paper 
I now turn to the other class of critics those who speak 
without thinking. Their irrepressible contention is only 
too familiar to my ears : "It is a paper frontier a frontier 
merely marked by pillars stuck in the sand." 
Nineteenth Century, XXII. 480. 
The damage done by speculation consists in lowering the 
price of the whole amount of actual wheat by this enor- 
mous inflation of paper wheat. 
Set. Amtr., N. S., LVIII. 53. 
Paper baron, paper lord, a person who holds a title which 
is not hereditary, or holds a title by courtesy, as a life-peer, 
j udge, etc. Paper blockade, boat, carpe t, car- wheel. 
See the nouns.- Paper book, in lair, a book or pamphlet 
containing a copy of the record in a legal proceeding, pre- 
pared for examination by an appellate court : so called 
from being on paper instead of parchment, or in paper 
covers Paper cigar, a small cigar covered with paper; 
a cigarette. Dickem, Bleak House. Paper cloth, cur- 
rency, floor-cloth, money, shell, etc. See the nouns. 
Paper negative, in photag., a negative made on prepared 
paper. In making such negatives, the dry gelatinobro. 
mide emulsions are especially used, and the operations of 
development, etc., are performed in the same way as for 
a negative on glass. The finished negative is rendered 
translucent, a usual method being to oil it with castor-oU, 
removing the superfluous oil by pressing with a hot iron ; 
it can then be printed from in the same manner as a glass 
plate It is important that the paper used shall be homo- 
geneous and free from grain. Such negatives are conve- 
nient from their lightness and unbreakableness. 
paper (pa'per), v. t. [< paper, n.] 1. To line 
or cover with paper, or apply paper to in any 
way; also, to cover with paper-hangings. 
In a small chamber was my office done, 
Where blinks through paper'd panes the setting sun. 
Crabbe, Works, I. 50. 
The drawing-room at Todgers's was out of the common 
style : ... it was floor-clothed all over, and the ceiling, 
including a great beam in the middle, vita papered. 
Dickene, Martin Chuzzlewit, ix. 
2. To fold or inclose in paper. 3. In book- 
binding, to paste the end-papers and fly-leaves 
at the beginning and end of (a volume), before 
fitting it in its covers. 4. To treat in any way 
by means of paper ; perform any operation on, 
such as some kinds of polishing, in which paper 
enters as a material or medium ; sandpaper, or 
smooth by means of sandpaper. 5. To fill, as 
a theater or other place or amusement, with an 
audience mostly admitted by paper that is, 
by free passes ; fill with non-paying specta- 
tors : as, the house was papered nightly during 
his engagement. [Slang.] 6f. To register; 
note or set down on paper. 
paper-bark (pa'per-bark), . An Australian 
tree, Melaleuca Leucadendron ; also, a tree of 
any species of the allied genus ColUstemon : all 
so called because their bark peels off in layers. 
paper-birch (pa'per-berch), . See birch, 1, and 
canoe-birch. 
paper-case (pa'per-kas), n. A box for holding 
writing-paper, and sometimes other materials 
for writing. 
paper-chase (pa'per-chas), n. The game of 
hare and hounds, so called from the bits of 
paper scattered as " scent" by the "hares" to 
guide the pursuit of the " hounds." 
paper-clamp (pa'per-klamp), n. 1 . A frame for 
holding one or more newspapers, periodicals, 
pieces of sheet music, or the like, together by 
the backs, with the pages flat so that they may 
be readily turned over and conveniently laid by 
or hung up when not in use ; a newspaper-hold- 
er or newspaper-file. 2. The apparatus which 
firmly holds paper in a paper-cutter. 
paper-clip (pa-per-klip), n. Same as letter-clip. 
paper-cloth (pa'per-kloth), n. A fabric par- 
taking of the nature of paper and of cloth, pre- 
pared by the natives of many Pacific islands 
from the inner bark of the paper-mulberry, the 
breadfruit, and other trees, by a process which 
includes beating it, after soaking, to a partial 
pulp, without wholly destroying the texture. 
paper-coal (pa'per-kol), n. A name sometimes 
given to a variety of coal, of Tertiary age, which 
splits up into thin leaves. 
paper-cutter (pa'pfer-kut"er), n. 1. A machine 
for cutting paper in piles or in sheets, or for 
trimming the edges of books, pamphlets, etc.; 
a paper-clipping machine. See cut in next 
column. 2. A flat thin blade of ivory, bone, 
hard wood, tortoise-shell, vulcanized rubber, 
or the like, used to cut open the leaves of books 
and other folded papers, and also for folding 
paper Gage paper-cutter, a paper-cutting machine 
provided with apparatus that regulates with exactness 
the space between different cuts. 
paper-day (pa 'per -da), n. In common-law 
courts, one of certain days in each term ap- 
pointed for hearing the causes specially entered 
in the paper or roll of business for argument. 
paper-enamel (pa'per-e-nam' / el), n. An enam- 
eling preparation for cards and fine note-pa- 
4268 
papeterie 
paper-office (pa'per-of "is), n. In England : (a) 
An ancient office in the palace of Whitehall, 
London, wherein state papers are kept. (6) An 
office in the Court of Queen's Bench where the 
records belonging to that court are deposited. 
Wharton. 
paper-pulp (pa'per-pulp), n. The fine pulp pre- 
pared for making paper from any of the various 
materials used for this purpose. See paper, 1. 
paper-punch (pa'per-puneh), n. An implement 
for piercing or making holes in paper for pur- 
poses of cancellation, for passing a cord through 
it to facilitate filing on a rod or hook, or for 
any other purpose. 
paper-reed (pa'per-red), n. The papyrus. 
This kinde of reede, which I have englished Paper reede, 
... is the same . . . that paper was made of in Egypt. 
Gerarde, Herball (ed. 1597), p. 37. 
The paper reeds by the brooks . . . shall wither. 
Isa. xix. 7. 
paper-ruler (pa'per-ro"]er), n. One who or an 
instrument or machine which traces straight 
lines on paper for any purpose. 
- . paper-rush (pa'per-rush), n. The papyrus. 
paperer(pa'per-er),. One who applies paper JaW-sailor (pa'per-sa"lor), n. The paper- 
to anything one , who covers (as a wallmpaper- W^ or argonaut. 
>aper-shell (pa'per-shel), . A soft-shelled 
crab. A few hours after shedding, when the shell has 
hardened so that on denting with the finger it springs 
back with a slight noise, the paper-shell becomes a crackler. 
paper-size (pa'per-siz), . A size for paper. 
See size?. 
Paper-cutter. 
a, frame; t, balance-wheel and regulator ; t, belt-pulley for driving 
the shaft ; rf, table for the paper, with graduated lines ; e , hand-wheel 
differe 
ing th< 
pers. It is prepared from paraffin and pure ka- 
olin, and tinted to any shade desired. 
hanging) with paper, wraps (as needles) in pa- 
per, or inserts (as pins) in a paper. 
The pins are then taken to the papereri, who are each 
seated in front of the bench. Ure, Diet., III. 580. 
paper-faced (pa'per-fast), a. Having a face as 
, 2 He, IV., 
paper-feeder (pa'per-fe'der),/!. Acontrivanee, 
varying greatly in form and principle, for de- 
livering paper from a pile in single sheets to a 
printing-press, envelop-cutter, - 
paper-splitting (pa'per-splif'ing), n. Theoper- 
ation of separating the two faces of a sheet of 
paper, so as to form two sheets from one. it is 
done by firmly cementing a piece of muslin to each face. 
etc. 
paper-file (pa'per-fil), . A device to hold let- 
ters or other papers kept in order for reference. 
paper-folder (pa'per-f61*der),w. 1. Sameasjwz- 
per-cutter,2. [Eng.] 2. Same as fo Iding-ma- 
chine. 
paper-gage (pa'per-gaj), . A gage or rule for 
measuring the type-face of matter to be printed 
and the width of the required margin. 
paper-glosser (pa'per-glos"er), n. 1. A hot- 
press for glossing paper or cards. 2. A work- 
man who gives a smooth surface to paper. 
paper-hanger (pa'per-hang'er), n. One whose 
employment is the hanging of wall-papers. 
paper-hanging (pa'per-hang'ing), n. 1. The 
operation of fixing wall-papers or paper-hang- 
ings to walls. 2. pi. Paper, either plain or 
variously ornamented, used for covering and 
adorning the walls of rooms, etc. : so called be- 
cause they form a substitute for the earlier 
hangings of cloth or tapestry. Paper-hangings 
were not introduced into Europe until the seventeenth 
century ; their use in China and Japan for screens and par- 
tial w: 
paper-stainer (pa'per-sta"ner), . 
paper-hangings. 
paper-stock (pa'per-stok), n. Material, such as 
rags, etc., from which paper is made. 
paper-tester (pa'per-tes"ter), n. A machine 
for testing the tensile strength of paper, it 
consists essentially of two holders sliding in a frame, the 
paper being clamped between them and stretched by 
drawing forward one of the holders by means of a screw. 
The strain transmitted by the paper strip to the second 
holder lifts a weighted lever, the movement of which is 
shown by a pointer on a scale which indicates the break- 
ing strain. 
paper-tree (pa'per-tre), . 1. The paper-mul- 
berry. 2. The Nepal paper-shrub, Daphne 
cannabina, of the Himalayan region. 3. An- 
other shrub, Edgeworthia Gardneri, of India, 
China, etc., whose bark prepared like hemp 
forms a superior paper-material. 4. A tree, 
Streblus (Trophis) asper, called paper-tree of 
Siam, though common in the East Indies. 
paper-washing (pa'per-wosh"ing), . In^Ao- 
toa., water which has been used to wash prints, 
^ '..... rt.i . . _ " T_ ' _1_ 
Dolls, blue-books, paper-hangings [are] lineally descend- 
ed from the rude sculpture-paintings in which the Egyp- 
tians represented the triumphs and worship of their god- 
kings. U. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 22. 
paper-holder (pa'p6r-hol"der), w. 1. A box or 
receptacle for holding paper, as writing-paper, 
etc. 2. A paper-clamp or -clip. 
paper-hornet (pa'per-hor'net), n. Any hornet 
or other wasp which builds a papery nest. 
The position of the paper-hornet^ nests . . . [is] vari- 
ously asserted to be indicative of a "hard" or "open" 
winter, as they chance to be placed in the upper or lower 
branches of a tree. Pop. Sri. Mo. , XXVIII. 642. 
paper-knife (pa'per-nif), n. Same as paper- 
cutter, 2. 
paper-machine (pa'per-ma-shen"), n. A ma- 
chine for making paper. 
paper-maker (pa'per-ma'*ker), n. One who 
manufactures paper or who works at paper- 
making Paper-makers' felt. See felti. 
paper-making (pa'per-ma'king), n. The art or 
process of manufacturing paper Paper-making 
machine. Same as paper-machine. 
Such water takes from the paper a certain amount of sil- 
ver, which it is profitable to recover if the water is in con- 
siderable quantity. 
paper-weight (pa'per-wat), n. A small heavy 
object used to lay on loose papers to keep them 
from being scattered ; especially, one made for 
the purpose and somewhat decorative, as a slab 
of marble, a plate of glass, or the like, with or 
without a bronze or other figure to serve as a 
handle, or a mass of glass decorated with vari- 
ous objects inclosed in it. and the like. 
A paper-weight form'd of a bronze lizard writhing. 
F. Locker. Beggars. 
papery (pa'per-i), a. [< paper + -yl.] Like 
paper; having the thinness and consistency of 
paper; having the appearance or texture of 
paper. 
His kitling eyes begin to runne 
Quite through the table, where he spies 
The homes of paperie butterflies. 
Berrfck, Oberon's Feast. 
papescent (pa-pes'ent), a. [Irreg. < pap 2 + 
-escent.] Containing pap ; having the qualities 
paper-marbler(pa'per-mar"bler),. Amarker ot ^ ot the cooll lacteacent , ^p^ent p i an ts, as 
of marbled paper; a workman engaged in pa- Q j c hory, lettuce dandelion, ... are found effectual in 
Arbuthnot, Aliments, vii. 80. 
per-marbling. 
paper-mill (pa'per-mil), n. A mill in which pa- 
per is manufactured. 
paper-mulberry (pa ' per - mul * ber - i) , n. See 
Broussonetia. 
paper-muslin (pa'per-muz"lin), n. A glazed 
muslin used for dress-linings and the like. 
paper-nautilus (pa'per-nati-lus), 11. The pa- 
per-sailor or argonaut. See argonaut, Argonait- 
titl.-i'. and nautilus. 
hot countries. 
papesst (pa'pes), . [< OF. (and F.) papesse, < 
pape, pope, + fern, suffix -esse : see pope 1 and 
-ess."] A female pope. 
Was the history of that their monstrous papeis [Pope 
Joan] of our making ? 
Bp. Hall, Honour of Married Clergy, ii. 9. 
papeterie (pap-e-tre'), . [F., < papetier, one 
who makes or sells paper, < papier, paper: see 
paper.] A case or box, usually somewhat or- 
