination.] Divination by means of 
birds ; ornithoscopy ; augury. De Quineey, Mod- 
ern Superstition. 
ornithomantic (6r"ni-tho-man'tik), a. [< or- 
nithomancy (-mant-) + -ic.] Pertaining to or- 
nithomancy; ornithoscopic; augural. 
ornithon (or'ni-thon), n. [< L. ornithon,<.Gr. bp- 
viBav, a house or yard for poultry (and for other 
birds f), < opvtf (bpvid-), a bird: see ornithic.] 
A building in which birds are kept; an aviary. 
Ornithopappi (6r"ni-tho-pap'i), n.pl. [NL., < 
Gr. opvtf (bpviff-), a bird, + mfinrof, a little bird so 
named.] An order of Jurassic birds repre- 
sented by the genus Archaiopteryx, and con- 
terminous with the subclass Samurai: corre- 
lated wifhPteropappi (or Odontotormai) and with 
Dronmopappi (or Odontolcce). See cut under 
Archaiopteryx. 
ornithopappic (6r' / ni-tho-pap'ik), a. [< Orni- 
thopappi + -ic.] Of or pertaining to the Orni- 
thopappi; saururan, as a bird. 
ornithophilous (6r-ui-thof 'i-lus), a. [< Gr. opvtf 
(bpvtti-), a bird, + Adof, loving.] Literally, bird- 
loving; specifically, in hot., bird-fertilized: ap- 
plied to flowers in which the pollen is conveyed 
to the stigma and fertilization accomplished by 
the agency of birds. The birds that take part in this 
process are "usually humming-birds, and the flowers are 
ordinarily large and brilliantly colored, as the blossoms of 
the trumpet creeper (Tecoma radicaiis), trumpet honey- 
suckle (Lonicera sempervirens\ sage (Salvia splendens), etc. 
Ornithophilous i. e. bird-fertilized flowers are to be 
ranked with entomophilous. 
Gray, Structural Botany, p. 217. 
ornithopod (or'ni-tho-pod), a. and n. [< NL. 
*ornithoptts (-pod-), <'Gr. bpvif (bpvtff-), a bird, + 
voiif (Trod-) = E. foot.] I. a. Having feet like 
those of a bird; specifically, of or pertaining 
to the Ornithopoda : as, an ornithopod reptile. 
Also ornithopodous. 
II. n. An ornithic dinosaur; a member of the 
Ornithopoda. 
Ornithopoda (or-ni-thop'o-da), n. pi. [NL., 
neut. pi. of "ornithopus : see ornithopod.] An 
order of Dinosauria, containing extinct herbiv- 
orous dinosaurs whose hind feet most nearly ap- 
proached those of birds in structure and func- 
tion. They were digitigrade, with the fore feet five-toed, 
the hind feet three- or four-toed ; they walked on their 
hind legs and tail, and used their small fore feet as paws. 
The bones of the hind limbs were hollow, the vertebrae 
solid, a postpubis was present, and the premaxillaries 
were toothless. The leading family is Iguanodontidte; 
others are Hadrosauridce and Hypsilophodontidce. 
ornithopodous (6r-ni-thop'o-dus), a. [As or- 
nithopod + -ous.] Same as ornithopod. Quart. 
Jour. Geol. Spc., XLV. i. 41. 
Ornithopteridae (6r"ni-thop-ter'i-de), n. pi. 
[NL., < Ornithopterus + -idai.] A family of 
fossil bird-like reptiles or birds, represented by 
the genus Ornithopterus. 
ornithopterous (6r-ni-thop'te-rus), a. [< NL. 
Ornithopterus, < Gr. opvtf (bpvtd-), a bird, + mep6v 
= E. feather.] Having wingsor fore limbs like 
those of a bird; bird-winged. 
Ornithopterus (or-ni-thop'te-rus), n. [NL.: 
see ornithopterous.] A genus of Mesozoie Sau- 
ropsida, referred to the order Pterosanria, but 
differing from all other pterodactyls in having 
only two joints in the ulnar digit, and supposed 
to belong to the class Aves. 
Ornithopus (6r-nith'o-pus), n. [NL., < Gr. bpvif 
(bpvif)-), a bird, + vovf (TTOO-) = E./ooi.] 1. A 
genus of gigantic animals, formerly supposed to 
be birds, now believed to be dinosaurian rep- 
tiles, known by their footprints in the Triassic 
formation of the Connecticut valley. 2. A ge- 
nus of plants (Linnaeus, 1737) of the order Le- 
guminosoe, the tribe Hedysarew, and the subtribe 
Coronilleos, known by the obtuse keel. There are 
about 7 species, chiefly of the Mediterranean region. They 
are tender hairy herbs, with pinnate leaves of many little 
leaflets, long-stalked heads of minute flowers, and long, 
narrow, curving pods. The plants of the genus, especially 
0. perpusillus, are called bird's-foot. See bird's-foot. 
Ornithorhynchidse (6r"ni-tho-ring'ki-de) , n. pi. 
[NL., < Ornithorhynchus + -idee.'] A family 
of monotrematous ornithodelphian oviparous 
mammals, represented by the genus Ornitho- 
rhynchus. Only one genus and species is known. 
See Ornithorhynchus. 
ornithorhynchous (6r"m-tho-ring'kus), a. [< 
NL. Ornithorhynchus, < Gr. opvtf (opvtff-), a bird, 
-f- pvyxi snout, beak, bill.] Having a beak 
like that of a bird. 
Ornithorhynchus (6r // ni-tho-ring'kus), n. 
[NL.: see ornithorhynchous.] ' 1. The typical 
and only genus of the family Ornithorhynchida;. 
There is but one species, Ornitlwrhynchm anaiimis, or O. 
paradoxus, the duck-billed platypus, duckbill, duck-mole, 
or water-mole, inhabiting Australia and Tasmania, of aqua- 
tic habits, living in burrows in the banks of rivers, laying 
eggs, and feeding on insects, mollusks. and worms. The 
fur is thick and soft, of a glossy dark-brown color. The 
fact that the animal is oviparous (though not generally 
credited till 1884) has long been known, and the egg was 
figured many years ago. The eggs are about J inch long 
by J inch broad, white, with a flexible shell or pod, like a 
"soft-shelled" hen's egg. See cuts under duckbill and in- 
terdavicle. 
2. [I. c.] An animal of this genus ; a duckbill. 
ornithosaur (6r'nith-o-sar), n. [< Gr. opvif (bp- 
vi8-), a bird, + caitpof, a lizard.] Same as or- 
nithosaurian. 
Ornithosauria (6r // ni-tho-sa'ri-a), n. pi. [NL.: 
see ornithosaur.] An order of fossil saurians 
or reptiles having ornithic or avian characters : 
more frequently called Pterosauria. Also called 
Saurornia. H. G. Seeley. 
ornithosaurian (6r ; 'ni-tho-sa'ri-an), a. and n. 
1. a. Being a saurian of ornitnic affinities; 
pertaining to the Ornithosauria, or having their 
characters; pterosaurian ; pterodactyl. 
Orobanchaceae 
II. . An ornithosaur; a member of the Or- 
nitliosaiiria, as a pterosaurian or pterodactyl. 
Ornithoscelida (6r"ni-tho-seri-da), n.pl. [NL., 
' ' 
< Gr. bpvn; (bpviB-), a bird, 
A remarkable order 
of extinct reptiles 
presenting many 
characters interme- 
diate between those 
of Keptilia and Aves, 
the ornithic modifi- 
cation being espe- 
cially well marked in 
the pelvic arch and 
limb, whence the 
name. The ilium ex- 
tends far in advance of 
the acetabulum, and is 
expansive, widely arch- 
ing over the pelvic cavi- 
ty, as in birds. The slen- 
der prolonged ischia, in 
some genera, are ornith- 
ic in character, and, in 
ffypsilophodon at least, 
unite in a median ventral 
symphysis. The pubes 
iu some genera are as 
slender and elongated as 
in a typical bird. The 
tibia has a great cnemial 
crest and a ridge for the 
fibula, and its distal end 
is as in a bird, with a fos- 
sa to receive the ascend- 
ing process of the astragalus. 
,"a leg, + -ida.] 
n -jL 
%b 
Fm 
Pelvis and Hind Limb of one of the 
Ornithoscelida, as Ignanodon or 
Hypsilophodon. (Compare cut under 
Dromseus.) 
II, ilium, with a, anterior, and , 
posterior, processes ; Is, ischium ; Pb, 
pubes ; Fm, femur ; T, tibia ; F, fibu- 
la ; As, astragalus ; Ca, calcaneum ; 
I, II, III, IV, digits. 
The distal end of the fibula 
is smaller than the proximal, though not so much reduced 
as in birds. The astragalus, similar to that of a bird, re- 
mained distinct in many genera ; but in some, as Comp- 
xognathus, Ornilhotarsus, and Euskelosaurus, it seems to 
have ankylosed with the tibia. The genera of Ornitho- 
scelida are numerous, ranging throughput the Mesozoie 
period; the animals are mostly of large size, some of them, 
as the iguanodon, being among the largest terrestrial ani- 
mals known. The order is divisible into two suborders, 
Dinosauria and Compsognalha. 
ornithoscelidan (6r"ni-tho-sel'i-dan), a. and n. 
[< Ornithoscelida + -an.] I. a. Pertaining to 
the Ornithoscelida, or having their characters. 
Huxley. 
II. n. A member of the Ornithoscelida. 
omithoscopist (or'ni-tho-sko-pist), . [< orni- 
thoscop-y + -ist.] One who studies or practises 
ornithoscopy; an augur. 
ornithoscopy (or'ni-tho-sko-pi), n. [< Gr. 
bpvtOoaKoiria (also bpveoaiurrria. : see orneoscopics), 
< opviBoanoKOf (also bpveocKoirof), observing the 
flight of birds, < bpvifjoanotrnv (also bpveocKoirclv), 
observe the flight of birds, < opvif (bpvid-), bird, 
+ OKoirelv, view.] Inspection or observation 
of birds with reference to divination ; ornitho- 
mancy; augury. De Quineey, Modern Super- 
stition. 
ornithotomical (6r"ni-tho-tom'i-kal), a. [< or- 
nithotom-y + -ic-al.] Relating to ornithotomy, 
or the dissection of birds. 
oruithotomist (6r-ni-thot'o-mist), n. [< orni- 
thotom-y + -ist.] One who practises the dis- 
section of birds, or is versed in the anatomy 
of birds. 
ornithotomy (6r-ni-thot'o-mi), n. [< Gr. bpvif 
(bpviff-), a bird, + -ropta, < ri/aiuv, rafielv, cut.] 
The art or practice of dissecting birds ; the 
anatomy of birds ; the science of the anatomi- 
cal structure of birds. 
Ornithurae (6r-ni-thu're), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. bpvif 
(bpyiB-), a bird, + oiipd, a tail.] In ornith., a 
primary division of birds, comprising all those 
in which the bony tail is short and terminated 
by a pygostyle : opposed to Saurura;, or lizard- 
tailed birds. The division includes all known 
birds excepting Archceopteryx, and is also called 
Eurhipidura. [Little used.] 
ornithuroUS (6r-ni-thu'rus), a. Of or pertain- 
ing to the Ornithurce. 
Ornus (or'nus), n. [NL. (Persoon, 1805), < L. 
ornus, the mountain-ash.] A former genus of 
plants containing the flowering ash,now classed 
as Fraxinus Ornus. See ash 1 , 1, and Fraxinus. 
oro-anal (6"r6-a'nal), a. [Irreg. < L. os (or-), 
mouth, + anns, anus.] 1. Being or representing 
mouth and anus in one, as an orifice in some 
crinoids. H. A. Nicholson, Zool., p. 204. 2. 
Extending in the direction of the mouth and 
the anus, as a line or plane of the body: as, 
the oro-anal axis. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 434. 
Orobanchaceae (or"o-bang-ka'se-e),M.j^. [NL., 
< Orobanche + -aceai.] The broom-rape family, 
an order of parasitic gamopetalous plants, of 
the cohort Personales, distinguished by the one- 
celled ovary with minute albuminous seeds. 
It contains about 150 species in 11 genera, of which Oro- 
banche is the type. They are leafless herbs of brown, yel- 
low, purple, and other colors, but never green, with dry 
