papyrean 
papyrean ipa-pii-'c-an), . [< \,. /.<i/ii//'-. pa- 
per, + -i-iin.] S;iinc as papunn-i-iiHx. [ Uar.-.J 
1 hr /i>i!><>/, 'in lelif, 
A l:ll>let tirm, <I1 \vlliell Ille |Klillter llUI'd 
lelinr:tles tllnllullt. 
liialdey't ColL of Poems on Agriculture, ill. 
papyri, . Plural of /iiipyrux. 
papyrian (pft-plr'i-an), <i. [< I,. pn/ii/ni.t, pa- 
per. + -jM.] Same iis /iii/iiiriii'iinix. [Hare.] 
A Ic-iif, itr piipiirian scroll. Isaac Taylor. 
papyrine (pap'i-rin), n. [< I.. ptipyriHtu, be- 
lonniii"; I,, tin' papyrus-plant, < im/ii/rnx, papy- 
rus: Me pqpynM. J Same as parchment /HI/HI- 
(which sec, under /HI/II r). 
papyritioUS (pap-i-rish'us), r/. ['< I,. /Hipi/nts, 
paper, + -///.] Resembling paper, as tlie 
nesls r certain wasps. H'islinm/1. 
papyrograph (pa-pi'ro-graf), w. [< Qr. n-oTw- 
IIHI; papyrus (paper), '+ y/iaQnv, write.] 1. A 
hectograph, manifold-writer, or other apparatus 
or device for the mechanical production of a 
number of copies of a written or printed docu- 
ment. 2. The process or operation of redu- 
plicating documents by the agency of such ap- 
paratus or methods: same &njMipgrnyraphi/. 
papyrograph (pa-pi'ro-graf), r. t. [< pii/iyi-ii- 
i/i-ii/ili. ii.] To execute or produce by means of 
a papyrograph. 
The first draft of these lessons was printed or papyrtt- 
yraphed. W. Ji. Ware, Wood working Tools. 
papyrographic (pa-pi-ro-graf'ik), a. [< pi>;i- 
rni/riipli-ii + -ic.] Relating to or produced by 
means of the papyrograph: as, papyrographie 
copies of a writing. 
papyrography (pap-i-rog'ra-fi), n. [< Qr. vdirv- 
/wf, papyrus (paper), + -JfpSfla, < ypaten; write.] 
The method or process of reduplicating docu- 
ments by the agency of a papyrograph : some- 
times restricted to such methods as resemble 
closely those of lithography, but employ a pre- 
pared paper or pasteboard instead of litho- 
graphic stones. 
papyrotype (pii-pi'ro-tip), . [< Or. irdirvpoc,, 
papyrus (paper), + ri-jrof, impression.] A 
process of photolithography devised by Cap- 
tain Abney, in which the picture is printed ac- 
cording to uual methods on a sensitized gela- 
tin film supported on paper, and then transfer- 
red to a lithographic stone or to zinc by means 
of an impression in lithographic ink from the 
moistened film. 
papyrus (pa-pi'rus), . ; pi. papyri (-ri). [In 
ME. papyrc, < OF. papyre (P. papyrus) = Sp. 
It. jiapiro = Pg. papy- 
ro, < it. papyrus, < Gr. 
trairvpof, the papyrus, 
a kind of rush former- 
ly growing largely 
in Egypt (see def.). 
Hence ult. paper.'} 1 . 
The paper -reed or 
-rush, Cyperus Papyrus 
(Papyrus autiquorum), 
abounding on marshy 
river-banks in Abys- 
sinia, Palestine, and 
Sicily, now almost ex- 
tinct in Egypt. It af- 
forded to the ancient 
Egyptians, and through 
them to the Greeks and 
Romans, a convenient and 
inexpensive writing-mate- 
i i;il The papyrus was pre- 
pared liy cutting the cen- 
tral pith of the reed into 
longitudinal strips, which 
were Iniil si.lc Ivy >iilc. with 
another layer of strips 
crossing them at right an- 
gles. The two layers, thus 
prepared, were soaked in 
water, then pressed toge- 
ther to make them ;ulhei v. 
luid dried. For books the 
papyrus was formed into rolls by cementing together a 
iiiitnlier of sheets. Also culled Inltltig. 
For In- liespemletlie not, lie makefile no Money, but of 
Lether emprented, or of Papi/rt. 
' MandemUe, Travels, p. 2a>. 
2. An ancient scroll, book, or other document, 
or a fragment of the same, written on papy- 
rus. 
<h* mediteval ft reek papyri a very few remains containing 
Bililical or patristic matter have survived, anil cm.- or two 
fragments of (inero-t,;itin glossaries lime been published 
Kncyc. Brit , XVIII 
Paquelin's cautery. An instrument for ac- 
tiiiil cautery. The i-auterining plutinuni iiolnt Is hol- 
low and cnntiiiMs pl.it inuni sixinire. Tlie heat is main- 
tained by lilmvini; l-i n/in \ api.i itit.i this (previously heat- 
ed) iilatiniiin 
4271 
par't fpiir), r. t. [ME. purn-ii. inclose; 
cf. also piirnii-k, park.] To inch 
Fulstraitlypanrd. 
nf and Gawin (ed. Ritson), 1. 3228. 
Bot als-swa say 30 are parted In, and na ferrere may 
passe: therfore xe magnyfye jour manere of lyffynpf, 
and suppose! that xe are blyssed because that je er so 
spered in. MS. Lincoln A. L 17, f. 37. (UaUiweU.) 
par 1 (piir), . [<prl, r.] An inclosed place 
for domestic animals. Forby. [Prov. Eng.] 
par- (piir), H.and a. [= F. pair (> E. pair*) = 
*!' I'K- par = It. pare, pan, equal, ' L. pur, 
equal ; as a noun, par, in., an equal, a com- 
panion, 7>ar, n., a pair. Hence ult. (from L. 
IHII-) K. /x/i'/'i, peer*, parity, disparity, etc., um- 
pin; etc.] I, H. 1. Equality in value or in 
circumstances. 
All measures which tend to put ignorance upon a par 
with wisdom inevitably check the growth of wisdom. 
H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 41:!. 
2. The norm ; a standard, fixed either by natu- 
ral conditions or by consent and agreement. 
Its [the barometer's] average height being 29.95 Inches 
at the mean sea level In England on the London parallel 
of latitude : which height may be called par for that level 
FiU Roy, Weather Book, p. 15. 
Specifically 3. In ///./</ :unl com., the state 
of the shares of any business, undertaking, loan, 
etc., when they are neither at a discount nor at ft^lt^aTcaie." c'omparlson^'wTtn' s^blng"^ yet 
a premium that IS, when they may be pur- a distinctness or difference therefrom in one of man/or 
chased at the original price (called ixxue par), various ways. InpaUobigryltslgiilllesacondltioudin'cring 
or at their face-value (called nominal par). Such '" uualit )' ir ""' normal. 
shares or bonds are said to beat par. When they may be para-anaesthesia (par-a-an-es-the'si-ii), n. [< 
purchased for less than the Issue or nominal par, they are Gr. irapa, beside,+ E. anirsthesiii.] Anaesthesia 
said to be Mov par, or at a discount ; when the price Is affecting the two sides of the body, especially of 
greater than the issue or nominal par, they are said to be ho Inwoi- t.olf 
above par. or at a premium. *" 
4. Same as arbitrated par. 
The par Is a certain number of pie 
country, containing In them an equal M __ ,... . . ... , ....... 
that in another number of pieces of the coin of another In the early church, uncanonical baptism ; un- 
country: e. g. supposing 36 skillings of Holland to have 
just as much silver In them as 20 English shillings. 
Locke, Farther Considerations on Honey. 
Above par, at a premium. Arbitrated par, arbitrat- 
ed par of exchange, the amount In the currency of one - 
country which Is equivalent at any time to a given amount Same as parabaptigm. 
of a foreign currency. The arbitrated par represents the parabasal (par-a-ba'sal), a. and n. [< Gr. irapu, 
mint par as modified by the transient Influences of supply I,,,,,;,!,, -I- F luinal 1 T " Tn flrtsuiMsW aitnats..! 
and demand and other circumstances of the time and of 'J, * . , '"'' f lluato 
next to a basal and articulated therewith. 
II. n. One of the parabasalia of a criuoid ; a 
parabasale. 
parabematic 
part of the plaster, the latter being worth about 1. 1 1 nitctl 
States cent*. 
I willingly parted with a few pnrnt for the purpose of 
islahlixhlug mi intn course with fellow-creatures so fear- 
fully and wonderfully resembling the tail-less balloon 
It /'. IhtrloH, KI-Medlnah, p. 243. 
2 (pa'rft). In the East Indies, a measure of 
capacity (at Bombay 3} bushels); also, a mea- 
sure of weight (at Ceylon from '.', to ."ill pounds, 
according to the commodity, as coffee, pepper 
rice, etc.). 
para-. |F. Sp. Pg. It. L. para-, < Or. -. 
prefix, ira/ja, prep., at the side, beside; with 
gen., from the side of, from beside, from ; with 
dat., at the side of, beside, alongside, by ; with 
ace., prop, to the Hide of, hence by the side of, 
beside, near, by, etc.; as a prefix in the same 
senses ; cf. Ski . /</, away, param, beyond ; I,. 
per, through, Oscanpcrum, without; AS. ami K. 
for-, fore-, etc.: see for-, fore-, per-, etc.] A 
prefix of (ireek origin, meaning 'from beside.' 
'beside,' 'near,' 'by,' etc. See etymology, it 
often denotes correspondence of parts. It la used In the 
formation of new scientific terms, but Is not regarded as 
an established formative In English. In ehemittry the pre- 
fix signifies close relation, as In paraldehyde, a polymer of 
aldehyde, or that a compound Is formed from benzene by 
substituting other elements or radicals for two hydrogen 
atoms In the lienzene ring, and that these atoms have an 
ilte position in the ring. (Sue ortho- and inrta .) In 
the particular transaction. Below par, at a discount. 
Issue Par, the price at which a stock or other value is is- 
authorized baptism in private or in a conven- 
ticle, as opposed to public baptism in a church 
-a-bap-ti-za'shon), n. 
sued to the public, sometimes less than the nominal par. 
ia'McXd'S^ (par'a-ba-sa'le), .; pi. pra6- 
exchange, the weight of pure gold or silver In a coin of *''"' (-"-$) [NL., < fcrr. vapa, beside, + NL. 
one country as compared with that In a coin of the same liaxalr, q. v.] One of the joints of a series of 
divisions of the branches composing the calyx 
of some crinoids, articulating with the basaha. 
Cryptocrlnus, the simplest form of the group (of Cyiri- 
deal possesses a calyx supported on a stem and composed 
of five battalia, five parabiuaiia, and five radialia. 
lliixlry, Anat. Invert, p. 508. 
llshed value of the coin or standard value of one coun- 
try expressed In the coin or standard value of another. In 
stating this par of exchange the standard of value of one 
country may be regarded as fixed, and that of the other 
variable. Thus, In exchange between the United States and 
Great Britain, the United States gold dollar may be taken narabasin inn. rub'a >. TVT < r **. 
as equal to so many shillings and pence sterling, or, as Is P ara DaSlS U>- "). LL<., <. Ur. irapa- 
ound sterling Is fixed, and equal to so P aa t (*> def.), < irapa, beside, + ftaaic, a step- 
I. Papyrus t.Cyferus 
3. The up|ier part of the cul, 
showing tfic involucre and ii>e of 
the spikir-lxMrnn; branches, a, a 
spike. 
more usual, the poi , 
many dollars and cents United .States gold, viz. 1)4.84. 
II. a. Normal; standard. 
The barometer had risen considerably In general, but not 
to its normal or par height. 
FiU Hoy, Weather Book, p. 323. 
Par value, (a) Face-value. (6) Strictly equivalent value, 
as pound for pound or dollar for dollar. 
par 2 (par), r. t.; pret. and pp. purred, ppr. par- 
ring. [< par2, n. ] To fix an equality between ; 
arrive at or establish an equivalence in the 
values of; agree upon the commercial or finan- 
cial par of : said of the agreement between two 
or more countries as to the value of the coins 
of one in those of the other, or of the others, etc. 
When two countries par their gold coins. 
Encyc. Brit., Vln. 789. 
par 3 (par), . [< L. par, a pair : see par*.] A 
pair; in anal., a pair (of nerves) : now only in 
one phrase Par vagum, in anal., tlie pneumogastric 
or vagus nerves : so called from their extensive distribution 
in the neck, chest, and belly, far beyond that of any other 
cranial nerve. See varrti*. 
par 4 , n. See parr. 
par 5 (par), n. [Cf. par*.] A young leveret. 
[Prov. Eng.] 
par". [F., < L. per: see per.] A French prep- 
osition, meaning 'by,' 'through,' etc., oceur- 
ping, step, < f)aiveiv, walk, step.] The chief 
of the choral parts in ancient Greek comedy. 
It was sung by the chorus, usually divided Into four rows 
of six and moving backward and forward facing the audi- 
ence, during an Intermission in the action, and while the 
actors were off the stage. It was written for the most 
part In anapestic tetrameters, and consisted, In fact, of an 
address from the poet to the public, giving his views and 
advice on affairs of state, as well as, often, his personal in- 
terests and claims for recognition or reward. Theparaba- 
sis was regularly divided Into six rhetorical parts, which 
were again subdivided : but any of these parts might be 
omitted or modified. It continued in the fully developed 
comedy the tradition of the Bacchic processions In which 
Greek comedy had Its origin. 
Something similar in purpose to the parabant was es- 
sayed in one, at least, of the comedies of Beaumont and 
Fletcher, and in our time by Tleek. 
LotreU, Study Windows, p. 218. 
The distinctive feature of Old, as compared with Middle 
Comedy, Is the parabann, the speech in which the chorus, 
moving towards and facing the audience, addressed It In 
the name of the poet, often abandoning all reference to 
the action of the play. KIU-IIC. Brit.. VII. 407. 
parabema (par-a-be'mS), n. ; pi. parabemata 
(-nia-ta). [MGr. 'vapa^mia, < Gr. irapa, beside, 
+ fa/to, bema : see MM.J In Byzantine chvrch 
arch., either the chapel of the prothesis or the 
diaconicon. or sacristy, when these are archi- 
tecturally divided, by walls, from the bema or 
ring in some phrases occasionally used in Eng- sanctuary. J.if.Xeale. See pastophorion, and 
lish. as par excellence : See per and t 
par- 1 . A form of per- in gome words 
cuts under bema and Armenian. 
par- 1 . A form of per- in some words from Old parabematic (par'a-be-mat'ik), a. [< para- 
French, MS parboil, pardon, etc. 8ee /..-,--. bfma(t-) + -,<.] In Byzantine church arch., of 
par-. A form of para- before a vowel or A. or relating to the parabemata : said specifically 
par. An abbreviation for paragraph and pa- of a dome which, instead of resting on four de- 
ren thesis. tached piers, as in the typical form, is sup- 
para (pa-ra ), w. [Turk., < Pers. para, a piece, ported on the east side on the extremities of the 
portion, bribe.] 1. A coin of the Turkish do- walls of the parabemata, and on the west side 
minions, struck in silver and in copper, and either on piers or on the extremities of the walls 
current from the end of the seventeenth cen- of the antiparabemata when these are present, 
tury. The modern para is of copper, and is the fortieth J. M. Xeale. 
