parallelogrammical 
parallelograinmical (par-a-lel-o-gram'i-kal), 
<i. [< iMiriilMoi/raitiniii' + -nl.\ Same us pur- 
allrliH/niiiiHiii: 
The table being jjara/MwrnuiiniVn/- and very narrow. 
Sterne, Triatrain Shandy, iv. 27. 
parallelpmeter (piir-a-le-lom'e-ter), . [< <ir. 
irapa'/ '/if fur, puriillcl, + fier/>ov, measure.] An 
instrument or apparatus for drtcnniiiiiig par- 
allrliMii. The gravity parallelometer of Brashearis used 
for tMflrmtntng the deviation from parallelism of tin- p 
jMisite sitl.-H of a glass plate. The plate is sup]K>rtcd U|HIII 
three steel pninis. ana a pendulum above, properly sup- 
ported, serves as the plate Is tarned to show the thinnest 
part of the plate, and further to determine tlte error to be 
corrected for different parts of It. 
parallelepiped, ". See parallelepiped. 
same us jiiir<illi/-iu-ri-/i/.2. In entom., having 
the longitudinal veins distinct and more or less 
parallel : said of the wings of insects, as in the 
l./-/ii(lii/>/i'i-ii : opposed to net-veined. 
paralogical (pur-a-loj'i-kal), a. [< paralog-y + 
-(<-/.] Characterized by paralogism or incor- 
rect reasoning; illogical. Sir T. Browne. 
paralogise, * ' See paralogize. 
paralogism (pa-ral'o-jizm), n. [< F. paralo- 
gisim- = Sp. Pg. It. p'aralogismo, < ML. "pamlo- 
gismus, < Gr. irapaAoyta/iuf, false reasoning, < 
irapa}.o)it;coOat, reason falsely, < napa, beside, + 
taayi^taOai, reason, < /Wjof, discourse, reason : 
see Logos. Cf. paralogy.'] In logic, fallacious 
argument or false reasoning ; reasoning which 
is false in form that is, in which the conclu- 
sion does not follow from the premises; a con- 
clusion unwarranted by the premises. 
A paralogism not admittabie a fallacy that dwells not 
In a cloud. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., IIL i. 
The Paralogism (parnlogismus) Is properly a syllogism 
of whose falsehood the employer is not himself conscious ; 
I'M- Sophism (sophisma, captio, cavlllatlo) Is properly a 
false syllogism fabricated and employed for the purpose 
of deceiving others. The term Fallacy may be applied In- 
differently In either sense. 
Sir W. Hamilton, Lectures on Logic, xiii. 
Transcendental paralogism, in Kantian philoi., a logi- 
cal error into which the Tinman reason naturally fulls, 
especially with reference to the substantiality, simplicity, 
and personal identity of the soul, and its relation to the 
body, but which can be exposed by the careful use of the 
formal logic. = Syn. See xophism. 
paralogize (pa-ral'o-jiz), r. i.; pret. and pp. pa- 
r<tl(iiji~cd, ppr. paralogizing. [= Sp. paralogiz- 
ear = Pg. paralogisar = It. paralogizzare, < Gr. 
irapafoyi&aOai, reason falsely : see paralogism.] 
To reason falsely. Also paralogise. 
I had a crotchet in my head here to have given the ralnes 
to my pen, and run astray thorowout all the coast- townes 
of England, . . . and commented and paralogized on their 
condition in the present and in the preter tense. 
A'ashe, Lenten Stude (Harl. Misc., VI. 153). (Dames.) 
paralogy (pa-ral'o-ji), n. [< LGr. jro/xzAoy/a, an 
excuse, subterfuge, a fallacy, < Gr. irapdtoyor,, 
beyond reason, unreasonable, < wapa, beside, 
beyond, + /o}0f, reason : see Logos. Cf . pa- 
ralogism, paralogize.] False reasoning; pa- 
ralogism. 
That Methuselah was the longest liver of all the posterity 
of Adam we quietly believe ; but that he must needs be so 
Is perhaps below paralogy to deny. 
Sir T. Browne, Vnlg. Err., Til. 8. 
paralysant, paralysation, etc. See paraly- 
zant, etc. 
paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis), n. [= F. paralytic, OF. 
paralisie, etc. (> tfE, parOMtte, prlt'si,palesie: 
see palsy), = Sp.perlesia,pardli8i8 = Pg.pariili/- 
sia = It. punilixi, paralisia, < L. paralysis, <Gr. 
irapdhvatc, palsy, < xapahveiv, disable on one side, 
< irapa, beside, + Tiveiv, loosen.] 1. The im- 
pairment of the normal capacity of the nervous 
system for bringing into action one or more 
active organs, muscular or glandular, or for re- 
ceiving impressions along one or more sensory 
paths. Motor paralysis is called aHneria, sensory paraly- 
sis arurdhegia. When the peripheral organ is the seat of 
gross destrui-tive disease the term paralysis is not em- 
ployed, bat It is used for finer changes which set these 
organs out of action, as in some cases of muscular paraly- 
uls. Paralysis of one lateral side of the body Is hemiplegia ; 
of the lower half, paraplf(jia ; and of one limb or a small 
part of the body, monoplcgia. Incomplete paralysis of 
any part is called paresis. 
2. Figuratively, loss of energy; loss of the 
power of performing regular functions ; the 
state of being crippled, as in an emergency, or 
helpless amid any circumstances. 
This issue Is so absolutely revolutionary of the normal re- 
lations between labor and capital that it has naturally 
produced a partial paralysis of business. 
A. A. .,CXLII. 598. 
The conflict of many races, and the paralysis of all gov- 
ernment that followed the fall of the empire, made force 
everywhere dominant, and petty wars incessant. 
Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 26. 
4270 
Acute ascending ("r descending) paralysis. Seetan- 
dry's paralysis. - Acute spinal paralysis, acute ante- 
rior poliomyelitis. See poliomyelitis. Alcoholic pa- 
ralysis, neuritis from the ue of alcohol. Alternate 
paralysis, parnljsis In which the face is atfrcteil mi on,- 
side and the limbs on the other. Hee crossed paralysis. 
Anterior bulbar paralysis. Same as ouhlnalmopUaSa 
progresriva. Atrophlc paralysis, paralysis Involving 
marked muscular atrophy; ipeeffleuly, anterior poliomy- 
elitis. Atrophic spinal paralysis, anterior poliomy- 
ilni-. Bell's paralysis, motor paralysis of the face, 
due to injury of the facial nerve. Compare facial paraly. 
ns. Brown-Sequard's paralysis, paralysis produced 
by a lesion destroying one naif of the spinal cord at some 
level, and prodm-ing a hemiakinesia below the lesl n 
the same side and a hemfaniestheaia on the opposite side. 
Bulbar paralysis, paralysis due to lesion of the ob- 
longata. See progressive bulbar paralysis, below. Cere- 
bral paralysis, (a) 1'aralysls from a cerebral lesion. 
(6) Paralysis due to an encephalic lesion. Cortical pa- 
ralysis, paralysis due to a lesion in the cerebral cortex. 
Crossed paralysis, paralysis where a single lesion 
produces paralysis on the two sides of the body in dif- 
ferent pints ; alternate paralysis : also applied to cases 
where there is akinesla on one side and anaesthesia on 
the other. Direct paralysis, paralysis on the same 
side of the body aa the cerebral lesion.- Divers' pa- 
ralysis, paralysis, mostly paraplegia, developed in di- 
vers after coining from an atmosphere of high pressure. 
See caisson-disease. - Ducherme'8 paralysis, (n) .-aim- 
as progressive bulbar paralysis, (o) Muscular pseudo- 
hypertrophy. Emotive paralysis. Same as hysterical 
paralysis. 'ErVa paralysis (named from W. Krli. a Uer- 
man neurologist, bora IMu), paralysis of muscles mostly of 
the upper arm and shoulder, due to lesion of the upper part 
of the brachlal plexus. Essential paralysis, anterior 
poliomyelitis. Essential paralysis of childhood, 
acute anterior poliomyelitis. See polimnyflitig. Facial 
paralysis, paralysis of the muscles of the face ; especially, 
Bell's paralysis, or that due to a lesion of the fibers of the 
facial nerve. General paralysis, dementia paralytica. 
Hysterical paralysis, paralysis without demonstrable 
anatomical lesion, occurring In hysterical subjects, and due 
to causes similar to those of the other hysterical symp- 
toms. Infantile paralysis, anterior poliomyelitis in 
a child. Bee poliomyelitis. Infantile spastic paraly- 
sis, paralysis in children In which there is more or less tonic 
spasm of the muscles Involved and Increased tendon-re 
Hexes. It Is due to a lesion above the anterior cornual 
region, and Is usually cerebral. Landry's paralysis, an 
acute progressive paralysis, usually attacking the legs first 
and then the arms, but sometimes descending, affecting 
most frequently males In middle life, and fatal In a majority 
of well-marked cases, without known anatomical lesion. 
Also called acute ascending (or descending) paralysis. 
Myosclerotic paralysis. Same as psrudohypertrophic 
paralysis. Nuclear paralysis, paralysis dependent on 
lesion of the nuclei of origin of motor nerves, as of 
those of the eye. Obstetrical paralysis, paralysis of 
tin- infant from injuries received during delivery. Pa- 
ralysis agitans, a neurosis presenting in typical cases a 
regular tremor (continuing during rest, beginning In the 
hand and not involving the headX muscular rigidity and 
weakness, a peculiar slowness of Toliintary movement, and 
a mask-like immobility of countenance. It occurs in mid- 
dle life and later, and is very chronic and progressive. It 
Is different from senile tremor, but intermediate cases oc- 
cur. Also called shaking or trembling palsy and Parkin- 
son's disease. Paralysis festinans, a phase of paralysis 
agitans In which the patient hurries forward as if seeking 
to recover his center of gravity. Also called/cgfiiuifton and 
propulsion. Paralysis glpssolabiolaryngea. Same as 
progressive bulbar paralysis. Paralysis glossolabio- 
pharyngea cerebralis. Same as ptrudiibuKar paralysis. 
Paralysis notariorum,wiiters' cramp. -Paralysis of 
convergence, inability to converge theeyes, though the in- 
ternal recti act normally except for this purpose. Paral- 
ysis scorbutica, pellagra. Post-convulsive paraly- 
sis, paralysis following spasm, consequent on exhaustion 
of the nerve-centers. Progressive bulbar paralysis, 
paralysis of the tongue, lips, lower face, and larynx, with 
progressive atrophy of the nuclei of the nerves innervating 
these parts, resembling progressive muscular atrophy. 
Also called paralysis glnssttlabiolaryngea, Duchenne's pa- 
ralysis, and poliencephalitis inferior. Progressive pa- 
ralysis, dementia paralytica. Pseudobulbar paraly- 
sis, paralysis affecting the muscular region concerned in 
progressive bnlbar paralysis, but dependent on a cerebral 
lesion or lesions. Pseudogeneral paralysis, a mor- 
bid condition somewhat resembling dementia paralytica, 
but distinct from it, produced in many cases by chronic 
intoxications, as with alcohol, lead, syphflls, etc. - Pseu- 
dohypertrophlc paralysis, a rare paralysis beginning 
in early life, progressing through years to a fatal ending, 
and characterized by atrophy of muscular fibers, affecting 
various muscles of the body, and in certain of them com- 
bined with hypertrophy of their connective and fatty tis- 
sues so that the bulk of such muscles may be excessive. 
It is more frequent in males, and is apt to run in families. 
Also called muscular pseudohypertrophy, hypcrtropkic pa- 
raplegia of in/a ney, myosderotic paralysis, progressive mus- 
aaar sclerosis, atraphia mtumlonim lipomatosa, lipoma- 
toits myoalrophy, lipomaiosis musculorum, luxuriant pro- 
gressiva, and myopachusis lipomatosa. Reflex paraly- 
sis, paralysis produced by some peripheral irritation act- 
ing on the cerebrospinal centers. Regressive paraly- 
sis, acute anterior poliomyelitis. Saturnine paraly- 
sis. Same as lead-paralysis. Spastic infantile paral- 
ysis. See in/antut spastie paralysis. Spastic spinal 
paralysis, a form of progressive nervous disease marked 
by muscular rigidity, increased myotatlc Irritability, and 
paresis. It usually begins in the lower extremities, ex- 
cept In general paretics, in whom It Is comparatively fre- 
quent. It has been ascribed to primary sclerosis of the 
pyramidal tract in the spinal cord. Also called tetanoid 
preti<ittj>arapltyia,tpailicptevdaparalytis, and tpatticpseu- 
rfo/xinww. Writers' paralysis. Same as writers' cramp 
(which sec, under writer). 
paralytic (par-a-lit'ik), a. and n. [In ME. par- 
latyk; < F. paralytique = Sp. paralitito, perld- 
tico = Pg. paralytico = It. paralitico, parletico, 
< L. paralyticus, < Or. Trapa/Urueof, paralytic, < 
Paramecium 
irapa/.iciv, disable on one side: see paralysis.'] 
I. (i. 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of 
paralysis: as, a paralytic uflWtion. 2. Affect- 
rd with paralysis or palsy; palsied; so consti- 
tuted as to be subject to paralysis. 
Set comen lodly to that lede, as lajares ful monye, . . . 
1'oysened and parlatyk and pyned In fyres. 
Alliterative Poems (ed. Morris), II. 1096. 
Nought shall It profit that the charming Fair, 
Angelic, softest Work of Heav'n, draws near 
To the cold shaking paralytic Hand. 
I'rior, Solomon, III. 
II. . One who is affected with paralysis or 
palsy. 
The paralytic, who can hold her cards, 
But cannot play them, borrows a friend's hand 
To deal and shuffle. Cou-per, Task, L 472. 
paralytical (par-u-lit'i-kal), a. [X paralytic + 
-/.] Same as paralytic. lioyle, Works, II. 187. 
paralyzant (par'a-li-zant), w. [< paraly:< + 
-anl.} An agent or drug that paralyzes or 
induces paralysis. Alien, and Neural., VL 47. 
Also spelled paralysant. 
paralyzation (par'a-li-za'shon), n. [< paralyze 
+ -ation."] The act of paralyzing, or toe state 
of being paralyzed. Also spelled paralysation. 
paralyze (par a-liz), r. t.; pret. and pp. para- 
lyzed, ppr. paralyzing. [< F. paralyser = Pg. 
paralysar, paralyze; from the noun: see pa- 
ralysis. Cf. analyze, < analysis."] 1. To affect 
with paralysis. 2. To render helpless, use- 
less, or ineffective, as if by paralysis; deaden 
the action or power of in any way: as, the 
sight paralyzed him with fear. 
Doubt, which paralyses action. Is of the essence of 
thought, H. a. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 88. 
Also spelled paralyse. 
paralyzer (par'a-H-zer), One who or that 
whicu paralyzes, or induces paralysis. Also 
spelled paralyser. 
Alcohol, while a universal paralyzer, really distracts the 
nervous capacities in their mutual relations. 
Alien, and Xeurnl., X. 376. 
Paramaeciidse, paramaecine, etc. See Para- 
mcciidie, etc. 
paramagnetic (par'a-mag-net'ik), a. [= F. 
paramagnetique ; as Gr. irapa, beside, + E. 
magnetic.'] Assuming, when freely suspended 
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet, a 
position in a lino from one pole to the other; 
magnetic in contradistinction to diamagnetic. 
See diamagnetism. 
Iron and slmiliar bodies which are attracted by the 
magnet are called Herro-magnetlc, or sometimes Parn- 
magnetic bodies. Substances which are repelled are called 
Uiamagnetic. ./. E. It, Gordon, Elect and Mag., II. 14. 
paramagnetically (par ' a - mag - net ' i - kal - i), 
inlr. In a paramagnetic manner; in accordance 
with paramagnetism. 
paramagnetism (par-a-mag'ne-tizm ), n. [= F. 
paramagnetimne ; as Gr. irapa, beside, + E. 
magnetism.'] The phenomena exhibited by 
paramagnetic substances. See diamagnetism. 
paramastoid (par-a-mas'toid), a. and n. [< 
Gr. irapa, beside, + E. mastoid.'] I. a. Situated 
near the mastoid : noting certain cranial pro- 
cesses more frequently called paroccipital. 
II. . A parainastoid process ; a paroccipital. 
It is an apophysis or outgrowth of the exoccipital bone, 
very prominent in some animals, and has nothing to do 
with the mastoid. In man it Is represented by the jugu- 
lar process. See paroccipital. 
paramatta (par-a-mat'S), n. [< Paramatta 
(see def.).] A light dress-fabric, the weft of 
which is combed merino wool and the warp 
cotton: said to have been made originally 
with wool brought from Paramatta in Austra- 
lia. Also called paramat. Imp. Diet, 
paramecia, . Plural of paramecium, 2. 
Parameciidae (par'a-me-sl'i-de), n. pi. [NL., 
< Paramecium + -<#.] A family of holotri- 
chous ciliate infusorians, typified by the genus 
Paramecium . They are of flattened asymmetrical form, 
with distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces, and the mouth 
ventral and ciliated like the rest of the body, there being 
no distinction of the oral from the general cuticular cilia. 
The family, formerly more extensive, is now restricted 
to such genera as Paramecium, Loxocephalus, Placus, and 
CvnchophthirHs. It contains some of the longest- and 
best-known animalcules, which abound in both fresh - 
and salt-water Infusions, and some of which are popularly 
known as sliiiper animalciilr*. Also Paramxcida, Para- 
mandte, Paramrdna, and Paramecina. 
paramecine (par-a-me'sin), a. Resembling a 
slipper-animalcule ; of orpertainingtothePara- 
mi-ciiilte. Also spelled paramsecine. 
Paramecium (par-a-me'si-um). n. [NL. (O. F. 
Miiller, 1773), < Gr. irapa/jf/xrif, of longish shape, 
oblong, < irapa, beside, + //i?Kor, length.] 1. The 
typical genus of Parameeiida; the slipper-ani- 
